4.3 Two kukura kuedza: yezvirwere-munda uye analoginen-digitaalinen

Lab kuedza kupa kuzvidzora, munda kuedza kupa realism, uye digitaalinen munda kuedza vanobatanidza kuzvidzora uye realism panguva akamboona.

Ongororo dzinouya mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana uye hukuru. Munguva yakapfuura, vatsvakurudzi vakaona zvichibatsira kurongedza kuongororwa pamwe nekuenderera mberi pakati peongororo yekuongorora uye mashandisirwo emunda . Zvino, zvisinei, vatsvakurudzi vanofanirawo kurongedza kuongororwa pamwe nekupfuurira kwechipiri pakati peongororo dzeanorog uye zvidzidzo zvejedijiti . Iyi miviri-yakatarisa nzvimbo ichakubatsira iwe kunzwisisa simba uye kushaya simba kwezvirevo zvakasiyana uye kusimbisa nzvimbo dzemukana mukuru (mufananidzo 4.1).

Mufananidzo 4.1: Chirongwa chekugadzira nzvimbo yekuedza. Munguva yakapfuura, kuedza kwakasiyana-siyana pamwe ne-lab-field dimension. Iye zvino, ivo vanosiyanawo pamusana peanorog-digital dimension. Iyi miviri-yakatarisa nzvimbo yakaratidzwa inoratidzirwa neongororo ina dzandinorondedzera muchitsauko chino. Mune maonero angu, nzvimbo inonyanya kukoshesa inyanzvi yemadhigiriji.

Chimwe chimiro pane izvo zviongorori zvinogona kugadziriswa ibasa rema-lab. Zvakawanda muongororo yezvemagariro evanhu mabhii anoongorora apo vadzidzi vepasidoma vanoita mabasa asinganzwisisiki mubhuku rekuti chikwereti. Icho chiitiko chekuedza chinodzora tsvakurudzo mune zvepfungwa nekuti inobvumira vatsvakurudzi kuti vagadzire zvirongwa zvakarongeka zvakanyanya kuti vazviparadzanise uye vaongorore mafungiro akanangana nehupenyu hwevanhu. Kune mamwe matambudziko, zvisinei, chimwe chinhu chinonzwa sechisinganzwisisike pamusoro pekugadzirisa mhedziso yakasimba pamusoro pemafambiro evanhu kubva kuvanhu vasina kujairika vanoita mabasa asina kujairika mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro. Izvi zvinokonzera kutungamira kunzvimbo yekuedza . Mune mikumbiro yemumunda kusanganisa simba rakasimba re randomised control yekuedza kuedza nemapoka evanhu vanomiririra vatori vechikamu vanoita mabasa anowanzoonekwa mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzepanyama.

Kunyange zvazvo vamwe vanhu vachifunga nezvebasa uye mashandisirwo emunharaunda semakwikwi emakwikwi, zvakanakisisa kufunga nezvavo sevamwe vanobatanidzwa, vane simba rakasiyana nekushaya simba. Semuenzaniso, Correll, Benard, and Paik (2007) vakashandisa zvose chiedza chebasa uye kuedza kwenyika mukuedza kuwana mitsva ye "chirango chaamai." MuUnited States, vanaamai vanowana mari shoma kupfuura vakadzi vasina vana, kunyange kana achienzanisa vakadzi vane unyanzvi hwakafanana vanoshanda mumabasa akafanana. Kune zvakawanda zvinotsanangurwa zvinogona kuitika zvemuenzaniso uyu, mumwe wavo ndeyekuti vashandi vanozvidzivirira kumadzimai. (Zvinonakidza, izvo zvinopesana zvinoita sezvokwadi kumadzibaba: vanowanzowana mari yakawanda kudarika varume vasina vana.) Kuti vaongorore zvinokwanisika kuti varambe vachiitira vanaamai, Correll uye vashandi vavo vakamhanyira miedzo miviri: imwe mubasa uye imwe mumunda.

Kutanga, mubasa rekuedza vakaudza vatori vechikamu, avo vaiva veporoji vepasikoro, kuti kambani yaiita basa rokutsvaga munhu kuti atungamirire dhipatimendi rayo reEast Coast rokudhinda. Vadzidzi vakataurirwa kuti kambani yaida kubatsirwa kwavo mukubhadhara, uye vakabvunzwa kuti vadzokororezve zvinyorwa zvevanoverengeka vangazogona uye kuenzanisa ivo vanobvumirwa pane zviyero zvakasiyana, zvakadai sekuchenjera kwavo, shungu, uye kuzvipira kushanda. Uyezve, vadzidzi vakabvunzwa kana vachida kukurudzira kubhadhara anenge akakumbira uye zvavaizokurudzira semutengo wokutanga. Pasingazive vadzidzi, zvisinei, zvinyorwa zvacho zvakavakwa zvakafanana kuti zvive zvakafanana kunze kwechinhu chimwe chete: vamwe vavo vairatidza amai (nokuisa mazita mumubereki-mudzidzisi sangano) uye vamwe havana. Correll nevamwe vaishanda navo vakawana kuti vadzidzi vakanga vasingakwanisi kukurudzira kushandira vanaamai uye kuti vakavapa chikamu chepasi chekubhadhara mari. Uyezve, kuburikidza nehuwandu hwekuongororwa kwezvose zvikwanganiso uye kushandiswa kwakabatanidzwa, Correll nevamwe vashandi vakawana kuti kukanganisa kwaamai kwakanyatsotsanangurwa nekuti ivo vakayerwa pasi maererano nekwanisi uye kuzvipira. Nokudaro, chiitiko ichi chebasa chakabvumira Correll nevamwe vashandi kuti vaone chinokonzera causal uye vanopa tsanangudzo inogona kuitika iyo.

Zvechokwadi, mumwe angave asina chokwadi pamusoro pekufunga nezvemusika wose webasa rebasa reU.S. based on zvisarudzo zvemazana mashomanana ekudzidzira zvidzidzo avo vangave vasina kumbove nebasa renguva yakazara, rega kuve vashandira mumwe munhu. Nokudaro, Correll uye vashandi pamwe chete vakaitawo sangano rekubatsira. Vakapindura kune mazana emapurisa ekubudiswa kwebasa basa nemashoko ekunyora akavanzika uye zvakare. Zvakafanana nezvinhu zvakaratidzwa kuvadzidzi vekare, vamwe vanoramba vachizivisa amai uye vamwe havana. Correll uye vashandi pamwe chete vakawana kuti vanaamai vakanga vasingakwanisi kutumidzwa kudzokera kumubvunzurudzo kune vakadzi vasina kukwana vasina vana. Mune mamwe mazwi, vashandisi chaivo vanoita zvisarudzo zvakakosha mumamiriro ezvinhu echisikigo vakaita zvakadai sevanodzidza pasi. Vakaita zvisarudzo zvakafanana nekuda kwechikonzero chakafanana here? Nhamo, hatizivi. Vatsvakurudzi vakanga vasina kukwanisa kubvunza vashandi kuti vaongorore vatsva kana kutsanangura zvavanosarudza.

Izvi zviviri zvekuedza zvinoratidzira zvakawanda pamusoro pebasa uye mashandisirwo emumunda zvachose. Bhuku rekuongorora rinopa vatsvakurudzi pedyo-kutongesa zvizere zvezvakatipoteredza umo vatori vechikamu vari kuita zvisarudzo. Saka, somuenzaniso, mune chiedza cherairi, Correll nevamwe vaaishanda vakakwanisa kuve nechokwadi kuti zvinyorwa zvose zvakaverengwa munzvimbo yakanyarara; ari mumunda unoedza, mamwe emitemo angave asina kumboverengwa. Uyezve, nokuti vatori vechikamu murairi iyi vanoziva kuti vari kudzidza, vatsvakurudzi vanowanzokwanisa kuwana mamwe mashoko anogona kubatsira kutsanangura kuti sei vatori vechikamu vachiita zvisarudzo. Semuenzaniso, Correll uye vashandi vakabvunzwa kuti vabatanidzwe mubhidhi yekuedza kuti vaenzanise vatsva pane zvakasiyana-siyana. Iko rudzi rwekugadzirisa dambudziko rinogona kubatsira vatsvakurudzi kunzwisisa nzira dzinopesana nemaitiro ekubatanidzwa kwevatori vechikamu.

Kune rumwe rutivi, izvozvi zvakafanana izvo zvandakangotsanangura sezvakanaka zvinowanzoonekwa sezvisingabatsiri. Vatsvakurudzi vanoda kushandiswa kwenyika vanotaura kuti vatori vechikwata muongororo yekuongorora vanogona kuita zvakasiyana zvikuru nokuti vanoziva kuti vari kudzidza. Somuenzaniso, mubasa rerairi, vatori vechikamu vangangodaro vakafungidzira chinangwa chekutsvakurudza ndokuchinja maitiro avo kuitira kuti varege kuonekwa vasina kukodzera. Uyezve, vatsvakurudzi vanosarudza maitiro emunharaunda vanogona kutaura kuti zviduku zvakasiyana-siyana mukudzoka zvinogona kungoerekana zvakamira munzvimbo yakachena, yakaoma yebasa, uye saka chidzidzo chebasa chichanyatsojekesa kukanganisa kwekuberekwa pakubhadhara mazano chaiwo. Pakupedzisira, vakawanda vanotsigira munda vanoedza kutyora maitiro ekuongorora 'kuvimba nevatori ve WEIRD: kunyanya vadzidzi kubva kuWestern, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, neDemocratic countries (Henrich, Heine, and Norenzayan 2010a) . Kuongorora kwakaitwa naCorrell uye vashandi pamwe chete navo (2007) kunoratidzira zvakanyanyisa kune lab-field continuum. Pakati pezvinhu izvi zviviri zvakanyanyisa kunewo zvakasiyana-siyana zvekushandura, kusanganisira nzira dzakadai sokuunza vasina-vadzidzi mubazi kana kupinda mumunda asi vachiri kuita nevatori vechikamu kuita basa risina kujairika.

Mukuwedzera kune-lab-field dimension yave iripo munguva yakapfuura, makore edijitari inoreva kuti vatsvakurudzi vava nemuviri wechipiri chikuru pane zvidzidzo zvinogona kusiyana: analogog-digital. Sezvo pane maitiro akachena ezvidzidzo, masayera akachena, uye mavara akasiyana-siyana ari pakati, pane maitiro akachena eanogog, zviyero zvakajeka zve digital, nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dze hybrids. Zvinonyangadza kupa sarudzo yakarongeka yechinhu ichi, asi tsanangudzo inoshanda yekushandisa ndeyekuti zviyero zvakakwana zvemajeri ndezviongorori zvinoshandisa shanduro yejigiramu yekuunganidza vatori vechikamu, randomize, kupa mishonga, uye kuenzanisa zvibereko. Semuenzaniso, Restivo uye van de Rijt's (2012) kuongorora mabarnstars uye Wikipedia yakanga iri chiedza chakazara che digital nokuti yakashandisa zvigadzirwa zvemadhora zvezvikamu zvina izvi. Saizvozvowo, zviongorori zvakafanana zvekare zvinoshandiswa hazviiti kushandiswa kwekugadzirwa kweijeri kune imwe yezvikamu zvina izvi. Zvakawanda zveongororo dzepakutanga mune zvepfungwa dzakanyatsoongorora zvirevo zveanalogog. Pakati pezvinhu izvi zviviri zvakanyanyisa, kune zvikamu zvishoma zvedhijeri zvinoshandiswa zvinoshandisa kusanganiswa kweanalogog nedhijitridhi.

Apo vamwe vanhu vanofunga nezvekutsvaga kwedhijitori, vanobva vatanga kufunga nezvekutsvaga paIndaneti. Izvi zvinosuruvarisa nokuti mikana yekushandisa zviongorori zvemadhigirii haisi kungowanikwa paIndaneti. Vatsvakurudzi vanogona kuedza zvidzidzo zvedhijiti nekushandisa michina yemagetsi munyika yepanyama kuitira kuti vape zvinorapwa kana zviyero zvezviyero. Semuenzaniso, vatsvakurudzi vangashandisa mafoni kuti vaburise mishonga kana masenzi munzvimbo inovakwa kuti vaone migumisiro. Izvozvi, sezvatichazoona gare gare muchitsauko chino, vatsvakurudzi vatove vashandisa mamita emagetsi emusha kuti vaone migumisiro muzviongorori pamusoro pekushandisa kwemhepo inosanganisira mamiriyoni 8.5 emhuri (Allcott 2015) . Sezvo zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvinowedzera kuwirirana mukati mehupenyu hwevanhu uye masvikiro akabatanidzwa mumamiriro ezvinhu akavakwa, mikana iyi yekuita zvishoma zvidzidzo zvemugadziri munyika yepanyama ichawedzera zvinoshamisa. Mune mamwe mazwi, kuedza kwedhijitoni hakusi kungoongorora mutsamba.

Dhidhijimu mashandisi anoita mikana mitsva yekuedza kwose kwese pamusana pe-lab-field continuum. Muchiedza chepachena chekuongorora, somuenzaniso, vatsvakurudzi vanogona kushandisa zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvekugadzirisa kuenzana kwetsika dzevatori vechikamu; mumwe muenzaniso wechirudzi urwu hwekuvandudzwa kwemaziso ndiyo inoshandisa maziso ekutsvaga maziso anopa maitiro akajeka uye anoenderera mberi ekutarira nzvimbo. Zera re digiti rinowedzerawo mukana wekushanda mabhii-sekuenzanisa kunoitwa paIndaneti. Semuenzaniso, vatsvakurudzi vakakurumidza kugamuchira Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) kuti vawane vatori vechikamu zvekutsvaga paIndaneti (Mufananidzo 4.2). MTurk anotsvaga "vashandi" vane mabasa anoda kupedzeredzwa ne "vashandi" vanoda kushanda mabasa iwayo nemari. Kusiyana nemashamba emagariro emabasa, zvisinei, mabasa anowanzodiwa anongoda maminetsi mashomanana kuti apedzise, ​​uye kubatana kwose pakati pemushandi uye mushandi ari paIndaneti. Nokuti MTurk anoenzanisa zviitiko zvekare zvekuongorora-vanhu vanobhadhara kuita mabasa avo zvavasingazoiti nokuda kwekusununguka-zvinowanzoenderana nemamwe marudzi eongororo. Chaizvoizvo, MTurk yakagadzira hurongwa hwekutarisira dzimba dzevatori vechikamu-kuunganidza nekubhadhara vanhu-uye vatsvakurudzi vakashandisa zvidzidzo zvekugadzirisa izvozvi kuti vaende mune imwe nguva iripo yevadzidzi.

Mufananidzo 4.2: Mapepa akadhindwa achishandisa data kubva kuAmazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk). MTurk nedzimwe misika yebasa rekushandura inopa vatsvakurudzi nzira yakanakisisa yekuunganidza vatori vechikamu chekuedza. Yakashandiswa kubva Bohannon (2016) .

Dhidhijimu masangano anogadzira kunyange mikana yakawanda yekuedza-shandu. Kunyanya, vanobvumira vatsvakurudzi kuti vabatanidze kutonga kwakasimba uye kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakabatanidzwa neongororo yekuongorora pamwe nevatori vechikamu zvakasiyana-siyana uye zvimwe zvirongwa zvepanyama zvinosanganiswa neongororo yekuongorora. Mukuwedzera, inyanzvi yemagetsi yeruzhinji inopawo mikana mitatu yakawanzova yakaoma mukuongorora kweanalogog.

Chokutanga, asi maitiro akawanda emagariro uye masimiro emunda ane mazana evanhu, majekiti emigodhi inogona kuva nemamiriyoni evatori vechikamu. Iko kushanduka kwehuwandu ndechokuti zvimwe zviongorori zvejigirini zvinogona kuburitsa dhidhiro pa zero mari yakasiyana. Ikozvino, kana vatsvakurudzi vakagadzira chivako chekuedza, kuwedzera nhamba yevatori vechikamu kazhinji haiti kuwedzera mari. Kuwedzerwa nhamba yevatori vechikamu nechinhu che 100 kana kupfuura haisi kungochinja kuwanda ; chiri Qualitative chinja, nekuti runoita vatsvakurudzi kudzidza zvinhu zvakasiyana kubva kuedza (semuenzaniso, heterogeneity kurapwa migumisiro) uye kumhanya zvakasiyana zvachose experimental mazano (semuenzaniso, guru-boka kuedza). Pfungwa iyi yakakosha zvikuru, ndichadzokera kune iyo kumucheto kwechitsauko apo ini ndinopa mazano pamusoro pekugadzira dhigirii yeruzhinji.

Chechipiri, asi ruzivo rwemagariro ehurumende uye ruzivo rwomumunda runobata vatori vechikamu sekusinganzwisisiki majejeri, mashandisirwo emadhigiriji ejw.org anowanzoshandisa ruzivo rwemashoko pamusoro pevatori vechikamu mukugadzira uye kuongorora zvikamu zvekutsvakurudza. Iyi ruzivo rwemashoko, iyo inonzi inotanga kurapwa kwemashoko , inowanzowanika mune zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi nokuti inomhanya pamusoro pezvirongwa zvese zvekuyera (ona chitsauko 2). Semuenzaniso, mumwe mutsvaga wepa Facebook ane ruzivo rwakanyanya rwekutangira kurapwa pamusoro pevanhu vari mudijitori rake rekugadzira dhijitori kupfuura muongorori weyunivhesiti ane vanhu vanowanikwa munharaunda yake yeanorog field. Izvi zvinotanga kushandiswa kunoita kuti zviongororwe zvakajeka zvakagadziriswa-zvakadai sokuvhara (Higgins, Sävje, and Sekhon 2016) uye kutarisirwa kubatanidzwa kwevatori vechikamu (Eckles, Kizilcec, and Bakshy 2016) kuongorora-kufanana nekufungidzira kwehutano hwehutano hwehutano (Athey and Imbens 2016a) uye kuchinjwa (Bloniarz et al. 2016) kwekuvandudzwa kwakakwana (Bloniarz et al. 2016) .

Chechitatu, asi vazhinji vanoongorora mabhii uye masimiro emunharaunda vanopa mishonga uye vanoyera zviyero mune imwe nguva yakawandisa, dzimwe shanduro dzedimijiti dzinowanzoitika kune nguva yakareba nguva. Semuenzaniso, Restivo uye van de Rijt zvavakaedza zvakagadziriswa zuva nezuva kwemazuva 90, uye chimwe chezviongorori zvandichakuudza pamusoro pekare muchitsauko (Ferraro, Miranda, and Price 2011) zvakagadziriswa zvinopfuura makore matatu pa mari. Iyi mikana mitatu-kukura, ruzivo rwekutangira-kurapa, uye kurapwa kwenguva refu uye dambudziko rekugadzirisa-inowanzosvika kakawanda apo kuongororwa kunoshandiswa pamusoro pezvisizvo-pane zviyero zvezviyero (ona chitsauko 2 nezvimwe pamusoro pese-pane kuyera maitiro).

Kunyange zvazvo kuongorora kwemajeri kunopa mikana yakawanda, vanogoverawo zvimwe zvingakundikana nezvose analog lab uye analog field experiments. Semuenzaniso, kuedza hakugone kushandiswa kuongorora zvakapfuura, uye vanogona kungoyananisa migumisiro yemishonga inogona kushandiswa. Uyewo, kunyange zvazvo kuedza kusina mubvunzo kutungamirira kutungamira hurongwa, kunyatsotungamirirwa kwavanogona kupa kunenge kusingakwanisi nekuda kwezvinetso zvakadai sekuzvidzivirira kwezvakatipoteredza, matambudziko ekuteerera, uye kuenzanisa kwemigumisiro (Banerjee and Duflo 2009; Deaton 2010) . Dhipatimendi reDarijeri kuongororwa kunokurudzirawo zvinokonzerwa nemitemo yakagadzirwa neshandisheni yemumunda-musoro wandinotaurira gare gare muchitsauko chino uye muchitsauko 6.