2.3.2.1 kukwana
Hazvinei "guru" yenyu "mashoko makuru" anofanira kunge asina sei mashoko aunoda.
Most guru date manyuko kukwana, mupfungwa yokuti havana ruzivo kuti uchada kuti tsvakurudzo yako. Izvi zvinowanzoitika kuchiitwa mashoko kuti vakasikwa zvimwe pane pakutsvakurudza zvinangwa. Masayendisiti akawanda evanhu akanga atova noruzivo yokubatana nayo incompleteness akadai kumbova ongororo kuti haana kubvunza mubvunzo zvawada. Zvinosuruvarisa zvinetso incompleteness sevanonyanya zvakanyanyisa mune mashoko makuru. In ruzivo rwangu, hombe mashoko ruchigona chinoshayikwa mhando nhatu mashoko anobatsira munzanga tsvakurudzo: Uwandu Hwevanhu, maitiro dzimwe platforms, uye mashoko kuti operationalize yokungotaura constructs.
All vatatu siyana idzi incompleteness vari chinoenzanisirwa chidzidzo Gueorgi Kossinets uye Duncan Watts (2006) pamusoro shanduka ari pasocial network kuyunivhesiti. Kossinets uye Watts akatanga email matanda kubva yunivhesiti, yakanga mashoko chaiwo pamusoro pokuti ndiani akatuma na uyo panguva ipi nguva (vaongorori havana kuwana zviri na). Izvi e zvinyorwa unorira zvinoshamisa dataset, asi, ivo-pasinei pakukura kwavo uye granularity-wevanhu kukwana. Somuenzaniso, email matanda hadzirishandisi mashoko pamusoro wevanotungamirira zvechadenga vadzidzi, akadai chechikadzi uye zera. Uyezve, email matanda hadzirishandisi ruzivo pamusoro kutaurirana kuburikidza dzimwe nhau, dzakadai foni, meseji, kana chiso nechiso kukurukurirana. Pakupedzisira, email matanda regai zvakananga inosanganisira mashoko nezvekudanana, ari yokungotaura constructs akawanda yaivapo pfungwa. Gare gare muchitsauko, pandinotaura pamusoro pakutsvakurudza nzira, muchaona sei Kossinets uye Watts zvinetso izvi.
Nezvezvikwata matatu incompleteness, dambudziko kukwana Data kuti operationalize yokungotaura constructs ndiyo chakaomesesa kugadzirisa, uye ruzivo rwangu, chinowanzoonekwa netsaona akafuratira nokuda date masayendisiti. Nehasha, yokungotaura constructs ndivo pfungwa tiivistelmä kuti masayendisiti anoongorora magariro evanhu kudzidza, asi zvinosuwisa constructs izvi hazvigoni nguva zvisingarevi zvakawanda kunorondedzerwa akayera. Somuenzaniso, ngatiendei fungidzira kuedza empirically kuidza pachena nyore kwokuti vanhu vane njere dziwane mari yakawanda. Kuti mumuedze vanoti ichi ungada kuyera "ungwaru." Asi, chii injere? Somuenzaniso, Gardner (2011) nharo kuti pane chaizvoizvo sere dzakasiyana siyana njere. Zvino, pane maitirwo kuti aigona zvakarurama kuyera chero siyana izvi njere? Pasinei yakawanda basa kuburikidza vanachiremba, mibvunzo iyi vachiri vasina mhinduro inonzwisisika. Saka, kunyange hwakanyatsorwisa nyore kutaura-vanhu vane njere awedzere mari-kunogona kuva kwakaoma kuongorora empirically nokuti zvingava zvakaoma operationalize yokungotaura constructs mune mashoko. Mimwe mienzaniso yokungotaura constructs zvinokosha asi zvakaoma operationalize zvinosanganisira "dzemunharaunda," "guru munzanga," uye "kusununguka." Masayendisiti Social kudana mutambo pakati yokungotaura constructs uye date Dzimba ukoshi (Cronbach and Meehl 1955) . Uye, sezvo aya constructs inoratidza, kuvaka ukoshi idambudziko kuti masayendisiti anoongorora magariro evanhu akatambura kwenguva refu chaizvo nguva, kunyange pavakanga kushanda Data kuti ikaunganidzwa kuti chinangwa kutsvakurudza. Kana tichishanda Data yaunganidzwa zvimwe pane pakutsvakurudza zvinangwa, zvinetso kuvaka ukoshi zvinotonyanya kuoma (Lazer 2015) .
Kana uchiverenga tsvakurudzo mapepa, mumwe nokukurumidza uye anobatsira nzira kuongorora nezvemhosva kuvaka ukoshi ndiko kutora chikuru vanoti mupepa, iyo kunowanzoratidzirwa tichitarisa constructs, uye kuzodzosera kuitaura chibvumirano mashoko anoshandiswa. Somuenzaniso, funga zvidzidzo zvokufungidzirwa zviviri kuti vanoti kuratidza kuti vanhu vakawanda vakangwara dziwane mari yakawanda:
- Chidzidzo 1: vanhu Score zvakanaka pamusoro Raven Progressive Matrices Test-tsime kudzidza muedzo analytic uchenjeri (Carpenter, Just, and Shell 1990) -have yepamusorosoro akashuma mari dzavo mutero anodzoka
- Chidzidzo 2: Vanhu Twitter aishandisa refu mashoko vangangowedzera kutaura hwokusanyara pezvitsiga
Muzviitiko zvacho zvose, vatsvakurudzi vaigona vanodudza kuti vakaratidza kuti vanhu vakawanda vakangwara dziwane mari yakawanda. Asi, ari kudzidza kutanga yokungotaura constructs vari zvakanaka operationalized pedyo data, uye yechipiri havachipo. Uyezve, sezvo muenzaniso uyu unoratidza, mamwe mashoko haangoerekani matambudziko pamwechete kuvaka ukoshi. Unofanira chokwadi migumisiro Chenyaya 2 kana zvaibatanidza miriyoni Tweets, bhiriyoni Tweets, kana tiririyoni Tweets. Nokuti vaongorori havana kuziva pfungwa kuvaka ukoshi, Table 2,2 rinopa mienzaniso zvidzidzo kuti operationalized yokungotaura constructs vachishandisa digitaalinen chero Data.
| Digital zvisaririra | yokungotaura kuvaka | Citation |
|---|---|---|
| e matanda kubva yunivhesiti (Meta-date chete) | Social ukama | Kossinets and Watts (2006) , Kossinets and Watts (2009) , De Choudhury et al. (2010) |
| munzanga vezvenhau mbiru pamusoro Weibo | Civic kuroorana | Zhang (2016) |
| e matanda kubva akasimba (Meta-mashoko uye rugwaro zvakakwana) | Cultural zvakakodzera mune sangano | Goldberg et al. (2015) |
Kunyange zvazvo dambudziko kukwana mashoko nokuda operationalizing yokungotaura constructs akanaka zvakaoma kugadzirisa, kune zvitatu zvinowanzokonzera kugadzirisa dambudziko mashoko kukwana wevanotungamirira uye kukwana ruzivo pamusoro maitiro pane dzimwe platforms. Yokutanga chaizvoizvo kuunganidza mashoko rwaunoda; Ndichaudza kukuudza pamusoro muenzaniso kuti muChitsauko 3 kana ndinokuudzai pamusoro kuongorora. Zvinosuruvarisa pamusoro mashoko muunganidzwa urwu hazvibviri nguva dzose. The chikuru mhinduro wechipiri kuita mashoko nemasayendisiti vanodana User-chizenga inference uye chii nemasayendisiti magariro vanodana imputation. In nzira iyi, vaongorori kushandisa mashoko kuti vane pane vamwe vanhu kuti infer unhu evamwe vanhu. Wechitatu Zvingangokubatsirai-nechakashandiswa Kossinets uye Watts-chaiva chokubatanidza vakawanda mashoko zvinyorwa. Izvi unowanzonzi kubatanidzwa nomumwe kana zvinyorwa linkage. Dzandinofarira Dimikira nokuti izvi akanga aronga mundima rokutanga chaizvo bepa nokusingaperi akanyorwa rekodhi linkage yokutanga kwazvo (Dunn 1946) :
"Mumwe munhu munyika pave Mubhuku Roupenyu. Book iri kunotanga pakuzvarwa uye rinopera rufu. mapeji aro vari anoumbwa yamashoko musimboti zviitiko muupenyu. Record linkage ndiro zita rakapiwa muitiro vaungana mapeji ebhuku rino kuva vhoriyamu. "
Ndima iyi yakanyorwa muna 1946, uye panguva iyoyo, vanhu vakanga vachifunga kuti bhuku roupenyu aigona kusanganisira zvikuru upenyu zviitiko zvakafanana pakuzvarwa, muchato, kurambana, uye rufu. Zvisinei, iye zvino kuti zvikuru ruzivo nezvevanhu wakanyorwa, Bhuku Upenyu aigona kuva chinopa zvakawanda asian, kana mapeji avo siyana (kureva, digitaalinen zvisaririra dzedu), zvinogona vakasungwa pamwechete. Book iyi Upenyu aigona kuva huru zvokushandisa nevatsvakurudzi. Asi, bhuku roupenyu zvaigonawo kunzi Database rokuparadzwa (Ohm 2010) , izvo zvinogona kushandiswa mhando dzose unethical zvinangwa, sezvarondedzerwa zvakawanda pazasi pandinotaura pamusoro vasanonoka hunhu mashoko yakaunganidzwa nokuda guru mashoko manyuko pazasi uye muChitsauko 6 (Ethics).
