6.1 Introduction

The yapfuura Zvitsauko zvakaratidza kuti digitaalinen zera anosika mikana mitsva rokuchera uye vachiongorora magariro mashoko. The digitaalinen nayewo akasika nezvinetso zvitsva yetsika. Chinangwa chitsauko ichi kukupa zvokushandisa kuti unofanira kugadzirisa matambudziko aya yetsika.

Avo pari nechokwadi uye vasingabvumirani pamusoro wakakodzera mufambiro vamwe digitaalinen zera munzanga tsvakurudzo. Kusava nechokwadi Izvi zvakakonzera zvinetso mbiri dzakada, mumwe izvo akagamuchira zvakawanda nezvayo kupfuura rumwe. Kune rimwe divi, vamwe vatsvakurudzi achipomerwa kutyora vanhu zvakavanzika kana vatori vechikamu Kunyoresa unethical kuedza. Izvi zviitiko-izvo Ndinenge kutsanangura muchitsauko chino-kwave nyaya zvakawanda gakava uye kukurukurirana. Ukuwo, penyaya chokwadi kwave vaivawo anotyisa chaizvoizvo, kudzivirira yetsika uye anokosha tsvakurudzo kubva kuitika; chokwadi kuti ndinofunga ari ndoda anoongwa. Somuenzaniso, panguva 2014 Ebola yatanga, machinda voruzhinji utano aida mashoko pamusoro mufambo vanhu vari vakawanda kwazvo utachiona nyika kuitira kubatsira kudzora yatanga. Mobile Makambani runhare akanga detailed kudanwa zvinyorwa kuti angadai akapa mamwe mashoko aya. Asi, yetsika uye dzepamutemo zvinonetsa Musanyura vatsvakurudzi 'kuedza kuongorora umboo (Wesolowski et al. 2014) . Kana tinogona kuva yetsika dzemunharaunda uye mitemo kuti dzirimo vaongorori vose uye veruzhinji uye ndinofunga tinogona kuita izvi-ipapo tinogona kubata nezvaanogona ari digitaalinen zera nenzira dziri mutoro uye zvinobatsira vanhu.

Pane zvinokosha kusiyana sei magariro masayendisiti uye mashoko masayendisiti kutaura kutsvakurudza tsika. Nokuti evanhu masayendisiti, kufunga nezvetsika iri dzaitongwa zvechechi Review Boards (IRBs) uye mirau zvavari tasked pamwe yatevedzerwa. Pashure pezvose, nzira bedzi iyo inonyanya empirical evanhu masayendisiti nekusangana chemufungo gakava iri kuburikidza bureaucratic pakupfuura IRB yokudzokorora. Data masayendisiti, Ukuwo, zvishoma enderana ruzivo pamwe pakutsvakurudza nezvetsika nokuti hazvina inowanzonzi inokurukurwa kombiyuta sayenzi mapurani. Kana Nzira ava-mitemo-inobva kusvika munzanga masayendisiti kana AD-hoc rava mashoko masayendisiti-unonyatsokodzera mumagariro tsvakurudzo ari digitaalinen zera. Asi, ndinotenda kuti isu somunhu sesangano achaita mberi kana isu kupfeka zvinotaurwa nemabhuku kusvika. Ndiko, vatsvakurudzi vanofanira kuongorora kwavo tsvakurudzo kuburikidza huripo mitemo-izvo ndichatora sezvo wakapiwa uye vanofunga kunofanira followed- uye kuburikidza yakawanda yetsika nemitemo mukuru. Izvi zvinotaurwa nemabhuku kusvika chendangariro kuti vaongorori anogona kusarudza musoro pamusoro kutsvakurudza iro mitemo havasati kunyorwa uye kuti tinogona kutaura kufunga kwedu nevamwe vatsvakurudzi uye veruzhinji.

Mazano eBhaibheri kusvika andiri vaisimudzira haisi itsva; naro anoswedera pamusoro emakore dzokutambura mafungiro. Sezvauchaona, mune zvimwe zviitiko nhungamiro anotsanangura nzira kunotungamirira kubvisa, actionable zvingaitwa. Zvino, kana haitungamiriri zvinogadzirisa zvakadaro, zvinoita anojekesa kutengeserana-offs zvinobatanidzwa, inova dzinonetsa kurovana rakakodzera pachiyero uye kukwanisa kutsanangura pfungwa dzako dzimwe vatsvakurudzi uye veruzhinji. Uyezve, sezvo imi muchaona, kumbotura nzira zvinotaurwa nemabhuku hakurevi kunyanyisa nguva yakawanda. Kamwe ukadzidza dzinokosha, unogona kuzvishandisa nokukurumidza uye zvakanaka kufunga pamusoro-siyana matambudziko. Pakupedzisira, nhungamiro anotsanangura nzira iri zvakakwana vakawanda kuti ini kutarisira kuti zvichava zvinobatsira pasinei tsvakurudzo yako anotora nzvimbo kana apo iwe kushanda (semuenzaniso, yunivhesiti, hurumende, NGO, kana kambani).

chitsauko chino rakagadzirirwa kubatsira mutsvakurudzi vavariro nomumwe. Sei uchifanira kufunga pamusoro nezvetsika pachako basa rako? Ungaitei kuti basa rako zvikuru zvetsika? Muna Section 6.2, Ndichaenda kutsanangura zvitatu digitaalinen zera tsvakurudzo okuvaka kuti kunge zvakapararira zvetsika gakava. Zvadaro, muChikamu 6.3, Ndichaenda Abstract nemienzaniso iwayo yakananga kurondedzera chii Ndinofunga ndicho chikonzero chikuru chinoita kuti chemufungo kusava nechokwadi: kuwedzera nokukurumidza simba nokuti vanotsvakurudza kuchengeta uye kuedza vanhu vasina zvavo mvumo kana ruzivo. nezvaanogona aya kuchinja nokukurumidza kupfuura dzemunharaunda edu, mitemo, uye mitemo. Zvadaro, muChikamu 6.4, Ndichaenda kutsanangura zvina huripo mazano anogona kutungamirira mafungiro ako: Kuremekedza Persons, Beneficence, Justice, uye Kuremekedza Mutemo uye Public Interest. Zvadaro, muChikamu 6,5, Ndichaenda muchidimbu maviri paupamhi chemufungo zveupfumi-consequentalism uye deontology-anogona kukubatsira kufunga mumwe zvakadzamisisa matambudziko ungasangana: kana zvakakodzera here kutora tsika dzinobvumira chipatara chinobatsira mubvunzo kunoreva kuitira kuzadzisa ane tsika dzinobvumira chipatara chinobatsira zvakakodzera pakupedzisira. Misimboti iyi uye zvetsika zvine zveupfumi kuchakubatsira kuenderera mberi pokufunga Unotenderwa kuburikidza huripo nemirau zvinowedzera Kukwanisa kukurukura pfungwa dzako nevamwe vatsvakurudzi uye veruzhinji (Figure 6,1). Uchifunga, muChikamu 6.6, Ini dzichakurukura zvinhu zvina kuchinetsa digitaalinen zera evanhu vatsvakurudzi: yakaudza mvumo (Section 6.6.1), kunzwisisa uye kuronga mashoko pangozi (Section 6.6.2), toga (Chikamu 6.6.3 ), uye zvisarudzo yetsika mukutarisana chokwadi (Section 6.6.4). Pakupedzisira, muChikamu 6.7, ndichaenderera kugumisa nhatu dzinobatsira mazano nokuda kushanda munzvimbo pamwe hwetsika kugadzikana. In the Historical Okuwedzera, Ndichaenda kutsanangura shanduka ari kuitika gadziriro kutsvakurudza tsika dzokutarisira muUnited States kusanganisira Tuskegee njovhera Cheungano, Belmont Report, Yavose Rule, uye Menlo Report.

Figure 6.1: mitemo tsvakurudzo zvinobviswa dzemitemo izvo zvinobviswa zvetsika zveupfumi. A chikuru nharo chitsauko ichi kuti vaongorori vanofanira kuongorora kwavo tsvakurudzo kuburikidza mitemo-izvo huripo ndichatora sezvo wakapiwa uye vanofunga kunofanira followed- uye kuburikidza yakawanda yetsika nemitemo mukuru. The Common Rule ndiyo mitambo yemirau zviri vedare zvikuru federally-mari tsvakurudzo muUnited States (nokuti mamwe mashoko, ona Historical Okuwedzera). Mazano mana anobva mbiri yebhuruu-Ribbon ukomba kuti vakatsvaka kugovera nevaongorori nhungamiro yetsika: The Belmont Report uye Menlo Report (nokuti mamwe mashoko, ona Historical Okuwedzera). Pakupedzisira, consequentialism uye deontology ndivo zveupfumi yetsika nemagariro dzave yakataurwa vazivi kwemazana emakore. A nokukurumidza uye ichakasangana nezvimwewo nzira kusiyanisa zveupfumi maviri ndechokuti consequentialists kutarisa mativi uye deontologists kufunga nzira.