2.4.1.3 kuongororerwa munzanga vezvenhau nokuda Chinese hurumende

Vatsvakurudzi scraped Chinese munzanga vezvenhau nzvimbo kudzidza kusenza. Zvavakaita incompleteness pamwe Isimba rakadini rinogona kubudiswa-unhu inference.

Kuwedzera kune guru nemashoko anoshandiswa mbiri mienzaniso yapfuura, vaongorori kunogonawo unganidza pachavo observational Data dzavo, sezvo akanga inoshamisa nezvakataurwa Gary King, Jennifer Pan, uye Molly Roberts ' (2013) ongororo kusenza parutivi Chinese hurumende.

Social vezvenhau namagwatidziro muna China vari akaongororwa nevanhu wakakura hurumende midziyo kuti akafunga kuti zvinosanganisira makumi ezviuru zvevanhu. Zvisinei, vanotsvakurudza ruzivo uye vagari, vane zvishoma pfungwa sei censors izvi vanosarudza kuva chii kugutsikana vanofanira kubviswa kubva magariro nevezvenhau. Nyanzvi China chaizvoizvo anopesana Tarisiro pamusoro marudzi namagwatidziro ndivo vanogona dzadzimwa. Vamwe vanofunga kuti censors kutarisa namagwatidziro kuti vari kushora hurumende vamwewo vanofunga pfungwa pane nhume zvinokurudzira mupurazi maitiro akadai okutsutsumwa. Yokuzvifungidzira panze izvo tarisiro idzi yakarurama ine chokuita sei vatsvakurudzi kunzwisisa China uye dzimwe hurumende anomanikidza kuti vaite kusenza. Saka, Mambo uye vatinoshanda navo vaida kuenzanisa namagwatidziro kuti dzakabudiswa uye zvadaro dzadzimwa nomumbiru kuti dzakabudiswa uye haana kubviswa.

Kuunganidza mbiru izvi zvaisanganisira kunoshamisa michina Feat unouraya anopfuura 1,000 Chinese evanhu vezvenhau Websites-mumwe chete siyana peji Layouts-kuwana akakodzera mbiru, uye ipapo achizodzishanyirazve mbiru izvi kuona izvo zvava dzadzimwa. Kuwedzera inowanzotorwa mapurani matambudziko chokuita pamwero web-kukambaira, chirongwa ichi aiva akawedzera dambudziko kuti vaifanira kuva chaizvo kutsanya nokuti vazhinji akaongororwa namagwatidziro vanotorwa pasi maawa asingasviki 24. Nemamwe mashoko, munhu anononoka Crawler aizosuwa mijenya mapango vakanga akaongororwa. Uyezve, crawlers aifanira kuita zvose izvi date muunganidzwa apo Achinzvenga vasabatwa zvimwe evanhu nevezvenhau Websites isabudisa kana zvimwewo kuchinja mitemo yavo pakupindurwa kudzidza.

Kamwe chikuru ichi michina basa rakapera, Mambo uye nevamwe vawana anenge mamiriyoni 11 mbiru nyaya 85 akasiyana vaiva pre-wainyatsotaura kwakavakirwa yavo anokarirwa azvipire nehanya. Somuenzaniso, imwe nyaya pamatunhu nehanya ndiye Ai wei-wei, ari dissident yokudhirowa; nyaya pamusoro pakati nehanya ndiko kuonga uye kuderedza the Chinese mari, uye nyaya yakaderera nehanya ndiye World Cup. Izvi nembiru mamiriyoni 11 vanenge mamiriyoni 2 akanga akaongororwa, asi pamhenderekedzo zvikuru dzinonyadzisa vakanga akaongororwa chete zvishoma kakawanda kupfuura mbiru pamusoro nepakati uye vakaderera aikanganiswa misoro. Nemamwe mashoko, Chinese censors dzinenge vangangoora aongororwe mumhanyi rinotaura Ai wei-wei sezvo pabango kuti rinotaura World Cup. Zvakawanikwa izvi hazvina anoenderana isina yokuti hurumende censors mbiru zvose pamusoro dzinonyadzisa.

Izvi kukarukureta pamusoro kusenza mwero yechitsauko nyore aigona Zvisinei anotsausa,. Somuenzaniso, hurumende kuti aongororwe namagwatidziro kuti vanotsigira Ai wei-wei, asi kusiya namagwatidziro kuti vari kushora pake. Kuti kusiyanisa namagwatidziro kunyatsofunga, vaongorori vanofanira kuyera naA imwe neimwe. Nokudaro, imwe nzira kufunga nezvazvo kuti naA imwe neimwe iri inokosha Isimba rakadini rinogona kubudiswa chine imwe neimwe. Zvinosuruvarisa pasinei basa zvikuru, zvizere zvoga nzira manzwiro vasabatwa vachishandisa pre-huripo nemaduramazwi havasi vachiri chaizvo akanaka ezvinhu akawanda (kufunga zvinetso pakusika ane mupfungwa yekufamba kwenguva September 11, 2001 kubva Section 2.3.2.6). Saka, Mambo uye nevamwe vaida nzira tarambana yavo mumagariro vezvenhau nembiru mamiriyoni 11 kana vakanga 1) kushora ehurumende, 2) titsigire mamiriro, kana 3) sabatsira kana ndeechokwadi mishumo zviitiko. Izvi unorira muhombe basa, asi ivo kugadziriswa izvozvo achishandisa minimini simba; munhu kwakakurumbira date sayenzi asi pari dererei munzanga nesayenzi.

Chokutanga, mune danho yemanyorero inonzi pre-kubudiswa, vaongorori mudzoke magariro vezvenhau namagwatidziro ive chizvaro Gwaro-rokuti, apo paiva nomumwe musara mumwe gwaro rimwe Mbiru kuti akanyorwa kana pambiru raiva yakananga shoko (semuenzaniso, ratidziro, motokari, etc.). Zvadaro, rimwe boka kutsvakurudza vabatsiri ruoko-tichichidana naA wezvaizogona mumhanyi. Zvadaro, Mambo uye nevamwe akashandisa izvi Data ruoko-akapomerawo kufungidzira muchina pakudzidza womuenzaniso aigona infer naA mumhanyi inobva zvachiri. Pakupedzisira, vakashandisa ichi muchina pakudzidza muenzaniso kufungidzira naA zvose nembiru mamiriyoni 11. Saka, pane kuverenga manually uye Kunyora mamiriyoni 11 Mbiru (iro raizova logistically zvisingabviri), ivo manually akapomerawo vashoma mbiru uye akabva ashandisa chii date nemasayendisiti aizotumidza kudzidza aitarisira kuti vanofungidzira Mapato vose mbiru. Ndapedza Ongororo iyi, Mambo uye vatinoshanda navo vakakwanisa kugumisa kuti, zvimwe hazvishamisi kuti ndingangokuvara mumhanyi kuitwa dzadzimwa akanga chokuita kana aishora mamiriro kana kutsigira hurumende.

Figure 2.3: Simplified schematic nokuti nzira yaishandiswa King, Pan, and Roberts (2013) kuti kupima naA mamiriyoni 11 Chinese magariro nevezvenhau mbiru. Chokutanga, mune danho yemanyorero inonzi pre-kubudiswa, vaongorori mudzoke evanhu vezvenhau nembiru ive chizvaro gwaro-rokuti (ona Grimmer and Stewart (2013) kuti uwane ruzivo). Chechipiri, vaongorori ruoko-coded naA kadiki nzwisa mbiru. Chechitatu, vaongorori yakarovedzwa munhu aitarisira kudzidza muenzaniso kuti patsanura naA mbiru. Chechina, vaongorori vakashandisa aitarisira kudzidza muenzaniso kufungidzira naA dzose mbiru. Ona King, Pan, and Roberts (2013) , Appendikisi B kuti rondedzero uwane.

Pakupedzisira, Mambo uye nevamwe vakaona kuti vatatu chete mhando mapango vaigara akaongororwa: zvinonyadzisira, kutsoropodzwa censors, uye avo vakanga mupurazi chiito zvinogona (kureva, mukana zvichiita kuti huru dzinotambudza okutsutsumwa). Nokucherechedza akawandisa namagwatidziro vakanga dzadzimwa uye mbiru kuti havana dzadzimwa, Mambo uye vatinoshanda navo vakakwanisa kudzidza sei censors kushanda chete nokuona uye kuverenga. In unozotevera tsvakurudzo, chaizvoizvo akapindira zvakananga kupinda Chinese magariro nevezvenhau mararamiro paakasika namagwatidziro vane zvakanyatsorongwa zvakasiyana kugutsikana uye rwodzi izvo kuti akaongororwa (King, Pan, and Roberts 2014) . Tichadzidza zvakawanda nezve experimental Nzira muChitsauko 4. Uyezve, waifananidzira dingindira kuti zvichaitika munyika bhuku, izvi Isimba rakadini rinogona kubudiswa-chizenga inference matambudziko-izvo zvinogona dzimwe nguva kugadziriswa pamwe aitarisira kudzidza-kutendeuka kubva kuva zvakakurumbira zvikuru munzanga tsvakurudzo ari digitaalinen zera. Uchaona mifananidzo yakafanana chaizvo kuti akasabvumirana 2.3 muZvitsauko 3 (Kubvunza mibvunzo) uye 5 (Kuumba vakawanda kubatsirana); ndiyo imwe pfungwa shoma kuti rinowanika muzvitsauko vakawanda.

All vatatu mienzaniso ava-vanoshanda unhu tekisi nevatyairi muNew York, ushamwari inotungamirwa nevadzidzi, uye magariro nhau kusenza nomufambiro Chinese hurumende-zvinoratidza kuti zviri nyore kunzwisisa kuverengwa observational Data vanogona vakwanise vatsvakurudzi kuti aedze yokungotaura zvakafanotaurwa. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, guru mashoko inoita kuti uite ngaakudze ichi hwakanyatsorwisa zvakananga (sokune reNew York Taxis). Mune zvimwe zviitiko, vatsvakurudzi vanofanira kuunganidza pachavo observational Data yavo (sokune Chinese kusenza); kukurira incompleteness kuburikidza kubatanidzwa nomumwe date pamwe chete (sokune samambure shanduka); kana kuita zvimwe zvigadzirwa Isimba rakadini rinogona kubudiswa-unhu inference (sokune Chinese kusenza). Sezvo Ndinovimba mienzaniso iyi inoratidza, nokuti vanotsvakurudza vanogona kubvunza mibvunzo inonakidza, huru hune vimbiso huru.