6.6.2 Understanding uye Kugadzirisa informational ngozi

Information pangozi ndiyo inonyanya ngozi munzanga tsvakurudzo; izvozvo yawedzera zvinoshamisa; uye chakaomesesa panjodzi kunzwisisa.

Wechipiri chemufungo zvakaomera evanhu zera digitaalinen tsvakurudzo ndiko informational nengozi, zvinogona kukuvadza kubva Kuziviswa mashoko (Council 2014) . Informational pokukuvadza kubva Kuziviswa zvemunhu aigona zvemari (semuenzaniso, kurasikirwa nebasa), magariro (semuenzaniso, kunyara), pfungwa (semuenzaniso, kuora mwoyo), kana kunyange tsotsi (semuenzaniso, kusungwa maitiro pamutemo). Sezvineiwo, digitaalinen zera anowedzera mashoko pangozi zvinoshamisa-kune chete zvokuti ruzivo pamusoro maitiro edu. Uye, informational ngozi vaudzewo zvakaoma chaizvo kunzwisisa uye kushandisa zvichienzaniswa ngozi vaiva nenyaya analoginen zera evanhu tsvakurudzo, dzakadai mumuviri ngozi. Kuti tione kuti digitaalinen zera kunowedzera informational ngozi, funga kuchinja kubva papers zvemagetsi zvokurapa zvinyorwa. Vose mhando zvinyorwa kusika panjodzi, asi electronic zvinyorwa kusika zvikuru ngozi nokuti hombe chikero vanogona kutapukira ane mvumo bato kana akabatanidzwa nezvimwe zvinyorwa. Vatsvakurudzi Social ari digitaalinen zera muchatungidza vatova munyatwa informational ngozi, muchidimbu nokuti havana kunzwisisa kuti uwandu uye kushandisa nayo. Saka, ndava kupa nzira inobatsira kufunga pamusoro informational ngozi, uye ipapo Ndava kukupa mazano sei kutarisira informational ngozi pakutsvakurudza kwako uye kusunungura mashoko kune dzimwe nevaongorori.

Imwe nzira iyo vaongorori magariro kudukupiswa informational ngozi ndiyo "anonymization" pamusoro mashoko. "Anonymization" ndiwo muitiro vachibvisa pachena pachavo identifiers akadai zita, kero, nenhamba kubva mashoko. Zvisinei, nzira iyi ndoda kubudirira pane vanhu vakawanda vanoziva, uye iwo, chaizvoizvo, zvikuru uye tichaona shoma. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichocho, pose Ini anorondedzera "anonymization," Ndichaenda kushandisa Taridzamutauri kukuyeuchidza kuti izvi anosika nechitarisiko kusazivana asi kwete kusazivana kwechokwadi.

Muenzaniso kukundikana "anonymization" yakajeka rinobva mukupera kuma1990 muna Massachusetts (Sweeney 2002) . The Group Insurance Commission (GIC) aiva sangano rehurumende anokonzera yokutenga inishuwarenzi youtano vose mamiriro vashandi. Kuburikidza nebasa iri, iro GIC akaunganidza hwakadzama utano zvinyorwa pamusoro pezviuru ehurumende vashandi. Mukuedza atevere kutsvakurudza nezvenzira kuvandudza utano, GIC akasarudza kusunungura zvinyorwa izvi nevaongorori. Zvisinei, havana kugovana zvose zvavo mashoko; asi, ivo "anonymized" nayo nokubvisa mashoko akadai zita uye kero. Zvisinei, vakasiya zvimwe ruzivo kuti vaifunga vaigona kubatsira nokuti vanotsvakurudza akadai wevanotungamirira ruzivo (ZIP code, rokuberekwa, dzinza, uye pabonde) uye mashoko ezvokurapa (kushanya data, kuongororwa, nzira) (Figure 6.4) (Ohm 2010) . Zvinosuruvarisa ichi "anonymization" haana yakakwana kudzivirira mashoko.

Figure 6.4: "Anonymization" ndiwo muitiro vachibvisa pachena chinozivisa ruzivo. Somuenzaniso, apo achisunungura yezvokurapa inishuwarenzi zvinyorwa ehurumende vashandi ari Massachusetts Group Insurance Commission (GIC) akabvisa zita nekero kubva mafaira. Ndinoshandisa ma quotes kumativi shoko "anonymization" nokuti muitiro inopa nechitarisiko kusazivana, asi kwete chaiko kusazivana.

Kuti tione zvikanganiso ari GIC "anonymization", Latanya Sweeney-ipapo kudzidza mudzidzi pana with-akabhadhara $ 20 kuwana dzokuvhota zvinyorwa kubva muguta Cambridge, taundi rokumusha Massachusetts gavhuna William weld. Izvi voting zvinyorwa zvaisanganisira mashoko akadai zita, kero, ZIP code, rokuberekwa, uye munhui. Chokwadi chokuti yezvokurapa mashoko faira uye voter faira vaiita minda-ZIP code, rokuberekwa, uye zvepabonde zvaireva kuti Sweeney aigona dza navo. Sweeney aiziva kuti weld zuva rokuberekwa yakanga July 31, 1945, uye kuvhota zvinyorwa vaisanganisira vanhu vatanhatu chete Cambridge pamwe kuti zuva rokuzvarwa. Uyezve, iwayo vanhu vatanhatu, vatatu chete vaiva varume. Zvino, varume vatatu ivavo, rimwe chete taigovana weld kuti ZIP romutemo. Saka, kuvhota Data akaratidza kuti munhu ari okurapa mashoko pamwe weld kwakaita Tikafunga rokuberekwa, murume kana mukadzi, uye ZIP romutemo rakanga William weld. Chaizvoizvo, izvi zvidimbu zvitatu mashoko akagovera rakasiyana fingapurindi kwaari mashoko. Achishandisa chokwadi ichi, Sweeney akakwanisa kuwana zvinyorwa weld pakurapa, uye kuzivisa naye kwake Feat, iye akatumira kwaari kopi zvinyorwa ake (Ohm 2010) .

Akasabvumirana 6.5: Re-idenification kwe "anonymized" mashoko. Latanya Sweeney waiburitsa "anonymized" utano zvinyorwa vane dzokuvhota zvinyorwa kuti awane yokurapwa zvinyorwa waGavhuna William weld (Sweeney 2002) .

Basa Sweeney zvinoratidza inokosha maumbirwo de-anonymization kurwiswa yekuva kupfeka izwi kubva kombiyuta kuchengeteka munharaunda. In kurwiswa izvi, vaviri mashoko rinovira, kana iyo pachayo anozivisa inonyatsoziva mashoko, zvinesungano, uye kuburikidza linkage ichi, unokurumidza mashoko pachena. Mune dzimwe nzira izvi zvakafanana nenzira kugocha pasoda uye vhiniga, zvinhu zviviri kuti vari voga njodzi, dzinogona kubatanidzwa kubudisa kutaurirwa mugumisiro.

Achipindura basa Sweeney wacho, uye mamwe basa akarondedzera, vanotsvakurudza ruzivo vava kazhinji kubvisa zvikuru mashoko-zvose inonzi saka "Pachedu Kuziva Information" (PII) (Narayanan and Shmatikov 2010) -during nzira "anonymization." Uyezve, vaongorori vakawanda zvino ziva kuti vamwe mashoko-zvakadai zvokurapa zvinyorwa, zvinyorwa zvemari, mhinduro kundorondedzera mibvunzo pamusoro zvisiri pamutemo maitiro-zvichida haatani kugumbuka kusunungura kunyange pashure "anonymization." Zvisinei, vakawanda mienzaniso achangopfuura kuti ndichashanda kutsanangura pazasi anoratidza kuti vaongorori magariro evanhu vanofanira kuchinja mafungiro avo. Danho rokutanga, kuchenjera kufunga kuti mashoko zvose zviri dzingadai dzinozivikanwa uye mashoko zvose zviri angangoita namakemikari. Nemamwe mashoko, pane kufunga kuti informational ngozi zvinoshanda duku subset muzvirongwa, tinofanira kufunga kuti rinoshanda-vasinganwi-kune mabasa ose.

Vose zvinhu izvi kunenge zvevhiki vari nezvakaitwa Netflix Mubayiro. Sezvinotsanangurwa muChitsauko 5, Netflix akasunungura firimu ratings mamiriyoni 100 inopiwa anenge 500,000 nenhengo, uye akanga ane pakachena kudanwa apo vanhu vanobva munyika yose pasi algorithms kuti aigona kugadzirisa Netflix anokwanisa varumbidze mafirimu. Asati achisunungura data, Netflix akabvisa pachena pachake chokuzivisa mashoko upi, dzakadai mazita. Netflix akazoendawo imwe nhano uye akatanga zvishomanana perturbations mune dzimwe zvinyorwa (semuenzaniso, kuchinja zvimwe ratings kubva 4 nyeredzi nenyeredzi 3). nokukurumidza Netflix yakawanikwa Zvisinei, kuti pasinei ravo, humboo vakanga haungoerekani kusazivikanwa.

Mbiri chete vhiki mushure Data takasunungurwa Narayanan and Shmatikov (2008) akaratidza kuti zvaigoneka kudzidza pamusoro dzakananga vanhu firimu zvavanosarudza. Wemanomano kwavo kunenge kuzivikanwa kurwisa zvakanga zvakafanana Sweeney kuti: Kubatanidza pamwechete maviri mabhuku mashoko, munhu anogona kunzwa mashoko uye hapana pachena chinozivisa mashoko uye munhu rine pakuzivisa vanhu. Mumwe nomumwe izvi Data manyuko angava nomumwe wakachengeteka, asi kana vari waiburitsa zvibatanidzwe dataset anogona kusika informational ngozi. Kana ari Netflix data, pano sei zvaigona kuitika. Fungidzira kuti ini vanosarudza kuudza ndangariro dzangu pamusoro chiito uye mutambo kufirimu vangu co-workers asi kuti ndisingati kugoverana mafungiro angu pamusoro mafirimu vezvitendero uye vezvematongerwo enyika. Vabatiri vaigona kushandisa mashoko kuti ndava akagoverana navo kuwana zvinyorwa wangu Netflix mashoko; mashoko ini kugoverana aigona kuva akasiyana fingapurindi sezvakangoita William weld kuberekwa musi, ZIP code, uye kurara. Zvadaro, kana vakawana rakasiyana fingapurindi wangu data, vaigona kudzidza ratings dzangu pamusoro mafirimu ose, kusanganisira mafirimu pandinenge kusarudza kusabatanidzwa. Kuwedzera pamusoro nangananga kurwiswa nezvezvandaifanira chete munhu mhando ichi, Narayanan and Shmatikov (2008) akaratidzawo kuti zvaigoneka kuita yakafara kurwisa -Mumwe dzinobatanidza vanhu vakawanda kuburikidza kubatanidzwa nomumwe ari Netflix mashoko pachake uye firimu Rating Data kuti vamwe vanhu vakasarudza kuposita paIndaneti Movie Database (IMDb). mashoko Chero iri rakasiyana fingapurindi chairo munhu-kunyange mitambo yavo firimu ratings-zvinogona kushandiswa kuzviziva.

Kunyange zvazvo Netflix mashoko inogona kuzodzosera kuzivikanwa muna zvimwe zvakanangwa kana yakafara kurwisa, zvingava ikaramba kuva yakaderera ngozi. Pashure pezvose, firimu ratings vanoita sevasina namakemikari chaizvo. Kunyange zvazvo izvozvo zvingava zvechokwadi zvavo, nokuti vamwe 500,000 vanhu vari dataset, firimu ratings kungava achikurumidza kugumbuka. Kutaura zvazviri, kupindura de-anonymization mukadzi closeted ngochani akabatana boka-chiito suit pamusoro Netflix. Heunoi sei dambudziko yakaratidzwa rumhan'aro yavo (Singel 2009) :

"[M] ovie uye Rating Data rine mashoko pamusoro [sic] ane zvikuru pachavo uye hunorangarira hunhu. Zvenhengo iyi Movie Data anofumura nehanya uye / kana nokutamburira ane Netflix nhengo racho-siyana zvikuru pachavo nyaya, kusanganisira dzezvepabonde, kurwara nepfungwa, kupora udhakwa, uye kunetswa kubva makunakuna, vachirikitwa, mhirizhonga, upombwe, uye kubata chibharo. "

The de-anonymization of Netflix Prize mashoko zvinoratidza zvose kuti mashoko zvose zviri dzingadai dzinozivikanwa uye kuti mashoko zvose zviri angangoita namakemikari. Panguva iyi, unogona kufunga kuti izvi chete inoshanda nemashoko kuti rinoongorora nezvaJesu kuva pamusoro vanhu. Zvinoshamisa, kuti hazvina mhosva. Achipindura imwe Rusununguko Information Mutemo chikumbiro, muNew York City Hurumende akasunungura zvinyorwa ose tekisi kukwira muNew York muna 2013, kusanganisira pamotokari uye achadonha nguva, nzvimbo, uye yokufamba uwandu (yeuka kubva Chapter 2 kuti Farber (2015) akashandisa izvi date kuti amuedze dzidziso dzinokosha basa dzezvoupfumi). Kunyange zvazvo mashoko aya pamusoro tekisi nzendo ingaita benign nokuti hazvina sokuti mashoko pamusoro vanhu, Anthony Tockar akaziva kuti ichi tekisi dataset chaizvoizvo dzaiva mijenya anogona namakemikari mashoko pamusoro pevanhu. Kuenzanisira, akatarira nzendo zvose kutangira panguva The Hustler Club-imwe kanyika kirabhu guru muNew York-pakati pousiku uye 6am uye akawana ravo donhwe-kure nzvimbo. Kutsvaka Izvi yakaratidza-chaizvoizvo-kero vamwe vanhu vanogara vachivhura The Hustler Club (Tockar 2014) . Zvakaoma kufungidzira kuti hurumende guta akanga ichi mupfungwa kana zvakabudisa mashoko. Kutaura zvazviri, izvi zvakafanana unyanzvi dzaigona kushandiswa kuwana musha nekero vanhu vanoshanyira nzvimbo muguta-yokurapa kiriniki, rokuvaka hurumende, kana chevanorwara rechitendero.

Zviitiko-vaviri ava Netflix Prize uye New York City tekisi Data-zvinoratidza kuti panongova unyanzvi vanhu vakatadza zvakarurama vanofungidzira informational ngozi vari date kuti vakasunungura, uye zviitiko izvi hausi rakasiyana (Barbaro and Zeller Jr 2006; Zimmer 2010; Narayanan, Huey, and Felten 2016) . Uyezve, munyika dzakawanda dzenyaya idzi, vanhu matambudziko mashoko ichiri pachena kuwanikwa paIndaneti, zvichiratidza kuoma nokusingaperi achibvisa ane date kusunungurwa. Pamwe mienzaniso-sezvo izvi uyewo kutsvakurudza kombiyuta zvesayenzi pamusoro voga-zvinoisa ive mhedziso inokosha. Vatsvakurudzi vanofanira kufungidzira kuti mashoko zvose zviri dzingadai dzinozivikanwa uye mashoko zvose zviri angangoita namakemikari.

Zvinosuruvarisa hapana nyore chichagadzirisa chokuti mashoko zvose zviri dzingadai dzinozivikanwa uye mashoko zvose zviri angangoita namakemikari. Zvisinei, imwe nzira yokuderedza ruzivo ngozi paunenge uchishanda date nderokuva uye kutevedzera mashoko dziviriro chirongwa. zano Izvi zvichaita zvinoderedza mukana kuti mashoko ako achaita achigarira maoko uye achaita kuchiderera kukuvadza kana buri vanenge kunoitika. The chaizvo pamusoro date kudzivirira zvirongwa, akadai iyo chimiro encryption kushandisa, zvichashanduka pamusoro kwenguva, asi UK Data Services achibatsira nokutarira anoronga zvinhu ane mashoko kudzivirira audzwa 5 mhando kuti vakadana 5 safes: yakachengeteka zvirongwa, njodzi vanhu , ngozi mezviruva, njodzi data, uye njodzi outputs (Table 6.2) (Desai, Ritchie, and Welpton 2016) . Hapana safes shanu nomumwe anodzivirira akakwana. Asi, pamwe chete zvinoumba simba yakatarwa zvingakanganisa kudukupiswa informational ngozi.

Mukuwedzera kudzivirira mashoko ako paunenge kuishandisa, rimwe danho iri pakutsvakurudza kwacho apo informational ngozi kunonyanya salient ndiwo mashoko kugoverana nevamwe vatsvakurudzi. Data kugovana pakati masayendisiti ari panozogadzirika kukosha yesayenzi kuita, uye zvivako zvikuru kufambira mberi ruzivo. Heano mazano muUK Imba Commons akatsanangura kukosha mashoko kugoverana:

"Access nemashoko kunokosha kana vanotsvakurudza vari zvichiberekana, ongorora uye kuvakira zvabuda izvo zvakanyorwa mumabhuku. The fungidziro anofanira kuva kuti, kana pane chikonzero chakasimba zvikasadaro, mashoko anofanira zvizere pachena uye akaita pachena iripo. Maererano nenheyo iyi, pazvinobvira, mashoko chokuita zvose mari pachena tsvakurudzo zvinofanira kuitwa nevakawanda uye pachena iripo. " (Molloy 2011)

Asi, nokuudza mashoko ako nomumwe mutsvakurudzi, ungave kuwedzera informational njodzi yako kuvashanu. Saka, zvingaita sokuti vanotsvakurudza vanoda kugoverana dzavo mashoko-kana vanotarisirwa kugoverana kwavo mashoko-vari kutarisana chinokosha makakatanwa. Kune rimwe divi vane chemufungo vanosungirwa kugoverana mashoko avo mamwe masayendisiti, kunyanya kana pakutsvakurudza yepakutanga iri mari pachena. Asi, panguva iyoyowo, vaongorori vane chemufungo mutoro kurerutsa, yakawanda sezvingabvira, mashoko pangozi avo kuvashanu.

Sezvineiwo, nedambudziko iri harisi sezvo kwazvo sezvahunooneka. Zvakakosha kufunga mashoko kugoverana pamwe continuum kubva pasina mashoko nokugoverana kusunungura uye kukanganwa, apo mashoko ari "anonymized" ndokuisa kuti munhu kuwana (Figure 6.6). Vaviri munzvimbo idzi yokunyanyisa vane ngozi uye zvakanakira. Ndiko, hazvisi kwaita chinonyanya chemufungo chinhu kuti kwete kugoverana mashoko ako; wakadaro kusvika anobvisa vakawanda uchabatsirwa kuti nzanga. Tichidzokera Ravirai, Ties, uye Time, muenzaniso inokurukurwa kwokutanga muchitsauko, kunopesana date kusunungurwa kuti pfungwa chete zvichiita pokukuvadza uye kuti hanya zvinobvira Zvinobatsirei vachinyanya mumwe chete angoramba achitaura; Ndichaenda kutsanangura matambudziko uyu ari kuzviitirwa, sevanonyanya kukudzivirira nzira zvakadzama muna pazasi apo ini kupa mazano pamusoro zvisarudzo mukutarisana chokwadi (Section 6.6.4).

Akasabvumirana 6.6: Data kusunungurwa nzira vanogona kuwira pamwe continuum. Where unofanira kuva pamwe continuum ichi kunobva dzakananga mashoko mashoko enyu. Panyaya iyi, wechitatu bato muchidimbu kungakubatsira kusarudza yakakodzera kuwana pangozi uye kubatsira panyaya yako.

Uyezve, muna pakati izvi zvakanyanyisa zviviri nyaya ndizvo Ndichange vakadana namasvingo bindu nzira apo mashoko ari yakagovana nevanhu kusangana vamwe zvinodiwa uye vanotenderana kuti akasungwa mamwe mitemo (semuenzaniso, nokuchengeta kubva IRB uye date nedziviriro zvirongwa) . Izvi namasvingo mumunda kusvika kunopa vazhinji zvakanakira yokusunungurwa uye kukanganwa mashaya ngozi. Zvechokwadi, munhu namasvingo bindu nzira anosika mibvunzo-uyo vazhinji vanofanira kuwaniswa, pasi chii ezvinhu, nokuti yakareba sei, uyo achizoripa kuramba uye mapurisa akakombwa mubindu nezvimwewo-asi izvi hazvisi haakundiki. Kutaura zvazviri, pane vari kare kushanda mumapindu akavakirirwa panzvimbo iyo vatsvakurudzi vanogona kushandisa iye zvino, dzakadai date Archive of Inter-yunivhesiti rakapiwa nokuda Political uye Social Research paUniversity of Michigan.

Saka mashoko kubva pakudzidza kwako kunofanira kuva kupi pamusoro continuum pasina kugoverana, bindu namasvingo, uye kusunungura uye kukanganwa? It kuvimba nezveupenyu mashoko ako; Vanotsvakurudza vanofanira kudzikamisa Kuremekedza Persons, Beneficence, Justice, uye Kuremekedza Mutemo uye Public Interest. Pakuongorora zvakakodzera nepakati dzimwe sarudzo vatsvakurudzi kutsvaka zano uye kutenderwa IRBs, uye mashoko kusunungurwa anogona kungova chimwe chikamu mumutoo iwoyo. Nemamwe mashoko, kunyange zvazvo vamwe vanhu vanofunga date asunungurwe sechinhu tariro yetsika morass, isu watova hurongwa panzvimbo kubatsira vatsvakurudzi kudzikamisa aya Dambudziko Retsika mhando.

Imwe nzira chokupedzisira kufunga pamusoro date kugovana ndeyokuita Ringanidzo. Gore negore mota ndivo zviuru nzufu, asi tisingadi kuedza kurambidza kutyaira. Kutaura zvazviri, kwakadaro kudanwa kuti irambidze kutyaira Zvingasava nomusoro nokuti kutyaira inoita zvinhu zvizhinji. Asi, nzanga anoisa kurambidzwa ndiani kutyaira (semuenzaniso, vanofanira kuva nechokwadi zera, vanofanira kunge vakapfuura vamwe miedzo) uye sei vanogona kutyaira (semuenzaniso, pasi sipidhi inodiwa). Society anewo vanhu tasked vane yatevedzerwa mitemo izvi (semuenzaniso, mapurisa), uye isu acharanga vanhu vanobatwa ukasazvitevedzera. pakati nepakati Mafungiro ichi mhando chete kuti nzanga zvinoshanda yokudzora kutyaira kungashandiswawo nemashoko kugoverana. Ndiko, pane kuita absolutist nharo nokuti kana pamusoro date kugoverana, ndinofunga chinonyanya zvakanakira achabva yokuzvifungidzira zvatingaita kugoverana mamwe mashoko mamwe zvakanaka.

Kuti titi, informational ngozi yawedzera zvinoshamisa, uye zvakaoma chaizvo kufanotaura uye uwandu. Saka, zvakanakisisa kufunga kuti mashoko zvose zviri dzingadai dzinozivikanwa uye dzinogona namakemikari. Kutapudzwa informational ngozi achiita tsvakurudzo, vatsvakurudzi zvinogona kuumba uye kutevera mashoko dziviriro chirongwa. Uyezve, informational ngozi hakutadzisi vatsvakurudzi nokuudza mashoko nevamwe masayendisiti.