6.6.1 omuzvarirwo
Vatsvakurudzi vanofanira, anogona, uye kutevera mutemo: rwakati kubvumirana pakutsvakurudza vakawanda.
Akaudza mvumo ane hwaro pfungwa-vamwe vangati munhu pedyo madiro (Emanuel, Wendler, and Grady 2000; Manson and O'Neill 2007) -zvinoshevedzera tsvakurudzo tsika. Nyore shanduro kutsvakurudza tsika inoti: "omuzvarirwo zvose." Zvisinei, kutonga nyore Iyi haisi kunowirirana huripo nemitemo yetsika, yetsika murau, kana pakutsvakurudza tsika. Asi, vaongorori vanofanira, anogona, uye kuita kutevera zvikuru kunzwisisa mutemo: ". Rwakati kubvumirana pakutsvakurudza vakawanda"
Chokutanga, kuti kufamba mberi pfungwa kunyanyova dzokunzwisisa pamusoro omuzvarirwo, ndinoda kukuudza zvakawanda pamusoro munda kuedza kudzidza rusaruro (izvi akaputirwa zvishoma muChitsauko 4 uyewo). Muzvidzidzo izvi, nyepera vamhan'ari vane unhu-zvakadai siyana somunhu kana vakadzi-kushanda mabasa akasiyana. Kana imwe mhando munhu akanyorera chinozadzwa unokubatira panguva pangozi, ipapo vatsvakurudzi vanogona kugumisa kuti pangava rusaruro ari mubayiro kwacho. Nekuti zvakafunga chitsauko chino, rinokosha chinhu pamusoro kuedza izvi ndechokuti vechikamu kuedza ava-vashandirwi-kumbobvira anopa mvumo. Kutaura zvazviri, vatori izvi zviri kushingaira kunyengedzwa nokuda nyepera mafomu. Asi, munda kuedza kudzidza rusaruro kunge akaita muzvidzidzo dzinenge 117 munyika 17 (Riach and Rich 2002; Rich 2014) .
Vatsvakurudzi vanoshandisa munda kuedza kudzidza rusaruro kuziva zvinhu ina zvidzidzo izvi kuti, pamwe, muvaite tsika dzinobvumira chipatara chinobatsira bvumidzwa: 1) shoma kukuvadza kuti vashandirwi, 2) mukuru magariro kubatsira nokuva akavimbika chiyero rusarura, 3) neutera mamwe nzira kuyera rusaruraganda, uye 4) Chokwadi chokuti unyengeri asingadi zvakasimba nokukangaidza dzemunharaunda iyoyo marongero (Riach and Rich 2004) . Mumwe nomumwe izvi ezvinhu akaoma, uye aisava wavo isingaguti, penyaya nyaya yaizova kuome. Zvitatu izvi zvinhu zvinogona zvinobva chemufungo nenheyo Belmont Report: dzisina kukuvadza (Kuremekedza Persons uye Beneficence) uye kubatsira zvikuru uye neutera dzimwe nzira (Beneficence uye Justice). Wokupedzisira chinowanika asiri kutyora chechinyorwa dzemunharaunda, zvinogona rinobva Menlo Report kuti Kuremekedza Mutemo uye Public Interest. Nemamwe mashoko, basa zvikumbiro muri ezvinhu apo pane kare vamwe kutarisira zvichibvira unyengeri. Saka, kuedza izvi regai kusvibisa ane kare mumasango tsika nzvimbo.
Kuwedzera uku zvinotaurwa nemabhuku nharo, hwakawanda IRBs zvakashandurirawo vakagumisa kuti kushaya mvumo muzvidzidzo izvi inowirirana yaivapo mitemo, zvikurukuru Common Rule §46.116, chikamu (d). Pakupedzisira, matare US vave aitsigirawo kushaya mvumo uye unyengeri mumunda kuedza kuti ayere rusaruro (No. 81-3029. United States Court of Appeals, Wechinomwe Circuit). Saka, kushandiswa munda kuedza pasina kubvumirana zvinoenderana zviripo zvetsika zvine chokuita uye huripo mitemo (kanenge mitemo iri US). pfungwa iyi kwave rinotsigirwa wakafara magariro tsvakurudzo munharaunda dzakawanda IRBs, uye US Court of Appeals. Saka, tinofanira kuramba nyore kutonga "omuzvarirwo zvose." Uku hakusi mutemo kuti vaongorori anotevera, kana chiri mutemo kuti vaongorori vanofanira kutevera.
Kufambira mberi "omuzvarirwo zvose" kunosiya vatsvakurudzi nomubvunzo wakaoma: chii siyana kubvumirana achidiwa erudzii tsvakurudzo? Sezvingatarisirwa, kwave nouchapupu risati gakava kumativi mubvunzo uyu, kunyange zvazvo vakawanda zviri panotaurwa zvokurapa tsvakurudzo ari analoginen zera. Nokupfupikisa kuti gakava, Eyal (2012) anonyora:
"Pandainzwa ngozi kupindira, ndipo chiri kumusoro-zvazvinoita kana kupedzeredza 'kutsoropodza upenyu sarudzo', ndipo ndiko kunokosha akaremerwa uye pamakakatanwa, zvikuru voga nzvimbo muviri kuti kupindira zvakananga zvakunoita, zvikuru yaipesana uye asina anorayira vanhu vaiita, dzakanga kudiwa zvakasimba omuzvarirwo. Pane zvimwe zviitiko, kudiwa zvakasimba chaizvo omuzvarirwo, uye zvechokwadi, nokuti kubvumirana upi chimiro, ndiye muduku. Pazviitiko avo, mukuru mari anogona kudarika izvozvo nyore. "[Dzomukati anowanika papi kunze]
An kunzwisisa kukosha kubva ichi asati gakava ndechokuti omuzvarirwo haasi zvose kana chinhu; kune simba uye kusimba siyana kubvumirana. Mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, zvakasimba omuzvarirwo sokuti zvakafanira, asi, mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, kurukutika siyana kubvumirana kungava kwakakodzera. Zvadaro, Ndichaenda kutsanangura mamiriro ezvinhu matatu apo vatsvakurudzi achaita kuti vawane omuzvarirwo kubva zvakakanganisa mapato uye vashoma iwayo wevakomana.
Chokutanga, dzimwe nguva kubvunza vatori vechikamu kuti vape omuzvarirwo kungawedzera nengozi kuti nawo. Somuenzaniso, muna encore, achibvunza vanhu vanogara pasi utongi hurumende kupa mvumo kuti kombiyuta yavo inoshandiswa nokuyerwa Internet kusenza ndiise vaya vanobvuma panjodzi. Apo mvumo kunotungamirira mikana, vatsvakurudzi vanogona nechokwadi chokuti mashoko pamusoro zvavari kuita zviri pachena uye kuti zvinokwanisika kuti vechikamu kuti vasarudze-panze. Uyewo, ivo vaigona kutsvaka mvumo kubva mumapoka kuti zvinomiririra vechikamu (semuenzaniso, maNGO).
Chechipiri, dzimwe nguva kuva zvizere omuzvarirwo pakudzidza isati yatanga kuti vawirane nesayenzi kukosha kwokudzidza. Somuenzaniso, muna Emotional Contagion, kana vechikamu aiziva kuti vaongorori vakanga vachiita chinhu kuedza pamusoro manzwiro, ichi chachinja maitiro avo. Achimunyima mashoko kubva vechikamu, uye kunyange kunyengera kwavo, kunowanzoitika munzanga tsvakurudzo, kunyanya mu yezvirwere kuedza muna zvepfungwa. Kana akaudza mvumo zvisingagoni chidzidzo isati yatanga, vatsvakurudzi kugona (uye kazhinji kuita) debrief vechikamu mushure kudzidza yapera. Debriefing vakawanda zvinosanganisira achitsanangura chii chaizvo chakaitika, remediating chero pokukuvadza, uye kuwana mvumo mushure chokwadi. Zvisinei Pane gakava, zvakadini kana debriefing mumunda kuedza zvakakodzera, kana debriefing pachayo zvingakuvadza vechikamu (Finn and Jakobsson 2007) .
Chechitatu, dzimwe nguva zviri logistically seasingabatsiri kugamuchira omuzvarirwo kubva wose rinoitei nokudzidza kwenyu. Somuenzaniso, fungidzira mutsvakurudzi anoda kudzidza Bitcoin blockchain (Bitcoin ari crypto-mari uye blockchain ndiro chinyorwa zvose Bitcoin kwema (Narayanan et al. 2016) ). Vamwe vanhu kuti vanoshandisa Bitcoin kutarisira uye vanoshuva kusazivana, uye dzimwe nhengo Bitcoin munharaunda angapikisa kune mamwe marudzi pakutsvakurudza munharaunda yavo. Zvinosuruvarisa hazvibviri kuwana mvumo kubva wose anoshandisa Bitcoin nokuti vazhinji vevanhu ava vasingazivikanwi. Panyaya iyi, nevatsvakurudzi ungaedza kutaura nzwisa Bitcoin vanoshandisa uye kukumbira kwavo omuzvarirwo.
Ava vatatu zvikonzero nei vatsvakurudzi haaizokwanisa kugamuchira omuzvarirwo-kuwedzera ngozi, zvinopesana tsvakurudzo zvinangwa, uye logistical zvatisingakwanisi-havasi chete nezvikonzero kuti vatsvakurudzi vanotamburira kuwana omuzvarirwo. Uye, zvingaitwa kuti ndava pfungwa-inoudza kuruzhinji pamusoro tsvakurudzo yako, zvichiita ane vanosarudza-panze, vachitsvaka mvumo kubva yechitatu-mapati, debriefing, uye kutsvaka mvumo kubva wezvaizogona vechikamu-zvingasaita nguva dzose. Uyezve, kunyange kana inotsiva izvi zvinogoneka, varege kuva zvakakwanira kudzidza kwako. Zvisinei, chii mienzaniso iyi kuita inoratidza, ndiko kuti omuzvarirwo haasi zvose kana chinhu, uye kuti mhinduro okusika kunogona kuvandudza penyaya nengaidzo yezvidzidzo kuti yausingagoni kugamuchira uzere omuzvarirwo kubva zvose rinoitei kumapati.
Kuti titi, pane "omuzvarirwo zvose" Vanotsvakurudza vanofanira, anogona, uye kuita kutevera zvikuru kunzwisisa mutemo: ". Rwakati kubvumirana zvinhu zvikuru" Wakaratidzwa tichitarisa dzemitemo, akaudza Usatenda hakuna zvakakodzera kana zvakakwanira misimboti pamusoro Kuremekedza Persons [ Humphreys (2015) ; p. 102]. Uyezve, Kuremekedza Persons unongova mumwe pfungwa inoda kuva pakati nepakati kana tichifunga tsvakurudzo hwetsika; zvinofanira haisiri richandifukidza Beneficence, Justice, uye Kuremekedza Mutemo uye Public Kufarira, pfungwa akaita kakawanda nokuda ethicists mumakore 40 apfuura [ Gillon (2015) ; p. 112-113]. Ataurwa tichitarisa chemufungo zveupfumi, akaudza mvumo nokuti zvose chinhu kunyanyova deontological nzvimbo chinozova kanopetwa ezvinhu akadai Timebomb (ona Chikamu 6.5).
Pakupedzisira, sezvo inoshanda nyaya, kana uri kufunga kuita tsvakurudzo pasina chero mhando kubvumirana, ipapo unofanira kuziva kuti uri munhu pfumbu nzvimbo. Chenjerera. Tarisai pane chemufungo nharo kuti vaongorori vakaita kuti kuitisa zvidzidzo zvokuongorora dzerusarura pasina kubvumirana. Ko kururamiswa kwenyu sezvo simba? Nekuti omuzvarirwo ndiyo musimboti vazhinji vakavata pasi chemufungo pfungwa, unofanira kuziva kuti iwe zvichida kunzi kudzivirira zvaunosarudza.
