Activities

Key:

• dhigirii yakaoma: nyore , svikiro , nesimba , Zvakaoma
• kunoda masvomhu ( )
• kunoda Coding ( )
• date muunganidzwa ( )
• vaaida vangu ( )

1. [ ] In achipikisa Emotional Contagion kuedza, Kleinsman and Buckley (2015) akanyora kuti:

   "Kunyange kana chiri chokwadi kuti pangozi nokuda Facebook kuedza vaiva pasi uye kunyange kana, muna maitikiro azvakaita, migumisiro vanotongerwa chichibatsira, pane chinokosha mungozi pano kuti anofanira vakatsigira. Nenzira imweyo kuti kuba kuba pasinei mari vanobatanidzwa, isu tose saka tine kodzero vaedza pasi pasina ruzivo rwedu munotenderana, chero yezvakaita kutsvakurudza. "

   1. Ndeupi wevaviri zveupfumi yetsika zvakurukurwa muchitsauko chino-consequentialism kana deontology-zviri nharo ichi chokuita zvakajeka zvikuru pamwe?
   2. Zvino, fungidzira kuti iwe aida nharo pamusoro nechinzvimbo ichi. Waizopindura sei Mungarwira kuti wenhau The New York Times?
   3. Sei, kana napaduku pose, dai wako nharo akasiyana kana iwe pavaikurukura ichi aine shamwari?

2. [ ] Maddock, Mason, and Starbird (2015) anoona mubvunzo kuti vaongorori vanofanira kushandisa Tweets kuti dzave dzadzimwa. Verenga pepa wavo kudzidza pamusoro necheseri.

   1. Ongorora Chisarudzo ichi kubva deontological maonero.
   2. Ongorora chaiyo kusarudza chete kubva consequentialist maonero.
   3. Ndeupi wamunoda kuwana uchapupu munyaya iyi?

3. [ ] Munyaya pamusoro nezvetsika yomunda kuedza, Humphreys (2015) , zvinganaka zvinotevera zvokufungidzirwa kuedza kusimbisa chemufungo nezvinetso kupindira zvinoitwa pasina kubvumirana vose rinoitei mapato uye kuti zvichikuvadza vamwe uye kubatsira vamwe.

   "Itii mutsvakurudzi anonzi neZvapupu kutaridza masangano munharaunda kuti vanoda kufunga kana pakugovera mumigwagwa zviedza muzvitangwena kuchaderedza mhosva dzechisimba. In tsvakurudzo iyi nyaya ndivo matsotsi: kutsvaka omuzvarirwo wamatsotsi ingangokuudza kuzobvuma pakutsvakurudza uye yaizovawo kuva kukasaitwa zvakadaro (kutyora kuremekedzwa vanhu); vemhosva chingangova kutakura mari kutsvakurudza pasina kubatsirwa (kukanganisa kururamisira); uye kuchava kusawirirana nezvokubatsira pakutsvakurudza - kana zviri kubudirira, wamatsotsi zvikurukuru haazorambi kuchikoshesa (kubudisa nokuomerwa dzinoongorora mutsa). . . . Chaiwo nyaya pano havasi akapoteredza nyaya Zvisinei. Pano pane ngozi kuti vawane vanhu vasiri vanotongwa, kana Somuenzaniso matsotsi kudzorera kuzorwa nemasangano vachiisa mwenje panzvimbo. The sangano angava chaizvo kuziva njodzi idzi asi kuda kuvatakura nekuda vakafungidzira zvisizvo atende zviine zvaunotarisira vatsvakurudzi mumayunivhesiti vakapfuma vari pachavo uchida zvisakakwana kubudisa. "

   1. Nyora email munharaunda sangano kupa kwako chemufungo tinyatsonzwisisa kuedza sezvo yakagadzirwa? Ungada kuvabatsira kuita kuedza sezvo dzichitaurwa? Chii chingava nechirongwa sarudzo yako?
   2. Pane vamwe kuchinja kuti kunatsiridza kuongororwa kwako tsika iyi experimental zvakagadzirwa.

4. [ ] Kuma1970 60 varume vaiitawo mumunda kuedza kuti kwakaitika yevanhu kuchimbuzi kuyunivhesiti iri nechepakati chikamu US (vaongorori regai zita yunivhesiti) (Middlemist, Knowles, and Matter 1976) . Vaongorori vaifarira sei vanhu sei kutyorwa yavo pachavo nzvimbo, iyo Sommer (1969) rinorondedzerwa so "nharaunda pamwe miganhu asingaoneki yakapoteredza muviri munhu umo nevanyanyisi varege kuuya." More zvakananga, vaongorori vakasarudza kudzidza sei weti murume wacho rinoitei nokuvapo kwevamwe pedyo. Tapedza kudzidza evasingatombonamati pakuongorora kudzidza, vaongorori aidzidza munda chiedzwa. Vakwikwidzi vaimanikidzwa kushandisa kuruboshwe-zvikuru secondary vari vatatu secondary yokugezera (vaongorori regai kutsanangura chaizvo sei izvi zvakaitika). Zvadaro, vatori vechikamu vakanzi mumwe zvitatu siyana interpersonal nechokure. Nokuti vamwe varume vava akashandisa secondary kodzero pedyo navo, nokuti vamwe varume vava akashandisa secondary imwe nzvimbo kubva kwavari, uye vamwe varume hapana vava akapinda kuchimbuzi. Vaongorori akayera ravo Mugumisiro variables-kunonoka nguva uye kupfuurira-kuburikidza kumira imwe tsvakurudzo mubatsiri mukati chimbuzi mudanga yakabatana yeboka wacho secondary. Heano mazano vaongorori akatsanangura nokuyerwa nzira:

   "An mucherechedzi yakanga yakamira chimbuzi mudanga pakarepo yakabatana nyaya 'secondary. Munguva mutyairi wendege miedzo maitirwo izvi zvakava pachena kuti auditory cues kugona kushandiswa chiratidzo mharuro uye kumira [weti]. . . . Asi, ziso cues zvaishandiswa. Muoni akashandisa periscopic prism imbedded ari wemagazini mabhuku avete pasi chimbuzi mudanga. An 11-padiki (28-cm) nzvimbo pakati pasi uye rusvingo chimbuzi mudanga akapa maonero, kubudikidza periscope, ari rokushandisa yakaderera mutumbi uye akaita zvichiita zvakananga ziso sightings pamusoro karwizi weti. Muoni Zvisinei, akanga asingakwanisi kuona chiso nyaya wacho. Muoni akatanga chichiita dzokurinda mbiri apo nyaya yakatowedzera kuna secondary, akarega mumwe apo weti yakatanga, uye ikadzivisa mamwe apo weti wakagumiswa. "

   Vaongorori vakawana kuti ungaderedza daro mumuviri Kunotungamirira vawedzere kunonoka pamusoro Pazvinotanga uye ungaderedza kupfuurira (Figure 6.7).

   1. Unofunga vadzidzi vakanga kukuvadzwa chiedzwa ichi?
   2. Unofunga kuti vaongorori aifanira kuitwa kuedza ichi?
   3. Zvii, kana ani, ungadai vanoti kuvandudza penyaya nepakati?
   

   Figure 6.7: Zvabuda kubva Middlemist, Knowles, and Matter (1976) . Varume vakapinda yokugezera vakanzi mumwe matatu ezvinhu: mufambo pedyo (a vava yakaiswa pakarepo pedyo secondary), mwero daro (a vava raiiswa rimwe secondary akabvisa), kana kwete vava akashandisa secondary. Mumwe mucherechedzi mukamba chimbudzi mudanga akashandisa periscope netsika-akavaka kuchengeta uye nguva kunonoka uye kupfuurira pamusoro weti. Standard zvakakanganiswa kumativi inofungidzirwa havasi kuwanika.

5. [ ] Muna August 2006, anenge 10 mazuva asati nesarudzo chikuru, 20,000 vanhu vaigara Michigan akagamuchira no yairatidza kwavo kuvhota maitiro uye kuvhota maitiro avo vavakidzani (Figure 6.8). (Sezvinoratidzwa muchitsauko, muna US, hurumende mamiriro unochengeta zvinyorwa ndiani vovhotera pakusarudza neimwe uye ruzivo urwu riwanikwe nevoruzhinji.) Izvi marapiro aigadzira chikuru kushanda akamboona kusvika panguva iyoyo kuti chimwe no: izvozvo zvakawedzera turnout mwero kubudikidza 8.1 muzana pfungwa (Gerber, Green, and Larimer 2008) . Kuisa izvi akapoteredza, akaumbwa tsamba yemanyorero zvibereko inowedzerawo inenge imwe muzana pfungwa (Gerber, Green, and Larimer 2008) . Kuvhiringidzwa yakanga yakakura kwazvo zvokuti kushanda enyika ainzi Hal Malchow akabayira Donald Green $ 100,000 kwete kubudisa mugumisiro kuedza (anofungidzirwa kuti Malchow aigona kushandisa mashoko aya pachake) (Issenberg 2012, p 304) . Asi, Alan Gerber, Donald Green, uye Christopher Larimer haana kubudisa bepa muna 2008 muna American Political Science Review.

   Kana ukanyatsoongorora aongorore mailer muna Figure 6.8 ungacherechedza kuti mazita vaongorori 'haamo pamusoro payo. Asi, kero iri Ruyamuro Political Consulting. Paruzivo kuti bepa hachishandi vanotsanangura: "Special ndinoonga Mark Grebner pamusoro Mazano Political Consulting, uyo akagadzira uye wakawanda purogiramu tsamba kudzidza pano."

   1. Please rokuongorora kushandisa kurapwa iyi mashoko mana dzemitemo yetsika anorondedzerwa muchitsauko chino.
   2. kuchinja chii, kana ani, ungadai akakurudzira chiedzwa ichi?
   3. Nyora mashoko okuwedzera yetsika nemagariro aigona kuonekwa neKwayedza apo rakabudiswa.
   

   Figure 6.8: Muvakidzani mailer kubva Gerber, Green, and Larimer (2008) . mailer Izvi zvakawedzera turnout nechikamu 8.1 muzana pfungwa, chikuru mugumisiro nokusingaperi zvakanga Zvakacherechedzwa kuti chete-chimedu mailer.

6. [ ] Kuvakira yapfuura mubvunzo, kamwe 20,000 mailers aya akatumirwa (Figure 6.8), uyewo 60,000 vamwe vanokwanisa zvishoma nehanya mailers, paiva backlash kubva kuvatori vechikamu. Kutaura zvazviri, Issenberg (2012) (p 198) rinoshuma kuti "Grebner [Kumutungamiriri Practical Political Consulting] akanga vasingatongosviki exchange sei vanhu vakawanda akatora dambudziko kunyunyuta runhare, nekuti hofisi yake ndokupindura muchina akazara zvokuti callers itsva kukwanisa kuenda mharidzo. "Kutaura zvazviri, Grebner akacherechedza kuti backlash aigona kunge yakatokura kana vakanga scaled vakasimudza kurapwa. Akati kuna Alan Gerber, mumwe vatsvakurudzi, "Alan kana takanga apedzera zviuru mazana mashanu zvemadhora akafukidza wose mamiriro iwe uye ndingadai vanorarama Salman Rushdie." (Issenberg 2012, p 200)

   1. Mashoko aya kushandura mhinduro dzako yapfuura mubvunzo?
   2. Ndezvipi nzira yokubata zvisarudzo mukutarisana chokwadi Waizonzwa reverero zvidzidzo yemberi yakafanana?

7. [ ] In tsika, vakawanda zvetsika zvine gakava kunoitika pamusoro zvidzidzo uko vatsvakurudzi havana chokwadi yakaudza mvumo kubva vechikamu (semuenzaniso, nyaya zvidzidzo zvitatu muchitsauko chino). Zvisinei, zvetsika zvine gakava anogonawo kuitikira zvidzidzo zvine wechokwadi omuzvarirwo. Vagoronga zvokufungidzirwa kudzidza apo mungadai kwechokwadi omuzvarirwo kugadzira, asi izvo iwe uchiri kufunga kwaizova unethical. (Kukuruma nzeve: Kana uri kutamburira, unogona edza kuverenga Emanuel, Wendler, and Grady (2000) .)

8. [ ] Vatsvakurudzi dzinowanzogwesva nokuora kutsanangura kwavo kufunga yetsika kune mumwe nemumwe uye kuti voruzhinji. Shure yakawanikwa kuti Ravirai, Ties, uye Nguva yakanga kuzodzosera vanozivikanwa, Jason Kauffman, mutungamiriri tsvakurudzo chikwata, vakaita zvishomanana yavose nezvevakuru nezvetsika nechirongwa. Read Zimmer (2010) uye zvadaro nyorazve Kauffman Zvakataurwa vachishandisa zvinotaurwa uye zvetsika zvine zveupfumi zvinorondedzerwa muchitsauko chino.

9. [ ] Banksy ndomumwe yakakurumbira dzinoitwa Artist muUnited Kingdom, uye iye unoziva kuti zvematongerwo vaifarira mumugwagwa ezvivako (Figure 6.9). Zvisinei, chaiwo nokuzivikanwa kwake, hazvinzwisisiki. Banksy ane Website saka aigona kuita ake chitupa paruzhinji kana aida, asi iye akasarudza. Muna 2008 Daily Mail, pepanhau, rakabudiswa munyaya vachiti kuziva zita Banksy raMwari chairo. Zvadaro muna 2016, Michelle Hauge, Mark Stevenson, D. Kim Rossmo uye Steven C. Le Comber (2016) akaedza dzipupurire vanoti ichi uchishandisa Dirichlet muitiro muvhenganiswa muenzaniso nzvimbo vafambi. More zvakananga, vakaunganidza Nzvimbo nzvimbo Banksy kuti voruzhinji ezvivako muBristol uye London. Zvadaro, nokutsvaka kuburikidza mumapepanhau akwegura uye voruzhinji dzokuvhota zvinyorwa, Hauge nevaaishanda navo kare kero ainzi munhu, mudzimai wake, uye nhabvu yake (kureva, bhora) chikwata. Munyori wacho muchidimbu kuwanikwa bepa ravo sezvinotevera:

   "Hapana mumwe zvakakomba 'yevaifungidzirwa' [sic] kuongorora, zvakaoma kuti vaizobvuma mashoko pamusoro Banksy ndiani inobva nenyaya kukurukurwa pano, kunze achiti nenhongonya ari geoprofiles mune zvose Bristol uye London anosanganisa kero anozivikanwa vaizobatana pamwe [zita redacted]. "

   Zvichitevera Metcalf and Crawford (2016) , ndakazvipira varege zvinosanganisira zita wacho apo achikurukura kudzidza ichi.

   1. Kuongorora chidzidzo ichi uchishandisa misimboti uye zvetsika zvine zveupfumi muchitsauko chino.
   2. Ungadai wakaita kudzidza ichi?
   3. Vanyori haane kudzidza ichi chaihwoihwo iri bepa pamwe zvinotevera mutongo: "More broadly, migumisiro izvi zvinotsigira yapfuura mazano kuti kuongorora zviduku mabasa ugandanga-chokuita (semuenzaniso, ezvivako) zvinogona kushandiswa kubatsira kuwana nemagandanga nezvigadziko pamberi zvakawanda zvakakomba zviitiko kuitika, uye anopa hunonakidza muenzaniso pokushandisa muenzaniso kuzvivako, dambudziko chairo-nyika. "izvi kushandura pfungwa dzako papepa? Kana zvakadaro, sei?
   4. Vanyori zvaisanganisira zvinotevera chemufungo chinyorwa pakupera bepa ravo: "hachishandi vanoziva, uye kuremekedza, toga [zita redacted] uye nehama dzake uye nokudaro chete akashandisa mashoko ari pachena umambo. Hatina nemaune akasiya chaiwo kero. "Izvi kushandura pfungwa dzako papepa? Kana zvakadaro, sei? Unofunga voruzhinji / pasiri musiyano anoita pfungwa iyi?
   

   Figure 6.9: Street muri pedyo Banksy muna Cheltenham, England. Photo naBrian Robert Marshall. Source: Wikimedia Commons .

10. [ ] Mune imwe dzinonakidza munyaya Metcalf (2016) anoita nharo kuti "datasets pachena kuwanika ane dzakavanzika Data ndezvimwe zvezvisarudzo dzinonakidza nevaongorori uye chinonyanya ngozi kuti vanotongwa."

    1. Ndezvipi miviri mienzaniso kongiri kuti atsigire kutaura uku?
    2. Munyaya ino chete Metcalf zvakare anozviti ndiye anachronistic kufunga kuti "chero mashoko kumukuvadza zvakatoitwa chinoitwa paruzhinji dataset". Ipa muenzaniso mumwe apo ichi chingava zvakadaro.

11. [ ] Muchitsauko chino Ini hwokuda nokutonga thumbs kuti mashoko zvose zviri dzingadai dzinozivikanwa uye mashoko zvose zviri angangoita namakemikari. Table 6.5 inopa mazita mienzaniso mashoko anenge asina pachena pachake chinozivisa ruzivo asi izvo achiri zvinogona chokuita zvakananga vanhu.

    1. Nhonga mbiri mienzaniso iyi uye tsanangura kuti de-anonymization kurwiswa zvose zviitiko zvakafanana marongerwo.
    2. Nokuti mumwe nomumwe mienzaniso miviri muchidimbu (a), tsanangura kuti mashoko aigona kuzivisa vasanonoka ruzivo pamusoro vanhu vari dataset.
    3. Zvino kutanha dataset wechitatu kubva patafura. Nyora email munhu kufunga anosunungura nayo. Tsanangura kuti sei mashoko ichi chingava dzingadai dzinozivikanwa uye dzinogona namakemikari.

    Table 6.5: List mienzaniso munzanga mashoko kuti hazvina pachena pachake chinozivisa ruzivo, asi izvo vanogona kuva kune chokuita zvakananga vanhu.

    dhata	Citation
    zvinyorwa Health inishuwarenzi	Sweeney (2002)
    Credit kadhi mutengapwe date	Montjoye et al. (2015)
    Netflix weMufananidzo date	Narayanan and Shmatikov (2008)
    Runhare Meta-date	Mayer, Mutchler, and Mitchell (2016)
    Search nerogi Data	Barbaro and Zeller Jr (2006)
    Wevanotungamirira, administrative, uye magariro mashoko pamusoro vadzidzi	Zimmer (2010)

12. [ ] Kuzvifungidzira uri wose shangu unosanganisira vechikamu dzako uye voruzhinji, kwete chete vezera rako. Mutsauko Izvi zvinoratidzwa pane zvakaitika yechiJudha Chirwere Disease Hospital (Katz, Capron, and Glass 1972, Ch. 1; Lerner 2004; Arras 2008) .

    Dr. Chester M. Southam aiva anokudzwa chiremba uye mutsvakurudzi pana Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research uye Shamwaridzanai Muzvinadzidzo Medicine panguva Cornell University Medical College. Musi waJuly 16, 1963, Southam uye vaviri nevamwe jekiseni mhenyu kenza masero kupinda mitumbi dzevarwere zvamuremadza 22 panguva vechiJudha Chirwere Disease Hospital muNew York. majekiseni Ndivo chikamu Southam kwakaita tsvakurudzo kunzwisisa rokuzvidzivirira varwere kenza. Pakutsvakurudza yapfuura, Southam akanga awana kuti vazvipiri utano vakakwanisa kuramba jekiseni kenza masero ari nehasha 4 6 mavhiki, nepo zvaida varwere vaitova kenza yakareba. Southam akashamisika kana kunonoka kupindura zviri kenza kuvarwere akanga nekuti vakanga kenza kana nekuti vakanga vakwegura uye zvamuremadza kare. Kuti tipindure izvi zvaangaita, Southam akasarudza baya jekiseni mhenyu kenza masero ive boka revanhu vakanga vakwegura uye zvamuremadza asi vakanga vasina kenza. Apo shoko yokudzidza kupararira, akaparirwa muchidimbu kubudikidza yokusiya vatatu vanachiremba vakakumbirwa kubatanidzwa, vamwe vakaita kuenzanisa kuti yeNazi Wevasungwa kuedza, asi vamwe anotsanangura muchidimbu kubudikidza Southam-akawana kutsvakurudza unproblematic pamusoro nevimbiso. Pakupedzisira, New York State Board Regents akaongorora nyaya kuti kusarudza kana Southam vanofanira kukwanisa kuramba kuita mushonga. Southam akapikisa panguva azvidzivirire kuti akanga ari kuita Southam paaizvidzivirira kwaibva dzinoverengeka dzinoti izvo zvose vakanga rinotsigirwa nenyanzvi dzakawanda anokudzwa vaivapupurira nokuda kwake "yakanakisisa tsika mutoro kunotoda tsika.": (1) tsvakurudzo ake akanga vamatunhu nesayenzi nemagariro munorumbidzirweiko; (2) hapana kuti munhu ngozi vechikamu; kutaura vachishandisa chikamu Southam makore 10 risati ruzivo nenyaya dzinopfuura 600; (3) padanho kunoutsvene inofanira kuchinjwa maererano nenhanho ngozi wakabvunzwa nevatsvakurudzi; (4) pakutsvakurudza yakanga zvinoenderana mureza okurapa panguva iyoyo. Pakupedzisira, Regent kuti bhodhi akawana Southam mhaka yokubiridzira, kunyengera, uye unprofessional mufambiro, uye kumisa ake yokurapwa rezinesi kuti gore rimwe. Asi, makore mashomanana gare gare, Chester M. Southam akasarudzwa purezidhendi weAmerican Association of Cancer Vaongorori.

    1. Tarisisai Southam kuti kudzidza kushandisa nhungamiro mana muchitsauko chino.
    2. Zvinoita sokuti Southam akatora nemaonero ake nevamwe uye zvakarurama taitarisira sei kuti sei basa rake; Kutaura zvazviri, vakawanda vavo akapupura pachinzvimbo chake. Asi, akanga asingakwanisi kana vasingadi kunzwisisa sei tsvakurudzo ake kungava anotambudza voruzhinji. Rei Unofunga nevanhuwo-izvo zvinogona kuva akasiyana zvinofungwa vechikamu-vanofanira kuva tsvakurudzo nezvetsika? Chii chinofanira kuitika kana noruzhinji uye vezera mafungiro akasiyana?

13. [ ] Mune pepa vanoda "Crowdseeding muna Eastern Congo: Kushandisa Cell Phones kuti Chengeta Conflict Events Data mu Real Time", Van der Windt uye Humphreys (2016) anorondedzera vakagovera date muunganidzwa hurongwa (ona Chitsauko 5) kuti akasikwa Eastern Congo. Tsanangura kuti vaongorori vaibata pamwe nechokwadi pamusoro zvichiita pokukuvadza kuvatori vechikamu.

14. [ ] Muna October 2014, masayendisiti nhatu enyika akatuma mailers kuti 102,780 vakanyorwa vavhoti muna Montana sesangano kuedza kuyera kana vavhoti vanopiwa ruzivo kazhinji kuvhota. The mailers-zvakanga akapomerawo 2014 Montana General Election Voter Information Guide-akaisa Montana Supreme Court Justice musarudzo, inova sarudzo isiri partisan, pamwero kubva worupo kuchinja, izvo zvaisanganisira Barack Obama uye backer Romney vakati- sezvo kuenzanisa. The mailer zvakare waisanganisira kubereka Huru CHISIMBISO State of Montana (Figure 6.10).

    The mailers vanowanika zvichemo kubva Montana vavhoti, uye vakaita Linda McCulloch, Montana kwakaita Munyori weHurumende, ikwidzwe chakarongwa chichemo pamwe Montana hurumende mamiriro. The mumayunivhesiti kuti vakashandisa vaongorori-Dartmouth uye Stanford-tsamba vose vakanga vagamuchira mailer ruregerero chero zvinogona kuvhiringidzika uye kujekesa kuti mailer "haana vemumapato chero bato, kukwikwidza kana sangano, uye haana aida simba chero rudzi. "tsamba zvakare yakajekesa kuti chepamusoro" vakavimba pachena mashoko pamusoro vakanga kumamwe nechimwe danidziro. "(Figure 6.11)

    Muna May 2015, Commissioner Enyika Miitiro of State of Montana, Jonathan Motl, tsunga kuti vaongorori kutyora Montana mutemo: "The Commissioner anosarudza kuti pane zvinhu zvakakwana kuratidza kuti Stanford, Dartmouth uye / kana vatsvakurudzi ayo chibharo Montana rutsigiro tsika mitemo yaida kunyoresa, nhau uye Kuziviswa akazvimirira havashandisi mari. "(Yakakwana Kuwana Number 3 Motl (2015) ). The Commissioner Dzakamukurudzirawo kuti County Attorney kuongorora kana kushandisa kunze komutemo kushandiswa Guru CHISIMBISO Montana anotyora Montana State mutemo (Motl 2015) .

    Stanford uye Dartmouth vasingabvumirani mutongo Motl vake. A Stanford Mutauriri anonzi Lisa Lapin akati Iye akataura "Stanford ... haatendi chero mitemo sarudzo vakanga vatyora" uye kuti no "haana ane chero Advocacy kutsigira kana kurwisana chero aikwikwidza." Kuti mailer waitaura zvakajeka kuti "zviri nonpartisan uye haikurudziri nzira ipi neipi mumiriri kana bato. " (Richman 2015)

    1. Kuongorora chidzidzo ichi uchishandisa misimboti mana uye vaviri zveupfumi anorondedzerwa muchitsauko chino.
    2. Zvokufungidzira kuti mailers vakatumirwa munhu chero nzwisa vavhoti (asi zvakawanda pamusoro nechinguvana), pasi chii ezvinhu kuti no iyi akachinjwa mugumisiro Supreme Court Justice sarudzo?
    3. Kutaura zvazviri, mailers havana kutumwa kurongwa nzwisa vavhoti. Maererano nomushumo Jeremy Johnson (a masayendisiti enyika uyo aibatsira kuferefeta), mailers "takatumwa 64.265 vavhoti kuzivikanwa sezvo zvichida worupo centrist akazendamira mune Democratic Leaning muchivanze uye 39.515 vavhoti vanozivikanwa somunhu vaitevedza kuti centrist muna Republican akasendamira muchivanze. Vaongorori wakarurama ari disparity pakati Democratic uye Republican nhamba iri chikonzero kuti taitarisira turnout kuva yekudyidzana yakaderera pakati Democratic vavhoti. "Izvi kuchinja kuongororwa kwaunoita tsvakurudzo magadzirirwo? Kana zvakadaro, sei?
    4. Achipindura kuferefeta, vatsvakurudzi vakati kuti vakanonga sarudzo iyi muchidimbu nokuti "kana rokutonga dzinza akanga kunyatsotevera akapikisana ari chepuraimari. Kwakavakirwa Kuongorora 2014 chikuru zvabuda musarudzo panotaurwa yapfuura Montana kutonga sarudzo, vaongorori vakatsunga kuti kudzidza kutsvakurudza sezvo akagadzirirwa asingadi kuchinja mamiriro kana makwikwi. " (Motl 2015) Izvi kushandura kuongororwa kwako tsvakurudzo ? Kana zvakadaro, sei?
    5. Kutaura zvazviri, pasarudzo zvakazoonekwa kuti haanyanyi pedyo (Table 6.6). Izvi kushandura kuongororwa kwako tsvakurudzo? Kana zvakadaro, sei?
    6. Zvakaratidza kuti kudzidza akanga pasi Dartmouth IRB nomumwe vaongorori, asi akasiyana substantially kubva chaiko Montana kudzidza. The mailer yaishandiswa Montana akanga kumbobvira kuzviisa pasi IRB. Kudzidza haana kuzviisa pasi Stanford IRB. Izvi kushandura kuongororwa kwako tsvakurudzo? Kana zvakadaro, sei?
    7. It rinozobudawo kuti vaongorori vakatuma sarudzo zvinhu zvakafanana 143.000 vavhoti muCalifornia uye 66,000 muNew Hampshire. Kana toreva Ndinoziva, pakanga musingaitwi zvichemo zvinokonzerwa izvi okuwedzera mailers anenge 200,000. Izvi kushandura kuongororwa kwako tsvakurudzo? Kana zvakadaro, sei?
    8. Ko, kana chinhu, ungadai wakaita yakasiyana kudai chikuru vaongorori? Sei ungadai akagadzira kudzidza kana vaifarira kuongorora kana mamwe mashoko kunowedzera voter turnout mune nonpartisan marudzi?

    Table 6.6: Results kubva 2014 Montana Supreme Court Justice sarudzo. Source: Webpage pamusoro Montana Munyori weHurumende .

    musarudzo	Votes vakagamuchira	chikamu muzana
    Supreme Court Justice # 1
    W. David Herbert	65.404	21,59%
    Jim Rice	236.963	78,22%
    Supreme Court Justice # 2
    Lawrence VanDyke	134.904	40,80%
    Mike Wheat	195.303	59,06%

    

    Akasabvumirana 6.10: Mailer akatuma nemasayendisiti zvitatu enyika 102.780 vakanyorwa vavhoti muna Montana sesangano kuedza kuyera kana vavhoti vanopiwa ruzivo kazhinji kuvhota. Mharidzo Kukura ari kuedza ichi chaiva nehasha 15% kodzera vavhoti mudunhu.

    

    Akasabvumirana 6.11: Apology tsamba kuti akatumirwa 102.780 vakanyorwa vavhoti muna Montana akanga agamuchira mailer muna Figure 6.10. Tsamba akatumwa Tourism Dartmouth uye Stanford, ari kuyunivhesiti kuti vakashandisa vaongorori vakanga vakatuma mailer.

15. [ ] Musi waMay 8, 2016, vaongorori-Emil maviri Kirkegaard uye Julius Bjerrekaer-scraped mashoko kubva paIndaneti kufambidzana nzvimbo OkCupid uye pachena zvabudisa dataset vanenge 70,000 vanoshandisa, kusanganisira variables pamusoro Username, zera, kuti munhui, nzvimbo, chitendero-ukama mafungiro, nyeredzi-ukama mafungiro, kufambidzana zvinofarirwa, nhamba mapikicha, nezvimwewo, uyewo mhinduro dzakapiwa kumusoro 2600 mibvunzo yacho. In ubate pabepa vachifambidzana kusunungurwa data, hachishandi akataura kuti "Vamwe vanogona kuramba kuti tsika ine achiunganidza uye kusunungura date ichi. Zvisinei, vose mashoko anowanikwa dataset vari kana vakanga vatova pachena kuwanikwa, saka kwokusunungura dataset ichi kunongoratidza anotura pawo zvikuru chimiro. "

    Achipindura kuti mashoko kusunungurwa, mumwe hachishandi akabvunzwa on Twitter: "Uyu date yakatarwa zvikuru kuzodzosera dzinozivikanwa. Kunyange zvinosanganisira usernames? Raiva basa zvachose kuitwa anonymize nayo? ". Mhinduro yake yaiva "Kwete Data kwatova yavose ". (Zimmer 2016; Resnick 2016)

    1. Rokuongorora uku date kusunungurwa uchishandisa misimboti uye zvetsika zvine zveupfumi zvakurukurwa muchitsauko chino.
    2. Waizoda kushandisa mashoko ichi nokuda tsvakurudzo yako?
    3. Zvakadini kana iwe scraped izvozvo pachako?

16. [ ] Muna 2010 imwe ungwaru dzezvematongerwo pamwe US Army akapa 250,000 Classified nedzenyu netambo kuti sangano WikiLeaks, uye vakanga zvadaro vaiswa paIndaneti. Gill and Spirling (2015) nharo kuti "WikiLeaks kunoutsvene anogona rinomiririra yemashoko date ringabatwa akarova kuti vaedze nzira dzisinganyatsooneki dzidziso mu dzemarudzi noukama ", uye ipapo statistically munguva nzwisa leaked magwaro. Somuenzaniso, hachishandi vanofungidzira kuti dzinomirira vanenge 5% vose nedzenyu netambo panguva iyoyo, asi kuti kuenderana izvi zvichisiyana Embassy kuti Embassy (ona Figure 1 mapepa avo).

    1. Verenga pepa, uye ipapo kunyora chemufungo okuwedzera payo.
    2. Vanyori havana kuongorora zviri chero leaked magwaro. Pane chirongwa vachishandisa netambo izvi kuti kuitisa? Pane chirongwa vachishandisa netambo izvi kuti hamuna nomufambiro?

17. [ ] Kuti kudzidza sei makambani sei zvichemo, mumwe mutsvakurudzi akatuma nyepera chichemo tsamba 240 kumusoro-mugumo Restaurants muNew York City. Heuno Mashoko aya atorwa tsamba zvekunyepera.

    "Ndiri kunyora tsamba ino kwamuri nokuti ndiri dzinoronga pamusoro ichangopfuura ruzivo randaiva resitorendi yenyu. Kasiri kare, mudzimai wangu, uye ini vakapemberera gore redu rokutanga. ... The manheru vakazoora neshungu apo zviratidzo vakatanga kuonekwa anenge mana maawa pashure kudya. Extended kuda kurutsa, kurutsa, manyoka, uye abdominal chinyamunhari zvose zvaimiririra chimwe chinhu: poizeni. Zvinondifadza zvikuru chete vachifunga kuti manheru yedu inokosha kudanana vakava wakaderedzwa mudzimai wangu kundiona kugonya ari fetus nechinzvimbo pamusoro tiled pauriri yokugezera kwedu pakati dzinenge vachikanda kumusoro. ... Kunyange hazvina chinangwa changu ikwidzwe chero mishumo pamwe nani Business Bureau kana weDhipatimendi Health, ndinoda imi, [zita restaurateur], kuti vanzwisise chii Ndakaenda kuburikidza vari kutarisira kuti achapindura maererano. "

    1. Ongorora chidzidzo ichi uchishandisa misimboti uye zvetsika zvine zveupfumi anorondedzerwa muchitsauko chino. Wapiwa kuongororwa kwako, waizoitei pakudzidza?
    2. Heunoi sei maresitorendi vakagamuchira tsamba akadavira: "Zvakanga culinary mhirizhonga sezvo varidzi, mamaneja uye chef akaongorora makombiyuta nokuda [zita redacted] ndishushikane kana kadhi zvinyorwa, aongorora menu uye zvibereko vazvo kuti zvichida umene chikafu, uye akabvunza vashandi kicheni pamusoro zvinogoneka dzakaipa, vose zvakaita nezvakataurwa zvose yunivhesiti uye muzvinafundo ikozvino bvumidza aiva kudzidza kubva mugehena mubhizimisi chikoro. " (Kifner 2001) Zvine mashoko aya kuchinja sei iwe kuongorora kudzidza?
    3. Kana toreva ndinoziva, kudzidza ichi haina akaongororwa nevanhu ane IRB kana zvimwe yechitatu-party. Anoita kuti kuchinja sei iwe kuongorora kudzidza? Sei uchidaro kana kusadoro?

18. [ ] Tichivakiridza mubvunzo uyu yapfuura, ndingada kuti imi kuenzanisa kudzidza iyi kuongorora yakasiyana zvachose kuti kubatanidzwawo mumaresitorendi. Mune ichi mamwe kudzidza, Neumark uye nevamwe (1996) akatuma vaviri mukono nehadzi pakoreji vadzidzi vaviri vane angorukwa Tinoenderera mberi kushandisa mabasa sezvo Mahweta uye waitresses pa 65 kumaresitorendi muPhiladelphia, kuti kuongorora zvepabonde rusarura mune resitorendi mubayiro. The 130 mafomu zvakatungamirira 54 kubvunzurudzwa uye 39 basa zvinowanika. Kudzidza akawana statistically chinokosha uchapupu dzepabonde kusarurwa kwevanhukadzi pamatunhu-mutengo mumaresitorendi.

    1. Nyora chinhu chemufungo okuwedzera yokudzidza.
    2. Munofunga kudzidza iri tsika dzinobvumira chipatara chinobatsira vakasiyana anotsanangurwa yapfuura mubvunzo. Kana zvakadaro, sei?

19. [ ] Vamwe nguva kumativi 2010, 6.548 mapurofesa muUnited States akagamuchira na rakafanana iyeyu.

    "Vanodiwa Professor Salganik,

    Ndiri kukunyorerai nokuti ndiri waunotarisira Ph.D. mudzidzi pamwe zvikuru kufarirwa tsvakurudzo yako. urongwa wangu kushandisira Ph.D. Mapurogiramu nokuwa ichi kuuya, uye ini ndiri chaizvo kudzidza zvakawanda sezvo ini handigoni pamusoro pakutsvakurudza mikana iyi.

    Ini ndichava pamusoro kembasi nhasi, uye kunyange ndinoziva kwakanyorwa pfupi chiziviso, ndakanga vachishamisika kana yaunayo maminitsi 10 kana iwe achida kusangana neni zvishoma kutaura nezvebasa renyu uye chero mikana ndikwanise kuwana zvematongerwo tsvakurudzo yako. nguva Chero kuti zvaizova yakakusunungukira zvaizova wakaisvonaka neni, sezvo musangano nemi ndiko pakutanga yangu yokutanga panguva iyi kembasi kushanya.

    Ndinokutendai pachine kwenyu nezvazvo.

    Pachokwadi, Carlos Lopez "

    na Ndivo chikamu munda kuedza kuti kuyera kana mapurofesa vaiva vangangochigamuchira kuna email zvichienderana 1) nguva-puranga VS svondo rinouya (nhasi) uye 2) zita yatumira rakanga dzaisiyana kuti chiratidzo urudzi uye munhui (semuenzaniso, Meredith Roberts, Raj Singh, etc). Vaongorori vakawana kuti kana zvikumbiro vaifanira kusangana 1 vhiki, varume Caucasian akazvipiwa kuwana fakaroti nhengo anenge 25% kakawanda kupfuura vakadzi uye zviduku. Asi, kana zvekunyepera vadzidzi akakumbira misangano iwoyo maitiro aya vanotova zvachose (Milkman, Akinola, and Chugh 2012) .

    1. Kuongorora kuedza ichi maererano nenheyo zveupfumi muchitsauko chino.
    2. Mushure kudzidza aitarisira, vaongorori vakatuma inotevera debriefing mail kuvatori vechikamu vese.

    "Munguva pfupi yapfuura, makagamuchira email kubva mudzidzi kukumbira kwemaminitsi 10 nguva yako kukurukura Ph.D. yako chirongwa (muviri email anooneka pazasi). Tiri emailing iwe nhasi kuti debrief uri chinangwa chaiyo iyoyo email, sezvo zvakanga chikamu ongororo. Tinotarisira nomwoyo wose kudzidza kwedu haana kukuita chero Kuvhiringidza uye isu ruregerero kana uri zvachose inconvenienced. Tariro yedu ndeyokuti tsamba iyi achagovera tsananguro chinangwa umhare tichidzidza yakakwana kuderedza zvinonetsa chero muve pamusoro yokupindira yenyu. Tinoda kukutendai nguva yako uye kuverenga mberi kana uchida kunzwisisa nei makagamuchira shoko iri. Tinovimba uchaona kwokuziva isu Mirai kubudisei ichi huru zvedzidzo kudzidza. "

    Atsanangura chinangwa umhare yechidzidzo, ivo akazotaura kuti:

    "Panongotanga zvaunowana pakutsvakurudza yedu dziripo, ticharamba kuposita navo Websites edu. Please zororo nechivimbo kuti hapana dzinozivikanwa Data tichazombofa yakashuma kudzidza ichi, uye edu pakati pasi magadzirirwo chendangariro kuti tichava chete kukwanisa kuziva tsambambozha Kugamuchira maitiro ari uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. - kwete nomunhu chechetere. No munhu kana kuyunivhesiti achava dzinozivikanwa mune chimwe tsvakurudzo kana mashoko ratinoparidza. Zvechokwadi, munhu mumwe tsambambozha mhinduro haasi hunogutsa sezvo pane zvikonzero akawanda nei munhu fakaroti nhengo munhu kuti kubvuma kana kuramba musangano chikumbiro. date All watopiwa de-kuzivikanwa uye dzinozivikanwa e mhinduro wakatozviitirwa dzadzimwa kubva Databases edu uye anoenderana Server. Uyezve, panguva apo mashoko akanga kuvezwa, zvakanga akadzivirirwa dzakasimba uye rakachengeteka mavara echivande. Uye sezvo ari zvazviri nguva dzose apo renyanzvi mufambiro tsvakurudzo zvinobatanidza vanhu vanotongwa, redu tsvakurudzo protocols vakanga anotendwa mumayunivhesiti edu 'zvechechi Review Boards (the Columbia University Morningside IRB uye University of Pennsylvania IRB).

    Kana muine mibvunzo nezvekodzero dzako somunhu tsvakurudzo pasi, iwe pakero pana 212-851-7040 kana Email panguva askirb@columbia.edu uye / kana University of Pennsylvania zvechechi Review Board pa 215 ari Columbia University Morningside zvechechi Review Board -898-2614.

    Ndinokutendai zvakare nekuda nguva yako uye kunzwisisa basa tiri kuita. "

    3. Ndezvipi zvikonzero nokuda debriefing munyaya iyi? Ndezvipi zvikonzero pamusoro? Unofunga kuti vaongorori vaifanira debriefed vechikamu muchiitiko ichi?
    4. Munyaya anotsigira paIndaneti zvinhu, vaongorori vane chikamu vanoda "Human Vaanotonga kuchengetedzwa." Tapota verenga chikamu ichi. Pane kuti kuwedzera kana kubvisa.
    5. Chii chaiva mutengo yetsvakurudzo uyu vaongorori? Chii chaiva mutengo yetsvakurudzo iyi vechikamu? Andrew Gelman (2010) akaita nharo kuti vatori muchidzidzo ichi angadai ndanyarara hangu nokuda nguva yavo mushure kuedza aitarisira. Unobvumirana nazvo here? Edza kuita nharo dzenyu uchishandisa misimboti uye zvetsika zvine zveupfumi muchitsauko.