Uyezve komendari

Chikamu chino chakagadzirirwa kushandiswa sokunoratidza, pane kuti kuverenga somunhu rondedzero.

• Nhanganyaya (Section 6,1)

Research nezvetsika ave dzinozivikanwa kwaisanganisirawo nyaya dzakadai kubiridzira mune zvesayenzi uye yavaive kukuvimba. Nyaya idzi dzinokurukurwa kuchakurukurwa zvakadzama Engineering (2009) .

chitsauko Izvi kuumbwa zvakasimba kubudikidza ezvinhu muUnited States. Kuti uwane pamusoro penyaya ongororo kurapa mune dzimwe nyika, ona Zvitsauko 6, 7, 8, ne9 Desposato (2016b) . Nokuti anetsana kuti anorapa achishandisa mitemo nenheyo yetsika nemagariro akafurira chitsauko chino vari zvakanyanyisa American, ona Holm (1995) . Kuti uwane nhoroondo muchidimbu zvechechi Review Boards muna US, ona Stark (2012) .

The Belmont Report nemirayiro hunotevedzana muna US vakaita musiyano pakati pakutsvakurudza uye tsika. Mutsauko ichi kwave vakatsoropodza vakazoroorwa (Beauchamp and Saghai 2012; boyd 2016; Metcalf and Crawford 2016; Meyer 2015) . Ini ndikasafananidza musiyano iri muchitsauko chino nokuti ndinofunga penyaya misimboti zveupfumi zvinoshanda vose pazviruva. Kuti uwane wokutsvakurudza hwokutarisira Facebook, ona Jackman and Kanerva (2016) . Nokuti panyaya pakutsvakurudza hwokutarisira makambani uye reNGOs, ona Polonetsky, Tene, and Jerome (2015) uye Tene and Polonetsky (2016) .

Kuti uwane pamusoro nyaya Ebola yatanga muna 2014, ona McDonald (2016) , uye nokuda zvakawanda pamusoro toga ngozi mbozha data, ona Mayer, Mutchler, and Mitchell (2016) . Nokuti muenzaniso tsvakurudzo dambudziko-chokuita nokushandisa mbozha data, ona Bengtsson et al. (2011) uye Lu, Bengtsson, and Holme (2012) .

• Mienzaniso mitatu (Section 6.2)

Vanhu vakawanda zvakanyorwa pamusoro Emotional Contagion. Magazini Research Ethics chose nyaya yavo yose January 2016 kukurukura kuedza; ona Hunter and Evans (2016) kuti muchidimbu. The Proceedings National renyanzvi of Science yakabudiswa zvidimbu zviviri pamusoro kuedza: Kahn, Vayena, and Mastroianni (2014) uye Fiske and Hauser (2014) . Zvimwe zvidimbu pamusoro kuedza zvinosanganisira: Puschmann and Bozdag (2014) ; Meyer (2014) ; Grimmelmann (2015) ; Meyer (2015) ; Selinger and Hartzog (2015) ; Kleinsman and Buckley (2015) ; Shaw (2015) ; Flick (2015) .

Kuti uwane musi encore, ona Jones and Feamster (2015) .

• Digital yakasiyana (Section 6.3)

Tichitevera vakawanda zvokuongorora, yakafara overviews vari inopiwa Mayer-Schönberger (2009) uye Marx (2016) . Nokuti rimwe bhavhu muenzaniso kuchinja mari zvokuongorora, Bankston and Soltani (2013) inofungidzira kuti club tsotsi fungira serura anenge ka50 isingadhuri pane kushandisa muviri makamera kuona zvinoitwa nevanhu. Bell and Gemmell (2009) inopa mamwe netariro maonero vano- nokuongororwa. Kuwedzera nokukwanisa chamber zvaioneka maitiro kuti paruzhinji kana zvishoma voruzhinji (semuenzaniso, Ravirai, Ties, uye Time), vatsvakurudzi anogona kuwedzera infer zvinhu vatori zvizhinji funga kuti voga. Somuenzaniso, Michal Kosinski uye nevamwe vakaratidza kuti vaikwanisa infer inonyatsoziva mashoko pamusoro pevanhu, dzakadai zvepabonde uye kushandiswa muropa zvinhu kubva raiita munhuwo digitaalinen zvisaririra Data (Facebook Likes) (Kosinski, Stillwell, and Graepel 2013) . Izvi zvinganzwika mashiripiti, asi nzira Kosinski uye nevamwe kushandiswa-izvo rinobatanidza digitaalinen zvisaririra, kuongorora, uye akatarisira kudzidza-chaizvoizvo chinhu kuti ndakatoiverenga ndakakuudzai. Yeuka kuti muChitsauko 3 (Kubvunza mibvunzo) Ndakakuudzai sei Josh Blumenstock uye nevamwe (2015) zvikabatanidzwa ongororo Data vane nharembozha Data kufungidzira urombo kuRwanda. Izvi chaiyo chete kusvika, iyo inogona kushandiswa zvakanaka kuyera urombo munyika ichiri kusimukira, anogonawo kushandiswa angangokuvadza oga kutyora inferences.

Mitemo dzisingapindirani uye dzemunharaunda kunogona tsvakurudzo usingabereki kuremekedza zvido vechikamu, uye kunogona kuita kuti "pamutemo kunotenga" by vaongorori (Grimmelmann 2015; Nickerson and Hyde 2016) . Kunyanya, vamwe vatsvakurudzi vanoda kudzivisa IRB kutarisirwa vane vadyidzani vasiri nokufukidzwa IRBs (semuenzaniso, vanhu vari mumapoka kana NGOs) kuunganidza uye de-kuziva mashoko. Zvadaro, vaongorori vanogona kuongorora ichi Data de-vanozivikanwa pasina IRB dzokutarisira, zvichida maererano dzimwe achireva ano mitemo. kwakadai IRB kunzvenga kunoratidzika kuva dzisingapindirani pfungwa-inobva kusvika.

Kuti uwane pamusoro dzisingapindirani uye heterogeneous pfungwa kuti vanhu vane nezvoutano data, ona Fiore-Gartland and Neff (2015) . Kuti uwane pamusoro dambudziko kuti heterogeneity anosika kutsvakurudza tsika zvisarudzo ona Meyer (2013) .

Mumwe musiyano pakati analoginen zera uye digitaalinen tsvakurudzo zera ndechokuti digitaalinen zera tsvakurudzo kudyidzana pamwe vechikamu zvakawanda kure. Kutaurirana kwavatori izvi zvinowanzoitika kuburikidza murevereri akadai kambani, uye pane yemanyorero hombe mumuviri-uye zvemagariro kure pakati nevatsvakurudzi uye vatori vechikamu. kudyidzana ichi kure anoita zvimwe zvinhu nyore pakutsvakurudza analoginen zera akaoma digitaalinen zera tsvakurudzo, akadai achivhara panze vechikamu vanenge dzinoda kuchengetedzwa, Detective zvakaomarara zviitiko, uye remediating kukuvadza kana kunoitika. Somuenzaniso, ngationei dzinoringanidza Emotional Contagion ane zvokufungidzirwa yezvirwere kuedza musi iwoyo nyaya. Munguva yezvirwere kuedza, vatsvakurudzi aigona dzokuongorora panze munhu anosvika yezvirwere kuratidza zviratidzo pachena mupfungwa nenhamo. Uyezve, kana yezvirwere kuedza akasika chiitiko wakakomba, vatsvakurudzi vaizoona izvozvo, anoita basa kuti remediate kukuvadza, uye ipapo kuchinja kuti experimental dzakati kuti kudzivisa pokukuvadza yemberi. The hunhu yokure kudyidzana chaiko Emotional Contagion kuedza kunoita mumwe nomumwe ava nyore uye akachenjera matanho zvakaoma. Uyewo, Ndinofungidzira kuti kure pakati vaongorori uye vatori vechikamu kunoita vatsvakurudzi zvishoma inonyatsoziva zvinonetsa zvavo vechikamu.

Other manyuko dzisingapindirani dzemunharaunda uye mitemo. Vamwe kusawirirana uku kunobva pakuti pakutsvakurudza iri kuitika munyika yose. Somuenzaniso, encore zvaisanganisira vanhu vanobva pasi pose, uye naizvozvo zvingava pasi date dziviriro uye mitemo toga kunyika dzakasiyana-siyana. Zvakadini kana dzemunharaunda vedare yechitatu bato padandemutande zvikumbiro (chii encore achiita) akasiyana muGermany, United States, Kenya, uye China? Zvakadini kana dzemunharaunda havasi kunyange kupindirana mukati imwe nyika chete? A kunobva chechipiri kusawirirana kunobva collaborations pakati vatsvakurudzi panguva mumayunivhesiti uye makambani; Somuenzaniso, Emotional Contagion aiva kutsigirana pakati date musayendisiti pana Facebook uye purofesa uye akapedza kudzidza mudzidzi pa Cornell. Pana Facebook achimhanya kuedza guru iri purogiramu uye, panguva iyoyo, havana zvinoda chero yechitatu-vebato yetsika yokudzokorora. Pana Cornell ari dzemunharaunda uye mitemo yakasiyana nokure; zvinenge kuedza zvose zvinofanira zvakaongororwa neDare Cornell IRB. Saka, izvo remataurirwo zvinofanira kudzora Emotional Contagion-Facebook kana Cornell raMwari?

Kuti uwane pamusoro pakuedza adzokorore Common Rule, ona Evans (2013) , Council (2014) , Metcalf (2016) , uye Hudson and Collins (2015) .

• Misimboti Four (Section 6.4)

The klassiske misimboti anotsanangura nzira anorapa achishandisa mitemo tsika ndiye Beauchamp and Childress (2012) . Ivo zvamaronga kuti nheyo ina chikuru chinofanira kutungamirira anorapa achishandisa mitemo netsika: Kuremekedza kuzvionera, Nonmaleficence, Beneficence, uye Justice. Nheyo nonmaleficence anokurudzira munhu kurega kukonzera kukuvadza vamwe vanhu. Pfungwa iri zvikuru zvakabatana Hippocratic pfungwa "Ita akasakuvara." Pakutsvakurudza nezvetsika, nheyo iyi rinowanzoshandiswa pamwe nheyo Beneficence, asi ona Beauchamp and Childress (2012) (Chapter 5) mamwe pamusoro musiyano pakati vaviri . Nokuda kutsoropodzwa kuti mazano aya vachinyanya American, ona Holm (1995) . Kuti uwane pamusoro BALANCInG kana nhungamiro kurwisana, ona Gillon (2015) .

Mana zvinotaurwa muchitsauko chino yave aronga kuti atungamirire chemufungo kutarisirwa pakutsvakurudza zvichiitika panguva makambani uye maNGO (Polonetsky, Tene, and Jerome 2015) kuburikidza miviri anonzi "Consumer Subject Review Boards" (CSRBs) (Calo 2013) .

• Kuremekedza Persons (Section 6.4.1)

Kuwedzera pamusoro kuzvionera kuti Belmont Report inobvuma kuti kwete munhu wose anokwanisa kwechokwadi yokuzvitonga. Somuenzaniso, vana, vanhu vachitambura nezvirwere, kana vanhu vanogara ezvinhu zvikuru kungopfeka rusununguko angasakwanisa kuita sezvo zvionera zvizere vanhu, uye vanhu ava, saka pasi kuchengetedzwa.

Kushandisa nheyo Kuremekedza Persons vari digitaalinen zera kunogona kuva kwakaoma. Somuenzaniso, mune digitaalinen zera tsvakurudzo, zvingatiomera kupa mamwe kuchengetedzwa vanhu vane Nemhaka kusanganisa vazvitonge nokuti vanotsvakurudza kazhinji kuziva zvishomanana pamusoro avo kuvatori vechikamu. Uyezve, kuudzwa mvumo muna digitaalinen zera evanhu tsvakurudzo kwakaoma rakakura. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, zvechokwadi omuzvarirwo vanogona kutambura kubva pachena gangaidzo (Nissenbaum 2011) , apo mashoko nokunzwisisa dzisingawirirani. Nehasha, kana vaongorori mashoko azere pamusoro yezvakaita mashoko mutero, mashoko pachisara uye mashoko nokuchengeteka miitiro, ichava kuomera vechikamu zhinji kunzwisisa. Asi, kana vaongorori inopa inonzwisisika mashoko, zvingava havana kukosha rwokugadzira mashoko. In zvokurapa tsvakurudzo vari analoginen zera-ari kudzora marongero ichaongororwa neKomiti Belmont Report-munhu aigona kufungidzira chiremba kutaura somunhu pamwe imwe neimwe yeboka kuti vabatsire kugadzirisa pachena gangaidzo. Muzvidzidzo paIndaneti chokuita zviuru kana kuti mamiriyoni evanhu, vakadai chiso nechiso nzira hazvibviri. Dambudziko yechipiri kubvumirana pane digitaalinen zera ndechokuti mune dzimwe ongororo, akadai kuongorora muhombe mashoko repositories, zvingava seasingabatsiri kuwana omuzvarirwo kubva kuvatori vechikamu vese. Ini kukurukura mibvunzo iyi nemimwe pamusoro yakaudza mvumo zvakadzama muChikamu 6.6.1. Zvisinei, pasinei nematambudziko aya, tinofanira kuyeuka kuti omuzvarirwo hakuna zvakakodzera kana kwakakwanira Kuremekedza Persons.

Kuti uwane pamusoro zvokurapa tsvakurudzo pamberi omuzvarirwo, ona Miller (2014) . Nokuti bhuku-urefu Mabatirwo omuzvarirwo, ona Manson and O'Neill (2007) . Onawo Zviverengo pamusoro yakaudza mvumo pazasi.

• Beneficence (Section 6.4.2)

Harms kuti akapoteredza ndicho chakaipa kuti kutsvakurudza angaita kwete yakananga vanhu asi yokushamwaridzana pazviruva. Pfungwa iyi zvishoma tiivistelmä, asi ini ndichaenda muenzaniso mienzaniso miviri: rimwe analoginen mumwe digitaalinen.

A klassiske Muenzaniso pokukuvadza kuti akapoteredza rinobva Wichita vaiongorora Study [ Vaughan (1967) ; Katz, Capron, and Glass (1972) ; Ch 2] -. Uyewo dzimwe nguva inonzi Chicago vaiongorora Project (Cornwell 2010) . Muchidzidzo ichi vatsvakurudzi kubva University of Chicago, sechikamu kudzidza pamusoro evanhu zvinobatanidzwa pamutemo hurongwa, pachivande akanyorwa nhanhatu vaiongorora kunzvera muna Wichita, Kansas yakakura. Vatongi nemagweta ari zviitiko akanga abvumirana zvakarekodhwa, uye pakanga kunyatsoomerera rokutarisira kwacho. Zvisinei, jurors vakanga vasingazivi kuti zvakarekodhwa vakanga kuitika. Pakangotanga kudzidza wawanikwa, pakanga paruzhinji kushatirwa. The Justice Department akatanga kuongorora nyaya yacho yokudzidza, uye vatsvakurudzi makadanirwa kupupurira pamberi Congress. Pakupedzisira, Congress vakapfuura mutemo mutsva inoita kuti pamutemo kunyora muchivande vaiongorora wotsvakurudza.

Kufunga vanotsoropodza Wichita vaiongorora Study haana kukuvadza kuvatori vechikamu; asi zvakanga pokukuvadza kuti akapoteredza vaiongorora wotsvakurudza. Kureva, vanhu vaidavira kuti kana vatongi nhengo havana kutenda kuti vakanga kukurukura zviri yakachengeteka uye akadzivirira nzvimbo, zvingava kuomera vaiongorora kunzvera kuti asaende mune ramangwana. Kuwedzera vaiongorora wotsvakurudza, pane zvimwe evanhu achinzi kuti nzanga anopa vane mamwe kudzivirira akadai gweta-nemhosva ukama uye mupfungwa hanya (MacCarthy 2015) .

Nengozi pokukuvadza kuti akapoteredza uye nokuvhiringidzirwa magariro evanhu uyewo anokwira mune dzimwe munda kuedza muna Political Science (Desposato 2016b) . Nokuti muenzaniso kupfuura chechinyorwa-inonyatsoziva mutengo-kubatsira kukarukureta kuti munda Kuedza Political Science, ona Zimmerman (2016) .

• Justice (Section 6.4.3)

Zviripe vechikamu kwave munyaya dzinoverengeka mezviruva chokuita digitaalinen zera tsvakurudzo. Lanier (2014) zvinganaka kubhadhara vatori vechikamu digitaalinen zvisaririra ivo chamutsa. Bederson and Quinn (2011) inokurukura mari vari paIndaneti mumisika basa. Pakupedzisira, Desposato (2016a) proposes kubhadhara vechikamu mumunda kuedza. Iye anotaura kuti kunyange kana vatori hazvigoni kubhadharwa zvakananga, mari yaigona kuitwa neboka kushanda akavamiririra. Somuenzaniso, muna encore vaongorori angadai akaita mari kune boka kushanda kutsigira Indaneti.

• Kuremekedza Mutemo Public Kufarira (Section 6.4.4)

Terms-of-basa zvibvumirano vanofanira shoma uremu pane zvibvumirano nekambani pakati vakaenzana kumapati uye mitemo akasikwa chepamutemo hurumende. Mamiriro ezvinhu apo vatsvakurudzi vakatyora mashoko-of-basa zvibvumirano kare kazhinji zvinosanganisirei kushandisa zvoga queries kuongorora maitiro makambani (zvikuru kufanana munda kuedza kuyera rusarura). Okuwedzera hurukuro ona Vaccaro et al. (2015) , Bruckman (2016a) , Bruckman (2016b) . Nokuti muenzaniso empirical tsvakurudzo kuti inokurukura mashoko basa, ona Soeller et al. (2016) . Kuti uwane pamusoro zvinogona matambudziko pamutemo vatsvakurudzi nazvo kana ivo kutyora mashoko basa ona Sandvig and Karahalios (2016) .

• Two chemufungo zveupfumi (Section 6.5)

Zviri pachena, yakawanda zvakanyorwa pamusoro consequentialism uye deontology. Nokuti muenzaniso sei zveupfumi izvi chemufungo, uye vamwe, unogona kushandiswa pakukurukura anenge digitaalinen zera tsvakurudzo, ona Zevenbergen et al. (2015) . Nokuti muenzaniso sei zveupfumi izvi chemufungo inogona kushandiswa munda kuedza muna kuva nemari, ona Baele (2013) .

• Akaudza mvumo (Section 6.6.1)

Kuti uwane pamusoro odhita zvidzidzo rusarura, ona Pager (2007) uye Riach and Rich (2004) . Havaiti zvidzidzo izvi vasina omuzvarirwo, ivo zvinosanganisira unyengeri pasina debriefing.

Vose Desposato (2016a) uye Humphreys (2015) kupa zano pamusoro munda kuedza pasina kubvumirana.

Sommers and Miller (2013) akaongororazve nharo zhinji vachida kwete debriefing vechikamu pashure unyengeri, uye anoti nevatsvakurudzi vanofanira kurega "debriefing pasi nhete chaizvo yakatarwa ezvinhu, kureva, mumunda tsvakurudzo umo debriefing dzakunokonzera wandei inoshanda zvipingamupinyi asi vaongorori vaizova vasingatombonetseki pamusoro debriefing kana zvavaikwanisa. Vatsvakurudzi havafaniri kubvumirwa kusiyana debriefing kuti achengetedze ruzivo ubatanidzwe dziva, kumudzivirira pachavo kubva mukwikwidzi hasha, kana kudzivirira vechikamu vasakuvadzwa. "Vamwe vanoti kana debriefing kunokonzera zvakawanda kukuvadza pane zvakanaka zvinofanira kuitwa. Debriefing iri nyaya apo vamwe vatsvakurudzi tanga Kuremekedza Persons pamusoro Beneficence, uye vamwe vaongorori vanoita zvakapesana. Mumwe Zvingangokubatsirai kwaizova kutsvaka nzira kuti debriefing ane ruzivo kudzidza kuti vechikamu. Ndiko, pane kufunga debriefing sezvo chinhu chinogona kukuvadza, zvichida debriefing kunogonawo kuva chinhu rinobatsira vechikamu. Nokuti muenzaniso dzidzo debriefing mhando ichi, ona Jagatic et al. (2007) pazuva debriefing vadzidzi pashure pasocial phishing chiedzwa. Vanachiremba zvakagadzira dzokubvisa debriefing (DS Holmes 1976a; DS Holmes 1976b; Mills 1976; Baumrind 1985; Oczak and Niedźwieńska 2007) uye vamwe ava vangave usefully kushandiswa digitaalinen zera tsvakurudzo. Humphreys (2015) inopa pfungwa dzinonakidza pamusoro ichinonoka mvumo, iro rakada kufanana debriefing nzira kuti I akarondedzera.

Pfungwa kubvunza nzwisa vatori vavo mvumo wakabatana chii Humphreys (2015) anodana vakaturikira vachiti kubvumirana.

Chimwe yokuti kwave aronga nehochekoche omuzvarirwo ndiko kuvaka eDare vanhu vanobvuma kuva paIndaneti kuedza (Crawford 2014) . Vamwe vachiti remadziro ichi kwaizova asiri kurongwa nzwisa vanhu. Asi, Chapter 3 (Kubvunza mibvunzo) inoratidza kuti matambudziko aya vanokwanisa addressable vachishandisa post-stratification uye mharidzo enzanirana. Uyewo, Usatenda kuva pamusoro Panel aigona kufukidza zvakasiyana siyana kuedza. Nemamwe mashoko, vatori irege vanofanira kubvuma mumwe kuedza nomumwe, pfungwa inonzi paupamhi mvumo (Sheehan 2011) .

• Understanding uye Kugadzirisa informational ngozi (Section 6.6.2)

Kure nemamwe, riri Netflix Prize inoratidza inokosha hwokugadzira pfuma datasets dzine kwemashoko akazara pamusoro vanhu, uye nokudaro anopa zvidzidzo zvinokosha nezvomukana "anonymization" mazuva ano evanhu datasets. Mafaira akawanda zvidimbu mashoko pamusoro mumwe munhu vanogona kuva sparse, mupfungwa rinorondedzerwa pamutemo muna Narayanan and Shmatikov (2008) . Ndiko, nokuti mumwe nomumwe zvinyorwa hapana zvinyorwa zviri zvakafanana, uye chokwadi hakuna zvinyorwa yakafanana chaizvo: mumwe munhu ari kure muvakidzani wavo pedyo vari dataset. Mumwe anogona kufungidzira kuti Netflix mashoko angava sparse nokuti pamwe anenge 20,000 mabhaisikopu pane 5 nyeredzi scale, pane anenge \ (6 ^ {20,000} \) zvinogoneka tsika mumwe munhu aigona kuva (6 nokuti kuwedzera mumwe 5 nyeredzi , munhu angadai asina yavose sezvavakatarirwa firimu zvachose). nhamba iyi yakakura, zvakaoma kunyange kunzwisisa.

Sparsity zvine cho- huru mbiri. Chokutanga, zvinoreva kuti kuedza 'anonymize "ari dataset yakavakirwa angangoda kupera asingashumbi perturbation. Ndiko, kunyange kana Netflix vaifanira randomly kuchinja zvimwe ratings (zvavakaita), izvi zvaisazova zvakakwana nokuti nekusiyana chinyorwa uchiri pedyo zvichibvira rekodhi kuti mashoko zvebhinya ane. Chechipiri, sparsity zvinoreva kuti de-anonymization zvinogoneka kunyange kana zvebhinya ane ruzivo kukwana kana asingasaruri. Somuenzaniso, muna Netflix data, ngationei fungidzira zvebhinya anoziva ratings venyu vaviri mafirimu uye misi iwe wakaita avo ratings +/- 3 mazuva; chete kuti mashoko chete zvakakwana kwzvo kuziva 68% vanhu vari Netflix mashoko. Kana kumurwisa anoziva 8 mafirimu kuti imi yavose sezvavakatarirwa +/- 14 days, ipapo kunyange kana vaviri ava anozivikanwa ratings kururama zvachose, 99% zvinyorwa zvinogona kwzvo kuzivikanwa muna dataset. Nemamwe mashoko, sparsity chinhu chinokosha dambudziko nokuda pakuedza "anonymize" data, inova zvinosuwisa nokuti vakawanda ano evanhu dataset vari sparse.

Telephone metadata vo zvingaita 'vasingazivikanwi "uye kwete namakemikari, asi kuti hazvina kudaro. Telephone metadata ndiko dzinozivikanwa uye nehanya (Mayer, Mutchler, and Mitchell 2016; Landau 2016) .

Muna Figure 6.6, Ini sketched panze basa-kure pakati risk vechikamu uye zvinobatsira kuti kutsvakurudza kubva date kusunungurwa. Nokuti Kuenzanisa pakati Restricted kuwana nzira (semuenzaniso, bindu rakakomberedzwa) uye kuganhurirwa date Nzira (semuenzaniso, vamwe chimiro anonymization) ona Reiter and Kinney (2011) . Nokuti akafunga categorization hurongwa ngozi kwevari data, ona Sweeney, Crosas, and Bar-Sinai (2015) . Pakupedzisira, nokuti mamwe wemauto anokurukura date kugoverana, ona Yakowitz (2011) .

Kuti uwane mamwe mashoko kuongorora uku wezvokutengeserana-kure pakati nengozi uye utility pamusoro data, ona Brickell and Shmatikov (2008) , Ohm (2010) , Wu (2013) , Reiter (2012) , uye Goroff (2015) . Kuti uone ichi kutengeserana-kure rinoshandisirwa zvechokwadi mashoko kubva massively pachena paIndaneti makosi (MOOCs), ona Daries et al. (2014) uye Angiuli, Blitzstein, and Waldo (2015) .

Differential zvakavanzika anopawo imwe nzira yokutaura kuti anogona sangana vaviri mukuru kubatsira kuti nzanga uye vakaderera risk vechikamu ona Dwork and Roth (2014) uye Narayanan, Huey, and Felten (2016) .

Kuti uwane pamusoro pfungwa pachake azivikanwe mashoko (PII), inova ndiyo musimboti vakawanda mitemo pamusoro pakutsvakurudza nezvetsika, ona Narayanan and Shmatikov (2010) uye Schwartz and Solove (2011) . Kuti uwane pamusoro mashoko ose ari angangokuvadza namakemikari, ona Ohm (2015) .

Muchikamu chino, ndava wairatidza linkage dzakasiyana datasets sezvo chinhu chinogona kukonzera informational ngozi. Zvisinei, izvozvo zvinogonawo mikana mitsva kutsvakurudza, sezvo nharo muna Currie (2013) .

Kuti uwane pamusoro safes mashanu, ona Desai, Ritchie, and Welpton (2016) . Nokuti muenzaniso sei outputs zvinogona chinozivisa, ona Brownstein, Cassa, and Mandl (2006) , izvo zvinoratidza sei mepu chirwere kwakapararira zvinogona azivikanwe. Dwork et al. (2017) Uyewo nezvenhanho kurwisa uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. data, akadai nhamba sei vanhu vakawanda vane imwe chirwere.

• Privacy (Section 6.6.3)

Warren and Brandeis (1890) ndiro muganhu pamutemo nyaya oga, uye nyaya chinonyanya chokuita yokuti voga ane kodzero kuti ndasara ndoga. More ichangopfuura bhuku urefu kurapa voga kuti ndinoda kukuudza anosanganisira Solove (2010) uye Nissenbaum (2010) .

Nokuti Kudzokorora empirical tsvakurudzo sei vanhu kufunga zvakavanzika, ona Acquisti, Brandimarte, and Loewenstein (2015) . Magazini Science yakabudisa nyaya inokosha vanoda "Kuguma Privacy", iro rinotaura nyaya voga uye mashoko pangozi kubva siyana kumaonero akasiyana-siyana; nekuti pfupiso ona Enserink and Chin (2015) . Calo (2011) inopa urongwa nokuti kufunga pamusoro pokukuvadza inobva oga kutyorwa. Muenzaniso nezvemhosva voga vari chaizvo kutanga digitaalinen zera mangwanani ndiye Packard (1964) .

• Tichisarudza pasi chokwadi (Section 6.6.4)

Rimwe dambudziko kana kuedza kushandisa shoma ngozi mureza ndechokuti hazvisi pachena ane upenyu hwezuva nezuva ndiko kushandiswa benchmarking (Council 2014) . Somuenzaniso, vanhu vasina misha dzine kwevari kusagadzikana muupenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva. Asi, izvozvo hazvirevi kuti tsika dzinobvumira chipatara chinobatsira bvumidzwa kuti afumure vasina pokugara vanhu dzakakwirira tsvakurudzo pangozi. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, pane zvinoratidza kukura tabvumirana kuti zvishoma ngozi inofanira benchmarked pamusoro Kazhinji yevagari mureza, kwete imwe hwevanhu mureza. Ndichiri kazhinji vanobvuma pfungwa vakawanda vanogara mureza, ndinofunga kuti hombe paIndaneti platforms akadai Facebook, yakananga hwevanhu mwero musoro. Ndiko, kana tichifunga Emotional Contagion, ndinofunga kuti hazvina musoro chiero pamusoro ngozi nezuva on Facebook. A wakananga hwevanhu mureza hazvisi nyore zvikuru kuongorora uye angangotadza nezvinotaurwa nheyo Justice inotsvaka kudzivisa mitoro pakutsvakurudza kwokukundikana zvisiri pasi anoitirwa mapoka (semuenzaniso, vasungwa uye nherera).

• Practical Mazano (Section 6.7)

Dzimwe nyanzvi hunonziwo mamwe mapepa kusanganisira chemufungo horokodzwa (Schultze and Mason 2012; Kosinski et al. 2015) . King and Sands (2015) anopawo mazano mazano.