Uyezve komendari
Chikamu chino chakagadzirirwa kushandiswa sokunoratidza, pane kuti kuverenga somunhu rondedzero.
- Nhanganyaya (Section 5.1)
Misa kutsigirana blends pfungwa kubva mugari sainzi, crowdsourcing, uye mupurazi njere. Kazhinji mugari sainzi zvinoreva chokuita "vagari" (kureva, vasiri masayendisiti) muna zvesayenzi muitiro (Crain, Cooper, and Dickinson 2014) . Crowdsourcing Kazhinji zvinoreva kutora dambudziko kazhinji chakagadziriswa mukati sangano uye pachinzvimbo outsourcing nayo chaunga (Howe 2009) . Kazhinji Collective njere zvinoreva mapoka evanhu kuita pamwe nenzira sokuti vakangwara (Malone and Bernstein 2015) . Nielsen (2012) ndiro inoshamisa bhuku-urefu sumo nesimba vakawanda pamwe kutsvakurudza kwesayenzi.
Kune mhando dzakawanda vakawanda pamwe kuti hadzikwani neatly kupinda mumapoka matatu ini zvinganaka, uye ndinofunga vatatu vanokodzera vainyatsotarisirwa nokuti angava kubatsira munzanga tsvakurudzo pane imwe nguva. Mumwe muenzaniso uri Misika wokufembera, apo vatori vechikamu mutenge zvibvumirano wezvokutengeserana kuti vari kudzikinurwa kunobva zvaitika kuti kuitika munyika (Wolfers and Zitzewitz 2004; Arrow et al. 2008) . Vachifanotaura misika anowanzoshandiswa kuburikidza yemakambani nehurumende kuti kufungidzira, uye vachifanotaura misika yave kushandiswa pasocial vatsvakurudzi kufanotaura replicability yakabudiswa zvidzidzo vari zvepfungwa (Dreber et al. 2015) .
Muenzaniso wechipiri kuti hakukodzeri zvakanaka kupinda categorization rangu zano ndiyo PolyMath chirongwa, uko vatsvakurudzi nevaponi vakatsigirana kushandisa dzepaIndaneti uye wikis kuratidza itsva pamasvomhu theorems (Gowers and Nielsen 2009; Cranshaw and Kittur 2011; Nielsen 2012; Kloumann et al. 2016) . The PolyMath chirongwa chiri dzimwe nzira rakafanana Netflix Prize, asi PolyMath chirongwa vechikamu maziso kuvakwa pamusoro kukwana zvingaitwa nevamwe.
Muenzaniso wechitatu hakukodzeri zvakanaka kupinda categorization rangu zano ndiyo nguva-nemataundi mobilizations dzakadai Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Network Challenge (kureva, Red chibharuma Challenge). Kuti uwane izvi nguva inonyatsoziva mobilizations ona Pickard et al. (2011) , Tang et al. (2011) , uye Rutherford et al. (2013) .
- Human computation (Section 5.2)
Shoko rokuti "computation evanhu" zvinobuda basa rinoitwa nemasayendisiti kombiyuta, uye kunzwisisa akapoteredza shure pakutsvakurudza ichi kuchaita mano ako sanangurai zvinetso angava amenable nayo. Nokuti mamwe mabasa, makombiyuta chinopa simba pamwe nezvaanogona kure kwazvo kunyange nyanzvi vanhu. Somuenzaniso, muna chesi, makombiyuta vanogona kurova kunyange yakanakisisa chikuru vanatenzi. Asi-uye izvi zvishoma zvakanaka kukosheswa pasocial masayendisiti-nokuti mabasa vamwe, makombiyuta chaizvoizvo zvikuru kupfuura vanhu. Nemamwe mashoko, iye zvino mava kupfuura kunyange yakagozha kombiyuta pane mamwe mabasa chokuita kubudiswa zvifananidzo, mavhidhiyo, makaseti, uye rugwaro. Saka-sezvo zvakaratidzwa nezvakaitwa inoshamisa XKCD katuni-kune mabasa nyore makombiyuta uye nesimba vanhu, asi kune mabasa nesimba makombiyuta uye nyore kuti vanhu (Figure 5.13). Computer masayendisiti kushanda izvi nesimba-nokuti-makombiyuta-nyore-nokuti-dzevanhu mabasa, saka, akaziva kuti vaigona inosanganisira vanhu avo computational kwacho. Heano mazano Luis of Ahn (2005) akarondedzera computation kwevanhu paakatanga rokuti mune zvidzidzo zvake: ". Imwe paradigm nokuda utilizing hwevanhu kubudiswa simba kugadzirisa matambudziko kuti makombiyuta haagoni asi kugadzirisa"
Akasabvumirana 5.13 Nokuti vamwe mabasa makombiyuta zvinoshamisa, kwazvo mano vanamazvikokota dzevanhu. Asi, nokuti mabasa vamwe, vanhuwo vanhu vanogona outperform kunyange michina makombiyuta hurongwa. Pamwero matambudziko anosanganisira mabasa nesimba makombiyuta uye nyore kuti vanhu vane chakanakira kuti computation kwevanhu. Unoshandiswa maererano mashoko anorondedzerwa pano: http://xkcd.com/license.html
By tsanangudzo iyi FoldIt-izvo Ini inorondedzerwa chikamu yakazaruka Kushanya-aigona kunzi computation womunhu chirongwa. Zvisinei, ini vanosarudza mumapoka FoldIt somunhu kudanwa pachena nokuti zvinoda unyanzvi kushandiswa uye zvinotora yakanakisisa yokugadzirisa vakabatsira pane kushandisa aparadzane-kushandisa-sangana nzira.
Nokuti chakanakisisa bhuku urefu Mabatirwo computation kwevanhu, ari kupfuura Kazhinji rokuti, ona Law and Ahn (2011) . Chitsauko 3 Law and Ahn (2011) rine inonakidza pakakurukurwa zvikuru kunzwisisa sangana matanho pane vaya muchitsauko chino.
Shoko rokuti "kutsemura-kushandisa-sangana" rakashandiswa Wickham (2011) kutsanangura nzira nokuda uwandu kadambari, asi zvakakwana anopamba nedanho computation dzakawanda dzevanhu zvirongwa. Vanorambana kushandisa-sangana urongwa zvakafanana MapReduce asingaputsi yakatanga panguva Google (Dean and Ghemawat 2004; Dean and Ghemawat 2008) .
Two akangwara yevanhu computation zvirongwa kuti handina kuva nzvimbo kukurukura ndivo kunyanya Game (Ahn and Dabbish 2004) uye reCAPTCHA (Ahn et al. 2008) . Vose muzvirongwa izvi vakawana okusika nzira kukurudzira vatori vechikamu kuti vape pamapepa aya mifananidzo. Zvisinei, vaviri muzvirongwa izvi makamutswawo mibvunzo yetsika nokuti, kusiyana Galaxy Zoo, vatori vari kunyanya Game uye reCAPTCHA vasingazivi sei mashoko avo parakashandiswa (Lung 2012; Zittrain 2008) .
Zvarakafuridzirwa kunyanya Game, vaongorori vakawanda vakaedza kuva vamwe "mitambo ane chinangwa ' (Ahn and Dabbish 2008) (kureva," mitambo dzevanhu computation " (Pe-Than, Goh, and Lee 2015) ) anogona kuva inoshandiswa kugadzirisa dzakasiyana-siyana nezvimwe zvinetso. Chii "mitambo ane chinangwa 'nevanhu ava ndechokuti vanoedza kuita mabasa zvinobatanidzwa kwevanhu computation kunakidze. Nokudaro, nepo kunyanya Game anoudzawo vanorambana kushandisa-vanobatanidza chete chivako pamwe Galaxy Zoo, zvakasiyana sei vechikamu vanokurudzirwa-kunonakidza vs. chido chokubatsira sayenzi.
Tsananguro Kwangu Galaxy Zoo zvaunoswedera musi Nielsen (2012) , Adams (2012) , Clery (2011) , uye Hand (2010) , uye mharidzo yangu pakutsvakurudza zvinangwa Galaxy Zoo akanga nyore. Kuti uwane pamusoro munhoroondo renyeredzi kupatsanura nezvenyeredzi uye sei Galaxy Zoo mberi tsika iyi, ona Masters (2012) uye Marshall, Lintott, and Fletcher (2015) . Building musi Galaxy Zoo, vaongorori rakapera Galaxy Zoo 2 izvo ndaitora vanopfuura mamiriyoni 60 kupfuura kunzwisisa morphological classifications kubva vazvipiri (Masters et al. 2011) . Uyezve, havana mapazi vakapinda matambudziko kunze renyeredzi Morphology kusanganisira kuongorora pemvura mwedzi, kutsvaka mapuraneti, uye transcribing magwaro akare. Pari, zvirongwa zvavo zvose anounganidzwa pana www.zooniverse.org (Cox et al. 2015) . Mumwe zvirongwa Snapshot Serengeti-rinopa uchapupu hwokuti Galaxy Zoo-mhando mufananidzo kupatsanura zvirongwa zvinogona kuitwa nokuti kutsvakurudza kwezvakatipoteredza (Swanson et al. 2016) .
Nokuti vaongorori kuronga kushandisa Micro-basa basa musika (semuenzaniso, Amazon Mechanical Zimbabwe Turk) kuti computation kwevanhu chirongwa, Chandler, Paolacci, and Mueller (2013) uye Wang, Ipeirotis, and Provost (2015) kupa mazano akanaka pamusoro basa magadzirirwo dzimwe nyaya inoenderana.
Vatsvakurudzi vanofarira mukusika chii ndava kunzi chizvarwa chechipiri yevanhu computation mugadziriro (semuenzaniso, hurongwa kuti kushandisa zvisiri evanhu kurovedza muchina pakudzidza muenzaniso) vangafarira Shamir et al. (2014) (semuenzaniso vachishandisa makaseti) uye Cheng and Bernstein (2015) . Uyewo, zvirongwa izvi zvinogona kuitwa pamwe yakazaruka zvinoda, apo vatsvakurudzi makwikwi kusika mienzaniso muchina pakudzidza nepfungwa chokufenbera unongotaura. Somuenzaniso, iye Galaxy Zoo chikwata akamhanya pachena kudanwa uye vakawana nzira itsva kuti outperformed munhu yakatanga muna Banerji et al. (2010) ; ona Dieleman, Willett, and Dambre (2015) kuti mashoko.
- Open zvinoda (Section 5.3)
Open zvinoda hazvisi zvitsva. Kutaura zvazviri, mumwe inozivikanwa zvikuru akazaruka zvinoda Mikoko shure 1714 apo Britain Paramende akasika The Longitude Prize munhu anogona kuva nzira yokuziva nayo Longitude kwechikepe mugungwa. Dambudziko mhinduro dzakawanda avakuru masayendisiti kwemazuva, kusanganisira Isaac Newton, uye richakunda mushonga yakazopedzisira pasi nokuda Mugadziri Wemawachi vachibva kumaruwa akasvika dambudziko zvakasiyana masayendisiti vakanga nezvezvandaifanira kugadzirisa kuti zvaizova zvimwe anosanganisira nezvenyeredzi (Sobel 1996) . Sezvinoratidzwa nomuenzaniso uyu unoratidza, chimwe chikonzero kuti rakazaruka Kushanya vakafunga kushanda zvakanaka ndechokuti zvavanokupai kuwana vanhu vane akasiyana nemaonero uye unyanzvi (Boudreau and Lakhani 2013) . Ona Hong and Page (2004) uye Page (2008) kuti uwane kukosha kusiyana-siyana zvinetso.
Mumwe nomumwe ari rakavhurika kudanwa nyaya iri muchitsauko kunoda zvishoma kwohumwe tsananguro nokuti nei ndezvevaya ari muchikwata ichi. Chokutanga, imwe nzira kuti ini kusiyanisa computation kwevanhu uye pachena kudanwa zvirongwa ndewekuti goho riri avhareji ose mhinduro (human computation) kana nzira yakanakisisa (rakavhurika kudanwa). The Netflix Mubayiro Apa runonyengera panyaya iyi nokuti chinetso zvakazoonekwa kuva yakagozha avhareji nomumwe zvinogadzirisa, ane akauya anonzi Ensemble mhinduro (Bell, Koren, and Volinsky 2010; Feuerverger, He, and Khatri 2012) . Zvisinei, kubva kumaonero Netflix, zvose zvavaifanira kuita kwaiva kusarudza nzira yakanakisisa.
Chechipiri, nevamwe tsanangudzo computation kwevanhu (semuenzaniso, Von Ahn (2005) ), FoldIt chinofanira kufungwa computation womunhu chirongwa. Zvisinei, ini vanosarudza mumapoka FoldIt somunhu kudanwa pachena nokuti zvinoda unyanzvi kushandiswa uye zvinotora yakanakisisa mhinduro vakabatsira, pane kushandisa aparadzane-kushandisa-sangana nzira.
Pakupedzisira, mumwe aigona nharo kuti Nyatsotarira-kuti-Patent muenzaniso vakagovera date muunganidzwa. Ini vanosarudza kusanganisira ive kudanwa pachena nokuti ine makwikwi-kufanana nemamiriro chete yakanakisisa mipiro anoshandiswa (asi pamwe vakagovera date muunganidzwa, pfungwa yakanaka uye nezvakaipa mipiro zviri zvishoma pachena).
Kuti uwane pamusoro Netflix Prize, ona Bennett and Lanning (2007) , Thompson (2008) , Bell, Koren, and Volinsky (2010) , uye Feuerverger, He, and Khatri (2012) . Kuti uwane musi FoldIt ona, Cooper et al. (2010) , Andersen et al. (2012) , uye Khatib et al. (2011) ; tsananguro rangu FoldIt zvaunoswedera pamusoro rondedzero muna Nielsen (2012) , Bohannon (2009) , uye Hand (2010) . Kuti uwane pamusoro Nyatsotarira repaimba Patent, ona Noveck (2006) , Bestor and Hamp (2010) , Ledford (2007) , uye Noveck (2009) .
Yakafanana migumisiro Glaeser et al. (2016) , Mayer-Schönberger and Cukier (2013) , Chapter 10 Mishumo makuru pfuma iri negoho dzimba vaongorori muNew York City apo inspections vanotungamirirwa chokufenbera yokutevedzera. MuNew York City, izvi chokufenbera mhando dzakavakwa neZvapupu vashandi guta, asi dzimwe nguva, munhu aigona kufungidzira kuti vaigona akasika kana nani pamwe yakazaruka zvinoda (semuenzaniso, Glaeser et al. (2016) ). Zvisinei, imwe nyaya iri kunetsa chete chokufenbera mienzaniso kushandiswa govera zvinhu ndechokuti mhando zvinogona kusimbisa huripo vakanga vaine kwavakarerekera. Vaongorori vakawanda kare ziva "marara mukati, marara panze", uye chokufenbera mhando zvingakurwadza "rerekero mukati, rerekero panze." Onai Barocas and Selbst (2016) uye O'Neil (2016) kuti uwane pamusoro ngozi chokufenbera yokutevedzera akavaka pamwe akarerekera divi rimwe nokudzidziswa Data.
Rimwe dambudziko kuti kudzivisa hurumende kushandisa akazaruka mumakwikwi ndechokuti zvinoda date resununguro, izvo zvinogona kuita kuti yekuvanzika kutyorwa. Kuti uwane pamusoro voga uye mashoko pakabudiswa pachena zvinoda kuona Narayanan, Huey, and Felten (2016) uye kukurukurwa muChitsauko 6.
- Vakagovera date muunganidzwa (Section 5.4)
Tsananguro Kwangu eBird zvaunoswedera pamusoro rondedzero muna Bhattacharjee (2005) uye Robbins (2013) . Kuti uwane pamusoro sei vatsvakurudzi vanoshandisa uwandu mienzaniso kuongorora eBird Data ona Hurlbert and Liang (2012) uye Fink et al. (2010) . Kuti uwane pamusoro munhoroondo mugari yesayenzi ornothology, ona Greenwood (2007) .
Kuti uwane pamusoro Malawi Journals Project, ona Watkins and Swidler (2009) uye Kaler, Watkins, and Angotti (2015) . Zvino mamwe pamusoro kufanana Chirongwa South Africa, ona Angotti and Sennott (2015) . Kuti uwane mienzaniso tsvakurudzo tichishandisa mashoko kubva Malawi Journals Project ona Kaler (2004) uye Angotti et al. (2014) .
- Mazano ako (Section 5.5)
Maitiro angu kupa nepurani zano rakanga inductive, kunobva mienzaniso vakabudirira uye vakakundikana vakawanda kutsigirana zvirongwa kuti ndakanzwa nezvako. Panewo norukova tsvakurudzo oedza kushandisa mamwemazwi magariro mupfungwa dzidziso kuti mazano munharaunda paIndaneti kuti kwakafanira kuhupenyu magadzirirwe vakawanda pamwe muzvirongwa, ona Somuenzaniso, Kraut et al. (2012) .
Achitaura kukurudzira vatori vechikamu, zviri chaizvoizvo zvikuru runonyengera kufunga chaizvo nei vanhu havagovani vakawanda kutsigirana muzvirongwa (Nov, Arazy, and Anderson 2011; Cooper et al. 2010, Raddick et al. (2013) ; Tuite et al. 2011; Preist, Massung, and Coyle 2014) . Kana uchironga kukurudzira mugovane muripo on Micro-basa basa musika (semuenzaniso, Amazon Mechanical Zimbabwe Turk) Kittur et al. (2013) inopa mamwe mazano.
Achitaura kuwiriranisa kushamisika, mamwe mienzaniso dzaisatarisirwa zvakawanwa ichibuda Zoouniverse zvirongwa ona Marshall, Lintott, and Fletcher (2015) .
Achitaura ari yetsika, vamwe zvakanaka mukuru okutanga nyaya dzinobatanidzwa vari Gilbert (2015) , Salehi et al. (2015) , Schmidt (2013) , Williamson (2016) , Resnik, Elliott, and Miller (2015) , uye Zittrain (2008) . Nokuti nyaya zvakananga chokuita nomutemo vanaamwene vazhinji vashandi, ona Felstiner (2011) . O'Connor (2013) inotaura mibvunzo pamusoro penyaya rokutarisira tsvakurudzo apo soMupi vaongorori uye vatori vechikamu usapfuura. Kuti nyaya chokuita kugovana Data apo kudzivirira participats mune zvesayenzi mabasa mugari, ona Bowser et al. (2014) . Vose Purdam (2014) uye Windt and Humphreys (2016) vane mokumbokurukura pamusoro penyaya nhau vakaparadzira mashoko muunganidzwa. Pakupedzisira, zvirongwa vakawanda vanobvuma mipiro asi regai kupa vanonzi chikwereti vechikamu. Muna Foldit, iye Foldit vatambi kazhinji dziri ive munyori (Cooper et al. 2010; Khatib et al. 2011) . Mune dzimwe pachena kudanwa zvirongwa richakunda Contributor kazhinji kunyora pepa achirondedzera zvinetso zvavo (semuenzaniso, Bell, Koren, and Volinsky (2010) uye Dieleman, Willett, and Dambre (2015) ). Mumhuri Galaxy Zoo muzvirongwa, zvikuru kushingaira uye zvakakosha mipiro dzimwe nguva akakokwa kuti co-vanyori pamapepa. Somuenzaniso, Ivan Terentev uye Tim Matorny maviri Radio Galaxy Zoo vechikamu kubva Russia, vaiva co-vanyori pane imwe mapepa kwakamuka kubva chirongwa (Banfield et al. 2016; Galaxy Zoo 2016) .
