6.3 Digital rakasiyana

Tsvakurudzo Social ari digitaalinen zera ane unhu hwakasiyana uye saka zvinomutsa mibvunzo yetsika yakasiyana.

Most munzanga tsvakurudzo ari analoginen zera akarova rakakodzera zvetsika pachiyero. Somuenzaniso, mune imwe kudzokorora yezvirwere kuedza kuti pamwe zvinobatanidzwa vanhu vanopfuura 100,000, Plott (2013) akawana chiitiko wakakomba rimwe chete, mumwe mudzidzi akanga akagumbuka nokuti kurasikirwa mari zvoupfumi mutambo. Sezvo yapfuura zvitatu digitaalinen zera mienzaniso inoratidza Zvisinei, zvino vatsvakurudzi nematambudziko yetsika nemagariro yakasiyana avo kare. Generalizing kubva zvidzidzo izvi zvitatu, ndinofunga kuti huru dambudziko kuti vatsvakurudzi zvakanaka-zvichireva kutarisana ndechokuti nezvaanogona vari kuchinja nokukurumidza kupfuura mitemo, mirayiro, uye dzemunharaunda. More zvakananga, vatsvakurudzi-kazhinji kuitwa muchishanda pamwe chete nemakambani nehurumende-kuva simba pamusoro vechikamu kupfuura kare. By simba, ndinoreva kungova kuita zvinhu kuvanhu vasina wavo mvumo kana ruzivo. Zvinhu ndiri kutaura pamusoro aigona kunge nokucherechedza maitiro avo kana navo Kunyoresa kuedza. Sezvo simba vatsvakurudzi kuchengeta uye perturb ari kuwedzera, hakuna chinhu zvakafanana kuwedzera zvijeke sei kuti simba inofanira kushandiswa. Kutaura zvazviri, vanotsvakurudza vanofanira kusarudza sei kushandisa simba ravo yakavakirwa dzisingapindirani uye pindana mitemo, mirayiro, uye dzemunharaunda. Kuva akajeka, izvi hazvirevi kuti vakawanda digitaalinen tsvakurudzo zera iri unethical. Kutaura zvazviri, vakapiwa izvi, ndinofunga kuti vaongorori vakaratidza mutongo yakanaka. Zvisinei, The mubatanidzwa nezvaanogona simba uye kujeka nhungamiro, anoisa vanotsvakurudza zvakanaka-zvichireva mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma.

Kunyange zvazvo iwe pachako angasaona kunyanya simba panyaya yako kukwanisa kuita zvinhu kuvanhu, kuwedzera vatsvakurudzi-kazhinji kuitwa muchishanda pamwe chete nemakambani nehurumende-kukwanisa kuchengeta uye perturb vanhu vasina wavo mvumo kana ruzivo. Somuenzaniso, fungidzira kutevera munhu kumativi uye kunyora zvose zvavanoita. Izvi zvingasanganisira club zvinhu zvakadai kwavanoenda, zvavari kutenga, avo vanotaura kuti, uye nezvavaiverenga. Monitoring vanhu zvakadai vari analoginen zera akashandiswa kuti senyaya hurumende rakakura zvemari. Zvino, zvose ruzivo uyu vanogara uye rwoga akanyorwa pamusoro nemamiriyoni uye nokukurumidza kuva mabhiriyoni evanhu. Uyezve, nokuti zvose mashoko aya inochengeterwa digitally, zviri nyore kutevedzera, kutsvaka, fambisa, batanidza, uye amatura. Nemamwe mashoko, chii vanogara kuitwa nhasi ungazoshamisa uye katyamadza Hondo Yemashoko musori masangano akaita KGB, deginamajai, uye neStasi. Uyezve, zvakawanda ichi zvounhu Tracking kuri kuitika pasina zvizere kunzwisisa avo vari surveilled.

A yakajeka Enzaniso aoma anopamba izvi nevazhinji zvokuongorora ndiyo panopticon. First wakatangwa muna mukupera rechi18 kubudikidza Jeremy Bentham somunhu mapurani nokuda mumajeri, ari panopticon ndiye kuratidzwa zvokunyama zvokuongorora (Figure 6.3). The panopticon ane dzeraundi chivako makamuri nezvatinovavarira kumativi ari nechepakati yokurinda. Munhu chatinokoshesa kunharire ichi inogona kuchengeta maitiro vose vanhu napamakamuri. Uye, achitsoropodza, vanhu Mudzimba havagoni kuchengeta munhu muNharireyomurindi. Munhu ari yokurinda Saka chinhu muoni zvisingaoneki (Foucault 1995) .

Figure 6.3: Design kubva panopticon mujeri, kutanga dzataurwa nokuda Jeremy Bentham. Pakati, pane muoni asingaoneki anogona kuchengeta maitiro vose uye hazvigoni kuchengetwa. Achishandisa pedyo Willey Reveley, 1791. Source: Wikimedia Commons .

Kutaura zvazviri, digitaalinen zvokuongorora chinotova zvakanyanyisa kupfuura munhu yokurinda nokuti zvinogona yakakwana-digital nhoroondo maitiro inogona kuchengetwa nokusingaperi (Mayer-Schönberger 2009) . Nepo hapana achiri akarekodwa izere maitiro zvose dzevanhu zvibatanidzwe kuva tenzi Database, zvinhu zviri kufamba iyoyo. Uye, kuti kufamba ingangova mberi sokuvapo nezvaanogona pamusoro sensors kuramba zvichiwedzera, mutengo okuchengetera anoramba kutapudzwa, uye zvakawanda hwedu kuva kombiyuta-akareverera.

Yokushamwaridzana vaongorori vakawanda tenzi ichi Database kuti pakutanga kuridza hunonakidza, uye aigona zvechokwadi kushandiswa kwenguva yakawanda tsvakurudzo inokosha. Zvisinei, nyanzvi Legal, kwakapa zita zvakasiyana kuna tenzi ichi Database: ari Database rokuparadzwa (Ohm 2010) . Kusikwa kunyangwe asina kukwana tenzi Database aigona kuva anotyisa kubatsira evanhu uye zvematongerwo enyika upenyu kana vanhu vava kuda kuverenga zvimwe zvinhu kana kukurukura dzimwe nyaya (Schauer 1978; Penney 2016) . Panewo ngozi kuti tenzi Database, apo akasika mumwe chinangwa-muti kukanganiswa achigadzira-kuti rimwe zuva kushandiswa chinangwa chakasiyana, mamiriro ezvinhu inonzi yechipiri-kushandiswa. A inotyisa Muenzaniso unanticipated yechipiri-kushandisa zvakaitika panguva Second World War apo hurumende Verengai mashoko-tenzi Database iyoyo-yaishandiswa aivabatsira kuurayiwa kwevanhu kuti akanga kuitika pamusoro vaJudha, Roma, uye vamwe (Table 6,1) (Seltzer and Anderson 2008) . zvinenge zvirokwazvo The statisticians uyo raunganidza mashoko munguva rugare vaiva nevavariro dzakanaka. Asi, kana nyika achinja-apo vaNazi vakauya simba muGermany uye dzakavakidzana-ichi Data kwakaita yechipiri-kushandisa akanga asina chinangwa. Kamwe chete tenzi Database chiripo, zvakaoma kutarisira ndiani angawana kuiwana uye sei achashandiswa.

Vatsvakurudzi munhuwo magariro vari kwazvo kure chinhu chakadai nokusika anotyisa migumisiro magariro kana kupindura munhu anoona zvakanaka kuburikidza yechipiri-kushandiswa. Ndava asarudza Zvisinei kukurukura misoro iyi, nokuti ndinofunga vachabatsira vaongorori magariro kunzwisisa izvo kuburikidza iyo vamwe vanhu vachaona basa ravo. Ngatitaurei dzokera Ravirai, Ties, uye Time chirongwa somuenzaniso. By kubatanidzwa nomumwe pamwe kwakakwana uye granular mashoko kubva Facebook zvakakwana uye granular Data rokuHarvard, vaongorori akasika akapfuma zvinoshamisa Tichitarira magariro upenyu vadzidzi (Lewis et al. 2008) . Yokushamwaridzana vaongorori vakawanda izvi zvinoita kufanana tenzi Database, izvo zvinogona kushandiswa zvakanaka. Asi, kune dzimwe vamwe, zvinoita sokunge pakutanga Database rokuparadzwa hwakasikwa pasina mvumo yemuridzi vechikamu. The Ravirai, Ties, uye Time chirongwa akatanga muna 2006, uye ruzivo kuti vaongorori vakanga haana kunyanya dzakavanzika. Asi, kana iwe unotarisira zvishoma unogona kufungidzira kuti nyaya idzi zvichida kuwana zvakawanda kunzwisisa. Imhandoi digitaalinen waMosesi achava vatsvakurudzi kukwanisa kuvaka pamusoro vadzidzi 2026 kana 2046?

Kuwedzera uku vakawanda zvokuongorora, vatsvakurudzi-zvakare kuitwa muchishanda pamwe chete nemakambani nehurumende-anogona kuwedzera zvakanyatsorongwa kupindira muupenyu hwevanhu kuitira kuti kusika randomized kudzora kuedza. Somuenzaniso, muna Emotional Contagion, vaongorori ndanyoresa vanhu 700,000 iri kuedza pasina yavo kubvumirana kana ruzivo. Uye, sezvo ini anorondedzerwa muChitsauko 5 (Kumhanya kuedza), chakavanzika kuhondo pakati vechikamu mhando ichi munzvimbo kuedza kunowanzoitika. Uyezve, zvinoita haatarisiri pamwe nemakambani makuru. Pandakaramba anorondedzerwa muChitsauko 5, vatsvakurudzi vanogona kuwedzera kusika nokuvaka digitaalinen kuedza pamwe razero shanduka mari, mari mamiriro kuti inogonesa kuedza zvikuru guru. Kufanana anokwanisa kuchengeta, kukwanisa zvakanyatsorongwa perturb zvicharamba zvichitoipa kukura.

Patinosangana yakawedzera simba iri, vatsvakurudzi vanosangana dzisingapindirani uye pindana mitemo, mirayiro, uye dzemunharaunda. Rimwe kunobva kusawirirana uku ndiko kuti nezvaanogona ari digitaalinen zera vari kuchinja nokukurumidza kupfuura mitemo, mirayiro, uye dzemunharaunda. Somuenzaniso, Yavose Rule (yakatarwa yemirau vedare vakawanda hurumende mari tsvakurudzo muUnited States) akangochinja zvishoma kubva 1981. Achiedza modernize Yavose Vakuitirewo rakatanga muna 2011 asi haana wakakwana vachimuenzanisa muzhizha 2016. A yechipiri tsime kusawirirana ndechokuti dzemunharaunda kumativi zvisiri pachena akafanana voga ichiripo achishingaira nharo maererano nevatsvakurudzi, vagadziri mitemo, uye mumiriri. Kana nyanzvi munzvimbo idzi havagoni kusvika yunifomu kubvumirana, hatifaniri kutarisira kuti vaongorori empirical kana vatori vechikamu kuchasvika tenderano kana. A kwokupedzisira tsime kusawirirana ndechokuti digitaalinen tsvakurudzo zera iri kuwedzera yakavhenganiswa kupinda dzimwe nguva achinzi iyo inotungamira nezvemakuhwa angangokuvadza pindana dzemunharaunda uye mitemo. Somuenzaniso, Emotional Contagion aiva kutsigirana pakati date musayendisiti pana Facebook uye purofesa uye akapedza kudzidza mudzidzi pa Cornell. Pana Facebook achimhanya kuedza guru iri purogiramu chero bedzi maererano Facebook kwakaita mashoko basa, uye panguva iyoyo, pakanga pasina rechitatu-vebato muchidimbu kuedza. Pana Cornell ari dzemunharaunda uye mitemo yakasiyana nokure; zvinenge kuedza zvose zvinofanira zvakaongororwa neDare Cornell IRB. Saka, izvo remataurirwo zvinofanira kudzora Emotional Contagion-Facebook kana Cornell raMwari? Kana paine dzisingapindirani uye pindana mitemo, mirayiro, uye dzemunharaunda kunyange vavariro vatsvakurudzi vave dambudziko vachiita zvakarurama. Kutaura zvazviri, nemhaka kusawirirana, pangava kunyange kuva chimwe chinhu chakarurama.

Yose zvayo, zvinhu-kuwedzera mbiri idzi simba uye kushaya chibvumirano sei kuti simba rinofanira kushandiswa-zvinoreva kuti vaongorori kushanda digitaalinen zera vari kuenda kutarisana chemufungo nematambudziko nokuti foreseeable yemberi. Sezvineiwo, vatsvakurudzi nematambudziko aya hazvidi kutanga kubva chironda. Pane kudaro, vatsvakurudzi kuwana uchenjeri hunobva kare dzakabudirira zvinotaurwa yetsika uye zveupfumi, misoro yakatevera maviri zvikamu.