4.6.1 Create razero shanduka mari Data

Chinokosha kuti kumhanya kuedza makuru ari kutyaira kwako shanduka mutengo kuti razero. The yenzira kuita izvi tiri kushandisa michina uye mazano kunakidze kuedza.

Digital kuedza vanogona kuva zvinoshamisa zvakasiyana mari zvivako uye izvi zvinoita vatsvakurudzi kumhanya kuedza kuti akanga zvisingabviri kare. More zvakananga, kuedza kazhinji vane mhando mbiri chikuru mari. Wakaiswa mari uye shanduka mari Fixed mari ndiwo mari kuti handishanduki zvichienderana sei vechikamu zvingani. Somuenzaniso, mune imwe yezvirwere kuedza, pazvinhu mari ingava mari kurenda nzvimbo uye kutenga midziyo. Shanduka mari, Ukuwo, kuchinja zvichienderana sei vechikamu zvingani. Somuenzaniso, mune imwe yezvirwere kuedza, shanduka mari auye kubva kubhadhara vashandi uye vatori vechikamu. Kazhinji, analoginen kuedza vane yakaderera wakaiswa mari uye yakakwirira shanduka mari, uye digitaalinen kuedza vane matunhu wakaiswa mari uye vakaderera shanduka mari (Figure 4.18). With zvakakodzera design, unogona kudzinga shanduka mutengo yetsvakurudzo yenyu yose nzira zero, uye izvi zvinogona kusika inonakidza tsvakurudzo mikana.

Figure 4.18: Schematic muripo zvivako zviri analoginen uye digitaalinen kuedza. Kazhinji, analoginen kuedza vane yakaderera wakaiswa mari uye yakakwirira shanduka mari nepo digitaalinen kuedza vane matunhu wakaiswa mari uye vakaderera shanduka mari. The siyana mutengo zvivako zvinoreva kuti digitaalinen kuedza inogona kumhanya panguva chikero kuti haasi zvinogoneka analoginen kuedza.

Pane nzira huru mbiri zvemamiriro shanduka mutengo-mari kuti mudonzvo uye mari kuti vechikamu-uye imwe neimwe izvi zvinogona kurima razero vachishandisa mazano akasiyana. Mari kuti tsvimbo vanobva basa pakutsvakurudza vabatsiri vanoita arirwise vechikamu achiendesa marapiro, uye kuyera zvaitika. Somuenzaniso, mashoko analoginen munda kuedza pamusoro Schultz uye nevamwe (2007) pane patsika dzemunharaunda uye magetsi kushandiswa zvaida pakutsvakurudza vabatsiri kuenda kumba nomumwe kununura kurapwa uye kuverenga yemagetsi mita (Figure 4.3). Zvose nesimba ichi kuburikidza tsvakurudzo vabatsiri kwaireva kuti kuwedzera imba itsva kuti kudzidza Bhaibheri kwaizondibatsira kuti makawedzera mutengo. Ukuwo, nokuti digitaalinen munda kuedza pamusoro Restivo uye Van De Rijt (2012) pane mibayiro muna Wikipedia, vatsvakurudzi aigona kuwedzera vechikamu panguva zvokuti hapana mari. A vakawanda makundiro aaizoita yokuderedza shanduka administrative mari ndiko kutsiva basa kwevanhu (ndiro zvinodhura) nebasa kombiyuta (ndiro chisingakoshi). Nehasha, waungazvibvunza: kuedza ichi inogona kumhanya apo vose wokutsvakurudza yangu chikwata akarara? Kana mhinduro iri hongu, waita basa guru kushandisa michina.

Wechipiri chikuru mhando shanduka mutengo ndiko kubhadhara kuvatori vechikamu. Vamwe vatsvakurudzi vakashandisa Amazon Mechanical Zimbabwe Turk nevamwe mumisika paIndaneti basa kutapudzwa ari kubhadhara kuti anodiwa kuti vechikamu. Zvisinei, kutyaira shanduka mari yose nzira zero, ZVAKASIYANA kunodiwa. Kwenguva refu, masayendisiti zvakagadzirirwa kuedza kuti saka Kuchifinha vanofanira kubhadhara vanhu kuzopindura. Asi, zvakadini kana iwe waigona pave kuedza kuti vanhu vanoda kuva? Izvi zvinganzwika kure akadzitora, asi ini achakupai muenzaniso pazasi kubva pachake basa rangu, uye mune mimwe mienzaniso iri Table 4.4. Cherechedza kuti nzira iyi mazano inonakidza kuedza inonyatsoratidza imwe yemisoro muChitsauko 3 maererano afunge kunakidza kuongorora uye muChitsauko 5 pamusoro akaitwa vakawanda kubatirapamwe. Saka, ndinofunga kuti ubatanidzwe mufaro-chii anogonawo kunzi User ruzivo-richava kuramba chinokosha tsvakurudzo kugadzirwa kwezvinhu digitaalinen zera.

Kana uchida kusika razero shanduka mari kuedza zvauchasangana vanoda kuona kuti zvose zvizere zvoga uye kuti vatori haadi chero kubhadhara. Kuti aratidze kuti izvi zvinokwanisika, Ndichaenda kutsanangura wangu tsvakurudzo zvidzidzo pamusoro kubudirira uye kukundikana nemagariro zvigadzirwa. Muenzaniso uyu unoratidza kuti razero shanduka mutengo Data haisi kuita zvinhu isingadhuri. Asi, zviri pamusoro zvichiita kuedza kuti aisazova zvichikwanisika kudaro.

zvidzidzo zvangu hwaikurudzirwa ari kunzwisisa hunhu yokubudirira nokuti tsika zvigadzirwa. Raparadza songs, zvakanakisisa vachitengesa mabhuku, uye mabhaisikopu blockbuster zviri zvizhinji, zvikuru kubudirira pane avhareji. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, pamisika nokuti zvinhu izvi vari anowanzonzi "mukundi-tora-zvose" pamisika. Asi, panguva iyoyowo, iyo chaiyo rwiyo, bhuku, kana firimu achava anobudirira kusimba vasingagoni kuvimbwa navo. The screenwriter William Goldman (1989) Washington akapfupikisa mijenya Yedzidzo tsvakurudzo nokutaura kuti, kana toreva vachifanotaura kubudirira, "hapana munhu anoziva chinhu." The unpredictability pamusoro weNobel-tora-zvose pamisika wakandipikisa vanonetseka zvikuru sei kubudirira ndiwo mugumisiro pamusoro yepamusoro uye zvakadini inongova nemhanza. Kana, akaratidza zvishoma zvakasiyana, kana taigona kusika kufanana nyika uye vane vose ichishanduka vakazvimiririra, dai chete nziyo wazova mumwe nyika? Uye, kana kwete, ingava mashandiro kuti kunokonzera kusiyana izvi?

Kuti tipindure mibvunzo iyi, tinofanira-Peter Dodds, Duncan Watts (zvidzidzo zvangu mubatsiri), uye ini-akamhanya akatevedzana paIndaneti munda kuedza. Kunyanya, isu akavaka Website inonzi MusicLab apo vanhu vaigona kuziva mumhanzi itsva, uye isu akahushandisa kuti dzakatevedzana kuedza. Isu basa vechikamu kuburikidza achimhanya somureza achigadzira pamusoro kuyaruka-kufarira Website (Figure 4.19) uye kuburikidza rinotaura mune zvinobudisa nhau. Vakwikwidzi Pavakasvika yedu Website akapa omuzvarirwo, akapedza pfupi yaipinda remibvunzo, uye vakanga randomly kunoshanda mumwe experimental maviri ezvinhu-akazvimirira uye munzanga simba. Munguva rakazvimirira ezvinhu, vatori zvisarudzo pamusoro izvo nziyo kuteerera, vakapiwa chete mazita zvisungo uye nziyo. Nepo kuteerera rwiyo, vatori vechikamu vakakumbirwa kuti havanyanyi nayo azoita ivo mukana (asi kwete mutoro) kuti udhanilodhe rwiyo. Mumagakava simba ezvinhu, vatori akanga chete chiitiko, kunze vaikwanisa kuona kangani rwiyo nomumwe akanga kutorwa kuburikidza yapfuura vechikamu. Uyezve, vechikamu mumagakava simba mamiriro ezvinhu akanga randomly kunoshanda mumwe zvakafanana masere nyika imwe neimwe kumhuka vakazvimiririra (Figure 4.20). Achishandisa magadzirirwo ichi, isu anoenderana kuedza maviri akamhanyira. Mune wokutanga, isu akapa vechikamu nziyo nenzira unsorted afoot, izvo akapa simba chiratidzo mukurumbira. Yechipiri kuedza, isu akauyawo nziyo ari yandaipuwa list, iyo akagovera akasimba zvikuru akufadza mukukurumbira (Figure 4.21).

Figure 4.19: Muenzaniso mureza AD kuti ini nevamwe vangu vakashandisa rokutsvaka vechikamu kuti MusicLab kuedza (Salganik, Dodds, and Watts 2006) .

Figure 4.20: experimental magadzirirwo MusicLab kuedza (Salganik, Dodds, and Watts 2006) . Vakwikwidzi vakanga randomly atumirwa kune rimwe maviri ezvinhu: akazvimirira uye magariro simba. Vakwikwidzi vari yakazvimirira ezvinhu akaita sarudzo dzavo pasina mashoko pamusoro chii nevamwe vanhu zvaitwa. Vakwikwidzi mumagakava simba mamiriro ezvinhu akanga randomly atumirwa kune rimwe masere kufanana nyika, kwavaigona kuona kukurumbira-sezvo kuyerwa kukopa zvapfuura vechikamu-mumwe rwiyo munyika yavo, asi havana kugona kuona chero mashoko, havana kunyange kuziva nezvokuvapo, chero mamwe nyika.

Takaona kuti vanhu vakawanda nziyo aisiyana mhiri nyika zvimwe nezvebasa rinokosha nemhanza. Somuenzaniso, mune imwe nyika rwiyo "Lockdown" by 52Metro vakauya 1st, uye mune imwe nyika naro vakapinda rechi40 kubva nziyo 48. Izvi zvakanga zvakafanana rwiyo kukwikwidza pamusoro zvose nziyo chete, asi mune imwe nyika raiwedzera rombo rakanaka uye vamwe handina. Uyezve, nokuenzanisa zvawanikwa mhiri kuedza maviri takaona kuti munzanga simba kunotungamirira zvikuru dzisakarurama kubudirira, izvo zvichida anosika nechitarisiko predictability. Asi, achitarira mhiri nyika (risingagoni kuitwa kunze kwezvinhu zvakafanana nyika kuedza mhando iyi), takaona kuti mumagariro simba chaizvoizvo zvakawedzera unpredictability. Uyezve, zvinoshamisa, yaiva nziyo soro yakwidzwa kuti chinonyanya vasingagoni kuvimbwa navo zvaitika (Figure 4.22).

Figure 4.21: Screenshots kubva magariro pesvedzero mamiriro ari MusicLab kuedza (Salganik, Dodds, and Watts 2006) . Mumagakava pesvedzero ezvinhu ari kuedza 1, nziyo, pamwe nhamba dzokutambura Downloads, akaratidzwa kuna vechikamu vakaronga ari 16 X 3 rectangular afoot, apo nzvimbo nziyo vakanga randomly basa kuti imwe neimwe yeboka. In kuedza 2, vechikamu mumagakava simba ezvinhu vakanga varatidza nziyo, pamwe Download Counts, anounzwa imwe Mbiru muna achiburuka zvarayirwa kukurumbira ano.

Figure 4.22: Results kubva MusicLab kuedza kuratidza ukama chikumbiro uye kubudirira (Salganik, Dodds, and Watts 2006) . The x-akabatana ndiwo musika mugove rokuimba yakazvimirira nyika, iyo inoshanda chiyero kufarirwa kunoita rwiyo, uye Y-akabatana ndiwo musika mugove chete rokuimba 8 evanhu simba nyika, iyo inoshanda sezvo chiyero kubudirira nziyo. Takaona kuti kuwedzera evanhu simba kuti vatori akanzwawo-zvakananga, kuchinja marongerwo kubva kuedza 1 kuedza 2 (Figure 4.21) -caused kubudirira kuwedzera vasingagoni kuvimbwa navo, kunyanya nokuti soro kuteterera nziyo.

MusicLab akakwanisa kumhanya panguva yainyorwa razero shanduka mari nokuda nzira kuti akasikirwa. Chokutanga, zvose zvizere zvoga saka akakwanisa kumhanya pandakanga akarara. Chechipiri, muripo akanga akasununguka mumhanzi saka pakanga pasina shanduka mukwikwidzi muripo mutengo. Kushandiswa mumhanzi sezvo muripo inojekesawo sei pane dzimwe nguva basa-kure pakati wakaiswa mari uye shanduka mari. Kushandisa mumhanzi zvakawedzera yakatarwa mari nokuti ndaifanira kupedza nguva asunga mvumo kubva zvisungo uye kugadzirira mishumo zvisungo pamusoro vechikamu paakasangana mumhanzi yavo. Asi, muchiitiko ichi, kuwedzera pazvinhu mari kuitira kutapudzwa variables mari yaiva chinhu chakanaka kuita; ndizvo tikwanise kumhanya kumwe kuedza kuti akanga anenge 100 nguva yakakura kupfuura mwero yezvirwere chiedzwa.

Uyezve, MusicLab kuedza kuratidza kuti razero shanduka mutengo hazvirevi kuva mugumo sezvachiri; asi, zvinogona kuva nzira achimhanya hwemhando itsva yetsvakurudzo. Ona kuti hatina kushandisa zvose yedu vechikamu kuti kumhanya mwero munzanga simba yezvirwere yetsvakurudzo ka100. Asi, isu akaita chinhu chakasiyana, zvamakange kufunga sezvo Nokuchinja kubva mupfungwa kuedza kuti Sociological kuedza (Hedström 2006) . Pane kungoramba tichifunga nomumwe sarudzo, takakurukura kuedza kwedu pamusoro mukurumbira, mumwe seboka mugumisiro. Izvi chinja kuti seboka mugumisiro kwaireva kuti isu waida vanenge 700 vatori vechikamu kuti vaunze mumwe chete mashoko pfungwa (kwaiva vanhu 700 vari nerimwe kufanana nyika). Kuti chikero zvaibvira chete nokuda mutengo nemamiriro kuedza. Kazhinji, kana vanotsvakurudza vanoda kudzidza sei zvaitika seboka muka kubva mumwe zvisarudzo, boka kuedza akadai MusicLab inonakidza chaizvo. Kare, vanga logistically zvakaoma, asi zvinetso avo vari kupera nokuda mukana razero shanduka mutengo Data.

Kuwedzera pokuenzanisira zvakanakira razero shanduka mutengo data, iyo MusicLab kuedza kuratidza dambudziko chete nzira iyi: kumusoro wakaiswa mari. Kana kwangu, ndakanga chaizvo rombo rakanaka kuti kukwanisa kushanda unyanzvi unorukwa yokuvaka anonzi Peter Hausel inenge mwedzi mitanhatu kuti vavake kuedza. Izvi zvakakwanisika chete nekuti mubatsiri wangu, Duncan Watts, agamuchira zvinoverengeka kwaanoita kutsigira kutsvakurudza uku. Technology kwakavandudza kubva takavaka MusicLab muna 2004, uye zvingava nyore zvikuru kuti avake kuedza seizvi zvino. Asi, mukuru wakaiswa mutengo nzira zvechokwadi zvinogoneka chete nokuti vanotsvakurudza vanogona zvimwe kufukidza avo mari.

Mukugumisa, digitaalinen kuedza vanogona zvinoshamisa zvakasiyana mari hurongwa pane analoginen kuedza. Kana uchida kumhanya kuedza zvechokwadi chikuru, unofanira kuedza kutapudzwa yako shanduka mari yakawanda sezvingabvira uye Zvakanakisa zvose nzira 0. Unogona kuita izvi kuburikidza automating hurongwa yetsvakurudzo wako (semuenzaniso, dzichiritsiva nguva yevanhu nenguva kombiyuta) uye mazano kuedza kuti vanhu vanoda kuva. Vatsvakurudzi vanogona kugadzira kuedza zvinhu izvi vachakwanisa kumhanya mhando itsva kuedza zvakanga zvisingaiti kare.