3.3.2 Kuyerwa

Kuyerwa anenge achiita inferences pane vakabvunzwa vako vanoti chii vakabvunzwa vako vafunge uye vaite.

Muchikwata che yose ongororo chikanganiso framework wechipiri chipimo; rinotaura sei tinogona kuita inferences kubva mhinduro vakabvunzwa vape mibvunzo yedu. Zvakaratidza kuti mhinduro tichigamuchira, uye saka inferences zvatinoita, tinogona kuvimba achitsoropodza-uye dzimwe nguva zvinoshamisa nzira-mberi chaizvo sei zvatinokumbira. Zvichida hapana chinoratidza ichi chinokosha kupfuura aitamba ari inoshamisa bhuku Kubvunza Mibvunzo kubudikidza Norman Bradburn, Seymour Sudman, uye Brian Wansink (2004) :

vapristi vaviri, mumwe Dominican uye wechechi yeRoma, vari kukurukura kana chivi yefodya uye kunyengetera panguva imwecheteyo. Pashure kutadza kusvika mhedziso, mumwe anoenda kubvunza ake dzakasiyana mukuru. The Dominican anoti: "Chii mukuru Taurai?"

The wechechi yeRoma anopindura, "Akati yaiva mhosva."

"Ndizvo kusetsa" neDominican anopindura, "foromani wangu akati kwaiva chivi."

The wechechi yeRoma akati, "Ko iwe kumubvunza?" The Dominican anopindura, "ndakamubvunza kana akanga mhosva kusvuta unonyengetera." "Oh" akadaro wechechi yeRoma, "ndakabvunza kana zvakanga OK kunyengetera apo kusvuta."

Kune mienzaniso yakawanda anomalies seiya kwakaitirwa vapristi vaviri. Kutaura zvazviri, zvikuru nyaya Mudzi rinonyadzisira ichi ane zita iri tsvakurudzo ongororo munharaunda: mubvunzo chimiro nemigumisiro (Kalton and Schuman 1982) . Kuti tione sei mubvunzo chimiro zvinokonzerwa kuti tinzwe kuongorora chaivo, funga izvi zvakafanana chaizvo miviri mibvunzo zvake ongororo:

• "Sei zvikuru here kubvumirana mashoko anotevera: Vanhu vane mhosva pane magariro evanhu kuti mhosva uye mutemo munyika ino."
• "Sei zvikuru here anobvumirana zvinotevera okuti: Social ezvinhu zvakawanda mhosva kupfuura vanhu nokuda kwemhosva uye mutemo munyika ino."

Kunyange zvazvo mibvunzo vose kuonekwa kuyera zvimwechete, ivo nemigumisiro yakasiyana mune chaiyo ongororo kuedza (Schuman and Presser 1996) . Paakabvunzwa imwe nzira, anenge 60% ​​pane akashuma kuti vanhu vakanyanya kukonzera mhosva, asi kana akabvunza mumwe nzira vanenge 60% ​​akashuma kuti magariro evanhu vakanyanya kupomera (Figure 3.2). Nemamwe mashoko, musiyano muduku pakati mibvunzo miviri kungaita vatsvakurudzi kuti wakasiyana mhedziso.

Figure 3.2: Zvabuda kubva pokuongorora kuedza (Schuman and Presser 1996, Table 8.1) . Vatsvakurudzi vanogona kuwana mhinduro dzakasiyana zvichienderana chaiwo sei akabvunza mubvunzo. Uyu ndiwo muenzaniso mubvunzo chimiro maturo (Kalton and Schuman 1982) .

Kuwedzera nemamiriro mubvunzo, vakabvunzwa uyewo vanogona kupa mhinduro dzakasiyana inobva chaizvo mashoko akashandiswa. Somuenzaniso, kuti ayere maonero pamusoro ehurumende zvinokosha pakutanga, vakabvunzwa vakanga verenga zvinotevera chiriporipocho:

"Tiri nezvinetso zvakawanda munyika iyi, hapana zvinogona kugadziriswa nyore kana inexpensively. Ndava zita zvimwe zvinetso izvi, uye ndingada kuti mumwe nomumwe vanoda kuti ndiudze kana munofunga tiri kupedzera mari yakawandisa pairi, mari zvishoma, kana pamusoro rworudyi uwandu. "

". Rinobatsira varombo" Zvadaro, hafu yevakapindura pavakabvunzwa pamusoro "zvakanaka" uye hafu pavakabvunzwa pamusoro Nepo izvi zvingaita sokuti maviri akasiyana mashoko nokuda chetezvo, ivo zvikaita migumisiro akasiyana chaizvo (Figure 3,3); VokuAmerica vanoshuma kuva zvikuru vanotsigira "rubatsiro varombo" pane "kugarika" (Smith 1987; Rasinski 1989; Huber and Paris 2013) . Nepo ongororo vatsvakurudzi funga izvi mashoko zvinokonzerwa kuva anomalies, vaikwanisa kuona navo tsvakurudzo zvakawanikwa. Kureva, tadzidza chinhu pamusoro nevanhuwo izvi mugumisiro.

Figure 3.3: Zvabuda kubva Huber and Paris (2013) . Vakabvunzwa ndivo zvikuru vanotsigira "rubatsiro varombo" pane "zvakanaka." Uyu ndiwo muenzaniso mubvunzo mashoko maturo yokuti mhinduro kuti vatsvakurudzi vanogamuchira kuvimba chaizvo izvo mashoko vanoshandisa mune mibvunzo yavo.

Mienzaniso iyi pamusoro mubvunzo chimiro migumisiro uye mashoko zvinokonzerwa anoratidza, mhinduro kuti vatsvakurudzi vanogamuchira inogona kukanganiswa nenzira dzisiri pachena kwakavakirwa sei mibvunzo yavo. Izvi hazvirevi kuti kuongorora haafaniri kushandiswa; Kazhinji hapana sarudzo. Asi, mienzaniso inoratidza kuti tinofanira kuvaka mibvunzo yedu nokungwarira uye hatifaniri kubvuma mhinduro uncritically.

Most akanatsozvarwa, izvi zvinoreva kuti kana uri kuongorora ongororo Data yaunganidzwa nomumwe munhu, iva nechokwadi chokuti hamuna kuverenga chaiko remibvunzo. Uye, kana uri zvinhu kwako remibvunzo, ndine mazano matatu. Chokutanga, I zano uchiverenga zvakawanda pamusoro remibvunzo kugadzirwa (semuenzaniso, Bradburn, Sudman, and Wansink (2004) ); pane zvakawanda nawo kupfuura Ndakakwanisa kurondedzera pano. Chechipiri, ndinokukurudzirai kuti kutevedzera-shoko neshoko-mibvunzo yepamusoro kuongorora. Kunyange zvazvo izvi unorira plagiarism, mibvunzo akatevedzera hunokurudzirwa tsvakurudzo ongororo (chero bedzi imi kumbotipa yepakutanga ongororo). Kana kutevedzera mibvunzo kubva yepamusoro kuongorora, unogona kuva nechokwadi chokuti ivo vaedzwa uye unogona enzanisa mhinduro ongororo yako mhinduro kubva imwe ongororo. Chekupedzisira, ndinoti kwamuri kwerubwinyo rwakagara rwuripo kuedza mibvunzo yako vamwe vanhu vanobva venyu puranga hwevanhu (Presser et al. 2004) ; Zvakaitika wangu kuti pre-yokuedzwa nguva dzose anoratidza zvinoshamisa nyaya.