4.3 Two kukura kuedza: yezvirwere-munda uye analoginen-digitaalinen

Lab kuedza kupa kuzvidzora, munda kuedza kupa realism, uye digitaalinen munda kuedza vanobatanidza kuzvidzora uye realism panguva akamboona.

Kuedza kupinda zhinji maumbirwo siyana uye hukuru. Asi, pasinei kusiyana izvi, vanotsvakurudza vakaona zvichibatsira kuronga kuedza pamwe continuum pakati yezvirwere kuedza uye munda kuedza. Zvino, zvisinei, vatsvakurudzi vanofanirawo kuronga kuedza pamwe continuum pakati analoginen kuedza uye digitaalinen kuedza. Izvi zviviri-dimensional magadzirirwo nzvimbo richakubatsira kunzwisisa uye yakaipirei nzira dzakasiyana uye anoratidza nzvimbo mukana mukuru (Figure 4.1).

Figure 4.1: Schematic zvakagadzirwa nzvimbo kuedza. Kare, kuedza zvakasiyana achitevedza yezvirwere-munda divi. Zvino, ivo-siyana pamusoro analoginen-digitaalinen divi. In wangu pfungwa, nzvimbo mukana mukuru ari digitaalinen munda kuedza.

Kare, chikuru nzira kuti vaongorori vakaronga kuedza akanga achitevedza yezvirwere-munda divi. Ruzhinji kuedza zviri sayenzi evanhu vari yezvirwere kuedza kupi Rokutenderwa vadzidzi kuita vatorwa mabasa ari yezvirwere nokuda kosi chikwereti. Izvi mhando yetsvakurudzo kunodzora kutsvakurudza zvepfungwa nokuti kunoita vatsvakurudzi rokusika chaizvo chaizvo kurapwa zvakagadzirirwa kuedza chaizvo chaizvo dzidziso pamusoro mumagariro maitiro. Zvisinei, nokuti zvimwe zvinetso, chinhu anonzwa zvishoma chinoshamisa pamusoro achiafungisisa simba pamusoro maitiro evanhu kubva kujairika vanhu vakadaro nokuita kudaro kujairika mabasa munyika yakadaro kujairika ezvinhu. Zvinokunetsa Izvi zvakaita kuti vade munda kuedza. Field kuedza nokubatanidza simba akaitwa randomized kuzvidzora kuedza mamwe mumiririri mapoka vechikamu kuita zvakawanda zvinozivikanwa mabasa, mu zvakawanda zvakasikwa muzviruva.

Kunyange zvazvo vamwe vanhu vanofunga yezvirwere uye munda kuedza sezvo wokukwikwidzawo nzira, zvakanakisisa kufunga nezvavo seokuwedzera nzira chete zvakasiyana uye utera. Somuenzaniso, Correll, Benard, and Paik (2007) rakashandiswa zvese yezvirwere kuedza uye munda kuedza mukuedza kuwana panonyuka ari "amai chirango." MuUnited States, vanaamai kuwana mari shoma pane vakadzi vana, kunyange apo kuenzanisa vakadzi vane unyanzvi zvakafanana kushanda mabasa akafanana. Kune vakawanda zvinobvira tsanangudzo muenzaniso uyu, uye munhu kuti vashandirwi vari nekambani pamusoro vanamai. (Sezvineiwo, sokuti pakatarisana kuitikawo madzibaba: avanotarisira kuwana kupfuura akafanana mwana vanhu). Kuti aone zvinobvira rerekero pamusoro vanamai, Correll uye nevamwe vakamhanya kuedza zviviri: umwe yezvirwere uye mumwe mumunda.

Chokutanga, vari yezvirwere kuedza Correll uye nevamwe akaudza vechikamu vaiva kukoreji undergraduates, kuti California anotsanangura kutanga-up kukurukurirana kambani anoitisa ane basa kutsvaka munhu atungamirire yayo itsva East Coast Marketing dhipatimendi. Vadzidzi vakaudzwa kuti kambani aida rubatsiro kwavo mubayiro kwacho uye vakabvunzwa kuongorora Tinoenderera mberi anoverengeka kwaniso musarudzo uye kuti havanyanyi vaida pamusoro dzinoverengeka miganhu akadai semafuza, ushamwari, uye kuzvipira kushanda. Uyezve, vana vakapiwa kana vachida akakurudzira vakabhadhara wacho uye chii vaizova akakurudzira ave kutanga muhoro. Ndaisaziva kuti vadzidzi Zvisinei, Tinoenderera mberi vakanga zvakananga kuvakwa kuti zvakafanana kunze chete chinhu: vamwe Tinoenderera mberi kwakaratidza amai (by yataura munyaya mubereki-mudzidzisi kushamwaridzana) uye vamwe havana. Correll akawana kuti vadzidzi vaiva kashoma kuti varumbidze vakabhadhara vanaamai ikavaudza ezasi pokutangira muhoro. Uyezve, kubudikidza uwandu kuongorora zvose ratings uye zvisarudzo mubayiro-ukama, Correll akawana kuti payakaipira vanaamai 'vakanga zvikuru akatsanangura ndechokuti vanamai vakanga yavose sezvavakatarirwa kudzika tichitarisa kugona uye kuzvipira. Nemamwe mashoko, Correll anoti unhu ndiwo mashandiro kuburikidza iyo vanamai vanotambudzika. Saka, ichi yezvirwere kuedza akabvumira Correll uye vatinoshanda navo vanoyera causal zvazviri uye kupa zvichibvira tsanangudzo izvozvo.

Zvechokwadi, munhu angava nechokwadi pamusoro achiafungisisa pamusoro yose US basa musika kunobva sarudzo vashoma zana undergraduates vasina zvimwe kumbova zvizere nguva basa rimwe, ndoda vakaripira vanhu. Naizvozvo, Correll uye nevamwe uyewo kudzidzisa rwakakwana munda chiedzwa. Vaongorori vakateerera mazana kuzoona basa mawindo nokutumira mu nyepera butiro tsamba Tinoenderera mberi. Zvakafanana zvinhu kuratidzwa undergraduates, vamwe Tinoenderera mberi kwakaratidza amai uye vamwe havana. Correll uye nevamwe vakawana kuti vanamai havazonyanyi kuti kunzi musana kubvunzurudzwa kupfuura vakadzi vana zvakafanana vaikodzera. Nemamwe mashoko, vashandirwi chaiwo kuita dzinokosha zvisarudzo ine zvinomera zvakasvibira vakaita zvikuru kufanana undergraduates. Ko ivo zvisarudzo zvakafanana nokuda kwechikonzero ichochi? Zvinosuwisa, isu hatizivi. Vaongorori vakanga vasingakwanisi kubvunza vashandirwi kuti havanyanyi vaida kana tsanangura sarudzo dzavo.

peya iri kuedza anoratidza zvakawanda pamusoro yezvirwere uye munda kuedza zvavo. Lab kuedza kupa vatsvakurudzi pedyo zvachose kudzora nharaunda umo vechikamu vari zvisarudzo. Saka, somuenzaniso, vari yezvirwere kuedza, Correll akakwanisa nechokwadi chokuti vose Tinoenderera mberi vakanga kuverenga yakanyarara ezvinhu; mumunda kuedza, vamwe Tinoenderera mberi varege vakatopondwa kuverenga. Uyezve, nokuti vechikamu vari yezvirwere marongero vanoziva kuti vari vakadzidza, vanotsvakurudza kazhinji anokwanisa kuunganidza okuwedzera Data zvinogona kuvabatsira kunzwisisa nei vatori vari kuita sarudzo dzavo. Somuenzaniso, Correll akabvunza vechikamu vari yezvirwere kuedza kuti kudii vaida pamusoro encombrements siyana. Mhando iyi muitiro Data aigona kubatsira vatsvakurudzi kunzwisisa nzira shure kusiyana sei vechikamu kubata Tinoenderera mberi.

Ukuwo, izvi chaiwo chete unhu kuti ini chete se zvakanakira dzimwe nguva vaiona payakaipira. Vatsvakurudzi vanosarudza munda kuedza nharo kuti vechikamu mumamiriro yezvirwere kuedza aigona kuita chaizvo zvakasiyana pavanenge vari pedyo pedyo kuchengetwa. Somuenzaniso, muna yezvirwere kuedza vechikamu chingadai wafungidzira vavariro pakutsvakurudza ikashandura maitiro avo kuti varege kuuya nekambani. Uyezve, vatsvakurudzi vanosarudza munda kuedza vangataura kuti kusiyana duku riri Tinoenderera mberi vanogona chete kumira kunze kwazvo yakachena, tinodya yezvirwere zvakatipoteredza, uye ndicharamba nokudaro yezvirwere kuedza pamusoro-kufungidzira sei amai hune mubayiro zvisarudzo. Pakupedzisira, vatsigiri vakawanda munda kuedza vanotsoropodza yezvirwere kuedza kuvimba Weird vechikamu: kunyanya vadzidzi vaibva Western, vakadzidza, dzakabudirira, Rich, uye Democratic nyika (Henrich, Heine, and Norenzayan 2010) . The kuedza kubudikidza Correll uye nevamwe (2007) zvinoratidza mbiri dzekuenda kumacheto pamusoro yezvirwere-munda continuum. In pakati izvi mbiri dzekuenda kumacheto pane zvakasiyana-siyana chemasanganiswa mazano kusanganisira nzira dzakadai vachiuya vasiri vadzidzi kupinda yezvirwere kana vachipinda mumunda asi tine vechikamu kuita kujairika basa.

Kuwedzera yezvirwere-munda tinosiyana chakavapo kare, zviri digitaalinen zera zvinoreva kuti vanotsvakurudza zvino vane chikuru divi rechipiri pamwe iyo kuedza vanogona siyana: analoginen-digitaalinen. Zvakuine akachena yezvirwere kuedza, yakachena munda kuedza, uye zvakasiyana-siyana nevaNefirimu ari pakati, kune vakachena analoginen kuedza, yakachena digitaalinen kuedza, uye zvakasiyana-siyana nevaNefirimu. It panonetsa kupa chakarongwa tsanangudzo tinosiyana ichi, asi unobatsira kushanda rondedzero ndechokuti zvizere digitaalinen kuedza zviri kuedza kuti vangashandisa digitaalinen kwezvivako rokutsvaka vechikamu randomize, murwire marapiro, uye kuyera zvaitika. Somuenzaniso, Restivo uye Van De Rijt raMwari (2012) Kudzidza barnstars uye Wikipedia aiva zvizere-digital kuedza nokuti akashandisa digitaalinen enyika dzose ina matanho aya. Saizvozvowo zvizere analoginen kuedza vari kuedza kuti murege kushandisa digitaalinen kwezvivako chipi matanho aya mana. Vakawanda ainakidza kuedza vari zvepfungwa vari analoginen kuedza. In pakati izvi mbiri dzekuenda kumacheto pane zvisina kukwana digitaalinen kuedza kuti kushandisa mubatanidzwa analoginen uye digitaalinen enyika nokuda matanho mana.

Achitsoropodza, mikana kumhanya digitaalinen kuedza havasi paIndaneti. Vatsvakurudzi vanogona kumhanya zvishoma digitaalinen kuedza nokushandisa digitaalinen mano munyika chaiyo kuti anunure kurapwa kana kuyera zvaitika. Somuenzaniso, vaongorori vaigona kushandisa akangwara dzeserura kununura kurapwa kana sensors ari akavaka zvakatipoteredza kuyera zvaitika. Kutaura zvazviri, sezvatichaona gare gare muchitsauko chino, vatsvakurudzi atoshandisa musha simba metres kuyera zvaitika vari kuedza pamusoro patsika dzemunharaunda uye simba zvinodyiwa nechokuita mamiriyoni 8.5 mhuri (Allcott 2015) . Sezvo digitaalinen mano kuwedzera kuva revatema kupinda upenyu hwevanhu uye sensors mapfeka revatema kupinda akavaka kwezvakatipoteredza, mikana izvi kumhanya zvishoma digitaalinen kuedza zviri mumuviri munyika kuchawedzera zvinoshamisa. Nemamwe mashoko, digitaalinen kuedza havasi kuedza paIndaneti.

Digital hurongwa ndinosika mikana mitsva nokuda kuedza kwose kwose achitevedza yezvirwere-munda continuum. In yakaisvonaka yezvirwere kuedza Somuenzaniso, vaongorori vanogona kushandisa digitaalinen enyika nokuda kwazvo nokuyerwa vechikamu maitiro; Muenzaniso mumwe chorudzi urwu nani chipimo ndiko ziso-club michina iyo inopa chaiwo uye kuramba nezviyero anopenya nzvimbo. The digitaalinen zera zvakare anosika mukana kumhanya yezvirwere-kufanana kuedza paIndaneti. Somuenzaniso, vatsvakurudzi uchikurumidza wokurera Amazon Mechanical Zimbabwe Turk (MTurk) rokutsvaka vatori vechikamu paIndaneti kuedza (Figure 4.2). MTurk machisi "vashandirwi" vane mabasa zvinofanira kupedzwa ne "vashandi" vanoda kupedza mabasa avo nokuda mari. Zvisinei, kusiyana chinyakare misika basa, mabasa zvinobatanidzwa hunongotaura zvinoda maminitsi mashoma kupedza uye yose kusakarongeka pakati mushandirwi uye mushandi rakapotsa. Nekuti MTurk mimics zvinhu tsika yezvirwere kuedza anobhadhara vanhu kupedza mabasa kuti varege kuita kuti vakasununguka-zviri anongonzwa wakanyatsokodzera nokuda mamwe kuedza. Zvikurukuru, MTurk ave akasika kwezvivako kuderedza sedziva vechikamu-arirwise uye kubhadhara vanhu-uye vanotsvakurudza watakadyeredzera iyoyo kwezvivako kuti yokuritora ive nguva dzose iripo mudziva vechikamu.

Figure 4.2: Papers rakabudiswa kushandisa mashoko kubva Amazon Mechanical Zimbabwe Turk (MTurk) (Bohannon 2016) . MTurk nevamwe paIndaneti mumisika basa kupa Vanotsvakurudza nzira yakatinakira rokutsvaka vechikamu kuti kuedza.

Digital kuedza kusika zvakatowanda zvingangoitika munda-zvakadai kuedza. Digital munda kuedza vanogona kupa zvakasimba kuzvidzora uye bumbiro Data kunzwisisa zvinobvira zvenhengo (kufanana yezvirwere kuedza) uye zvikuru dzakasiyana vechikamu zvisarudzo chaiwo inongoitika masango (kufanana munda kuedza). Kuwedzera mubatanidzwa uyu zvechadenga kwokutanga kuedza yakanaka, digitaalinen munda kuedza kupa mikana nhatu dzakanga zvakaoma analoginen yezvirwere uye munda kuedza.

Chokutanga, nepo vakawanda analoginen yezvirwere uye munda kuedza vane mazana vechikamu digitaalinen munda kuedza anogona kuva nemamiriyoni vechikamu. Izvi kuchinja chikero nokuti vamwe kuedza digitaalinen angabudisa mashoko pana razero shanduka mutengo. Ndiko, kamwe vanotsvakurudza akasika experimental kwezvivako, kuwedzera uwandu vechikamu yemanyorero asingadi kuwedzera mutengo. Kuwedzera vechikamu achishandisa chinoita 100 kana kupfuura haisi quantitative kuchinja, ndiko Qualitative kuchinja, nekuti runoita vatsvakurudzi kudzidza zvinhu zvakasiyana kuedza (semuenzaniso, heterogeneity kurapwa nemigumisiro) uye kumhanya zvakasiyana zvachose experimental mazano ( semuenzaniso, guru boka kuedza). Pfungwa iyi inokosha zvakadaro, Ndichange kudzokera nayo kurutivi kuguma chitsauko apo ini mazano nezvokusika digitaalinen kuedza.

Chechipiri, nepo vakawanda analoginen yezvirwere uye munda kuedza kubata vatori sezvo indistinguishable Widgets, digitaalinen munda kuedza vanowanzoshandisa mashoko okuwedzera pamusoro vechikamu pamasikiro uye kuongorora zvokukura pakutsvakurudza. Izvi mashoko okuwedzera, unonzi pre-kurapwa mashoko, kazhinji inowanika digitaalinen kuedza nokuti kutora nzvimbo akayera zvizere runyararo. Somuenzaniso, mumwe mutsvakurudzi pana Facebook ane zvakawanda pre-kurapwa mashoko kupfuura mutsvakurudzi afunge mwero yezvirwere kuedza undergraduates. Izvi pre-kurapwa mashoko rinoita vatsvakurudzi kufamba mberi mukurapa vechikamu sezvo indistinguishable Widgets. More zvakananga, yakatangira kurapwa mashoko rinoita rikurumidze experimental mazano-zvakadai ichivharira (Higgins, Sävje, and Sekhon 2016) uye nangananga muchiuto evakurukuri (Eckles, Kizilcec, and Bakshy 2016) -uye ongororo-zvakadai zvikuru njere sezvo uchimutarira pamusoro heterogeneity kurapwa nemigumisiro (Athey and Imbens 2016a) uye covariate kugadziridza kuti nani zvakarurama (Bloniarz et al. 2016) .

Chechitatu, nepo vakawanda analoginen yezvirwere uye munda kuedza kununura kurapa uye nechiyero zvaitika ari hwakanyatsorwisa compressed nguva yakawanda, vamwe digitaalinen munda kuedza anosanganisira kurapa anogona agoiswa nguva uye zvinokonzerwa kunogonawo kuyerwa pamusoro nguva. Somuenzaniso, Restivo uye Van De Rijt kuti kuedza ane mugumisiro akayera zuva nezuva kwemazuva 90, uye mumwe kuedza ndigokuudzai ndinokuudzai gare gare muchitsauko (Ferraro, Miranda, and Price 2011) inocherechedza zvaitika anopfuura 3 makore ndezvaJosephus kwete mutengo. Ava vatatu mikana-size, pre-kurapwa ruzivo, uye longitudinal kurapwa uye zvaizoitika Data-zvinowanza kana kuedza zviri dzinovangira pamusoro nguva dzose-pamusoro kuyerwa hurongwa (ona Chitsauko 2 mamwe pamusoro nguva dzose-pasi yakayerwa hurongwa).

Nepo digitaalinen munda kuedza kupa zvakawanda zvinogona, Vanoudzawo vamwe utera pamwe analoginen yezvirwere uye munda kuedza. Somuenzaniso, kuedza hazvigoni aimbodzidza kare, uye vanogona chete kufungidzira migumisiro kwokurapa anogona kushandiswa. Uyewo, kunyange zvazvo kuedza zviri Hapana mubvunzo kubatsira kutungamirira gwara, kutungamirirwa chaiwo vanogona kupa Apa shoma pamusana yematambudziko zvakadai kwezvakatipoteredza nedoro, nokuteerera matambudziko, uye zvakanyatsoenzana zvinokonzerwa (Banerjee and Duflo 2009; Deaton 2010) . Pakupedzisira, digitaalinen munda kuedza ukuru chemufungo nezvokunetseka akasikwa munda kuedza. Vanotsigira munda kuedza kufamba achiudza kugona kwavo unobtrusively uye randomly kupindira mumba dzinokosha zvisarudzo nemamiriyoni evanhu. Izvi zvinhu kupa vamwe zvakanaka kwesayenzi, asi havagoni kuita munda kuedza tsika dzinobvumira chipatara chinobatsira kunzwisisa (nezvazvo sezvo vaongorori kurapa vanhu vakaita "yezvirwere makonzo" riri hombe pamwero). Uyezve, kuwedzera zvichibvira pokukuvadza kuvatori vechikamu, digitaalinen munda kuedza, nokuda pamwero wavo, unogonawo kusimudza nezvemhosva nokuvhiringidzirwa kushanda magariro evanhu (semuenzaniso, nezvemhosva kukanganisa Wikipedia mubayiro maitiro kana Restivo uye Van Der Rijt akapa barnstars vakawandisa) .