5.4.1 eBird
eBird anounganidza mashoko pamusoro shiri kubva birders; vanozvipira vanogona kupa nzvimbo chikero kuti hapana kutsvakurudza chikwata angakwanisa.
Shiri dziri kwose kwose, uye ornithologists kuziva apo shiri dzose riri ose nguva. Kupiwa dataset akakwana akadaro, ornithologists aigona mibvunzo yakawanda inokosha womunda yavo. Zvechokwadi, nekunhonga mashoko uyu chisingakwanisi kutsanangurwa chero chaiyo mutsvakurudzi. Panguva iyoyo kuti ornithologists munoshuva dzakapfuma uye zvizere data, "birders" -people vanoenda shiri vakatarira zvokungonakidzwa-vari kuramba kucherechedza shiri uye zvemakore zvavanoona. Nzanga maviri aya kare kushandira, asi ikozvino collaborations izvi kushandurwa kuburikidza digitaalinen zera. eBird ari vakagovera date muunganidzwa chirongwa kuti solicits mashoko kubva birders pasi rose, uye atogamuchira sightings shiri anopfuura mamiriyoni 260 kubva 250,000 vechikamu (Kelling et al. 2015) .
Asati kushanda eBird, zvakawanda Data akasikwa birders yakanga isina vaongorori:
"In zviuru closets munyika nhasi nhema zvisingaverengeki kemabhuku, indekisi makadhi, annotated checklists, uye diaries. Avo vedu unzenza birding zvikoro kuti munonyatsoziva kushungurudzwa kunzwa pamusoro uye pamusoro zvakare pamusoro 'zvinyorwa shiri wangu mushakabvu babamunini' Tinoziva sei chinokosha vaigona kuva. Zvinosuwisa, tinoziva hatigoni kuzvishandisa. " (Fitzpatrick et al. 2002)
Pane kuva ichi Data zvinokosha kugara tsva, eBird runoita birders kuti Upload riri centralized,-digital Database. Data uploaded kuna eBird rine nhanhatu dzinokosha minda: ndiani, apo, apo, chii mhando, vangani, uye kushanda nesimba. Vasiri birding vaverengi, "kushanda" rinoreva dzakashandiswa ndichireurura zvaakacherechedza. Data unhu macheki kutanga kunyange pamberi mashoko ari uploaded. Birders kuedza kuzviisa kujairika mishumo-zvakadai nemishumo zvisingawanzoitiki chaizvo marudzi, mukuru kwazvo Counts, kana panguva isakafanira mishumo-vari flagged, uye Website rwoga anokumbira mamwe mashoko, akadai mapikicha. Pashure nekunhonga mamwe mashoko aya, vanhu flagged mishumo vanotumirwa kune imwe nemazana akazvipira romunharaunda nyanzvi uwane mamwe yokudzokorora. Mushure kuongorora nokuda remunharaunda nyanzvi-kusanganisira zvinobvira dzokuwedzera kunyorerana birder-the flagged mishumo vari kana vachadzingwa sezvo kuvimbika kana vari vapinda eBird Database (Kelling et al. 2012) . Database iyi firimu Zvaanoona anobva aita riwanikwe munhu munyika ane Indaneti, uye saka kure, mabhuku anenge 100 nevezera rako aongorora vakashandisa izvozvo (Bonney et al. 2014) . eBird rinonyatsoratidza kuti rokuzvipira birders vanogona kuunganidza mashoko inobatsira pakutsvakurudza chaicho ornithology.
Mumwe nerunako eBird ndechokuti anopamba "basa" kuti hwakatanga kuitika-iyi, birding. Nyaya iyi inoita kuti chirongwa kuzadzisa chaizvo akamboona. Zvisinei, "basa" kuitwa birders hakurevi chaizvo anoenderana Data unodiwa ornithologists. Somuenzaniso, muna eBird, mashoko muunganidzwa vagara vandifungira kwekwaiva birders kwete nzvimbo shiri. Izvi zvinoreva kuti, Somuenzaniso, vakawanda Zvaanoona vanowanzotevedzera kuitika pedyo migwagwa (Kelling et al. 2012; Kelling et al. 2015) . Kuwedzera uku dzisakarurama kugovera nesimba pamusoro muchadenga, chaiwoiwo zvaanorumbidza kwakaitwa birders havasi yakanaka nguva dzose. Somuenzaniso, vamwe birders chete Upload mashoko pamusoro zvipenyu kuti funga anonakidza pane uchiisa mashoko pamusoro zvipenyu zvose kuti vakaona.
eBird vaongorori vane mhinduro huru mbiri idzi Data unhu nyaya, nyaya dzinomuka munyika dzakawanda dzimwe vakaparadzira mashoko muunganidzwa zvirongwa. Chokutanga, eBird vatsvakurudzi kuramba uchiedza kuti ndiwedzere kunaka Data vakabvuma kubudikidza birders. Somuenzaniso, eBird rinopa dzidzo vechikamu, uye akasika visualizations pamusoro mashoko imwe neimwe yeboka kuti, kubudikidza magadzirirwo kwavo, kurudzira birders kuti Upload mashoko pamusoro zvipenyu zvose kuti vakaona, kwete subset (Wood et al. 2011; Wiggins 2011) . Chechipiri, eBird vatsvakurudzi vanoshandisa uwandu mienzaniso kuti vanoedza kururamisa nokuda ruzha uye heterogeneous hunhu yakatsvuka mashoko. Haisati pachena kana izvi uwandu mienzaniso zvizere kubvisa vakanga vaine kwavakarerekera kubva data, asi ornithologists vane chivimbo zvakakwana ari unhu kugadziridzwa eBird Data kuti, sezvo vakanga ambotaurwa, rave richishandiswa mumabhuku zvesayenzi anenge 100 nevezera rako akaongororwa.
Vakawanda vaisava ornithologists vari pakutanga zvikuru chokwadi pavanonzwa pamusoro eBird kokutanga. In kwangu maonero, chikamu kusava nechokwadi ichi kunobva kufunga eBird nenzira isiyo. Vanhu Vakawanda kutanga kufunga "Ko eBird Data vakakwana?", uye mhinduro yacho zvachose kwete. Zvisinei, izvozvo hazvina mubvunzo zvakanaka. Mubvunzo rworudyi, "Nokuti vamwe mibvunzo tsvakurudzo, ndiye eBird Data nani pane huripo ornithology Data?" Nokuti mubvunzo mhinduro ndechimwe hungu, muchidimbu nokuti mibvunzo yakawanda mubereko hapana musoro pane vakagovera date muunganidzwa.
The eBird chirongwa anoratidza kuti zvinokwanisika kubatanidza vanozvipira vari kuunganidzwa dzinokosha mashoko yesayenzi. Zvisinei, eBird, uye anoenderana zvirongwa, anoratidza kuti matambudziko chokuita zvakabudiswa uye date unhu zviri kutyirwa kuti vakagovera date muunganidzwa zvirongwa. Sezvatichaona munyaya inotevera chikamu Zvisinei, pamwe nemazano magadzirirwo uye zvigadzirwa zvinonetsa izvi zvinogona zvisanyanye mune dzimwe muzviruva.
