4.6.1 Create razero shanduka mari Data
Chinokosha chekushanda kuedza kukuru ndiko kutyaira mari yako yakasiyana-siyana kusvika zero. Nzira dzakanakisisa dzekuita izvi ndezvokugadzira uye kuumba zviitiko zvinonakidza.
Dhigirii yeruzivo inogona kunge yakasiyana-siyana nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana, uye izvi zvinoita kuti vatsvakurudzi vashandise miedzo isingakwanisi kare. Imwe nzira yekufunga nezvekusiyana uku ndeyekuti kuongorora kunowanzove nemhando mbiri dzemari: inogadzirisa mari uye zvinodhura zvinodhura. Fixed cost ndiwo mari inoramba ichishandurwa pasinei nenhamba yevatori vechikamu. Semuenzaniso, mubasa rerairi, kugadziriswa kwemari kunogona kuva mari yekubhadhara nzvimbo uye kutenga fenisha. Kusiyana kwemari , kune rumwe rutivi, kuchinja zvichienderana nenhamba yevatori vechikamu. Somuenzaniso, mubasa rekuongorora, zvinodhura zvinodhura zvinogona kuuya kubva kubhadhara vashandi nevatori vechikamu. Nenzira yakawanda, kuongorora kweanalogog kune zvakaderedzwa zvakaderedzwa zvinodhura uye zvinodhura zvinodhura, apo dhijitori dzinoongorora dzakawanda dzakagadziriswa mari uye dzinodhura zvinodhura (Mufananidzo 4.19). Kunyange zvazvo kuongororwa kwedhijitori kune zvishoma zvinodhura zvinodhura, unogona kugadzira mikana yakawanda inofadza apo unotyaira mari yakasiyana-siyana kusvika kune zero.
Mufananidzo 4.19: Chirongwa chezvikwereti zvezvikwereti muzvienzanidzo zveanalogo nedhijitori. Pakati pese, kuongorora kweanalogog kune zvakaderedzwa zvakaderedzwa uye zvinodhura zvinoshandiswa zvinodhura apo kuongororwa kwemajeri kunokwidziridzwa zvakanyanya uye mari yakasiyana-siyana. Zvimwe zvikwereti zvinodhura zvinoreva kuti kuongorora kwejigirini kunogona kukwira pamwero usingakwanisi neongororo dzeanalogog.
Pane zvikamu zviviri zvezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvebhadharo kune vashandi uye kubhadhara kune vatori vechikamu-uye chimwe nechimwe chezvinhu izvi chinogona kushandiswa kusvika kune zero uchishandisa nzira dzakasiyana. Mitsara kune vashandi inobva mubasa iro kutsvakurudza vabatsiri kunobata vatori vechikamu, kupa zvirapa, uye kuenzanisa zviitiko. Semuenzaniso, mamiriro ekufananidzira kwenyika ye Schultz uye vashandi (2007) pamashandisirwo emagetsi aida kubatsirwa nevanobatsira kuti vaende kumusha mumwe nomumwe kunopa kurapa uye verenga mamita emagetsi (Mufananidzo 4.3). Zvose izvi kuburikidza nekutsvakurudza vatsigiri zvaireva kuti kuwedzera musha mutsva kuchidzidzo kwaizowedzera kudiwa. Kune rumwe rutivi, nokuda kwemajeri emunharaunda yerudzi rweRetivo uye van de Rijt (2012) pamusoro pemigumisiro yezvikwereti pavanyori ve Wikipedia, vatsvakurudzi vanogona kuwedzera vamwe vatori vechikamu musingabhadhari mari. Nzira yakawanda yekuderedza kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvinoshandiswa kutonga ndeyokudzosa basa revanhu (iro rinodhura) nekombiyuta basa (iro risina mari). Zvichida, iwe unogona kuzvibvunza: Izvi zvinogona kuitika here apo vose vari muboka rangu rekutsvakurudza vari kurara? Kana mhinduro yacho iiwa hongu, maita basa rakakura rokuzvigadzira.
Rudzi rwechipiri rukuru rwekushandura mari inowanikwa kune vatori vechikamu. Vamwe vatsvakurudzi vakashandisa Amazon Mechanical Turk uye mamwe marashiro emakambani ekushanda kuitira kuti kuderedza mari yaidiwa kune vatori vechikamu. Kuendesa kutengesa kunodhura kusvika kune zero, zvisinei, nzira yakasiyana inodiwa. Kwenguva refu, vatsvakurudzi vakagadzira miedzo iyo inofadza zvikuru iyo inofanirwa kubhadhara vanhu kuti vatore chikamu. Asi zvakadini kana iwe uchigona kugadzira chiedza chinoda kuitwa nevanhu? Izvi zvingaita sokuti hazvishamisi, asi ini ndichakupa muenzaniso uri pasi kubva mubasa rangu, uye kune mienzaniso yakawanda mutafura 4.4. Cherechedza kuti pfungwa iyi yekugadzira miedzo inofadza inodzokorora zvimwe zvemashoko muchitsauko 3 pamusoro pekugadzira tsvakurudzo dzinofadza uye muchitsauko 5 pamusoro pekugadzirwa kwemaoko akawanda. Nokudaro, ndinofunga kuti munhu anofarira chikamu-izvo zvingazonziwo ruzivo rwevashandisi-zvichave chikamu chinokosha chekutsvakurudza mukugadzira munguva ye digital.
| Kubhadhara | References |
|---|---|
| Iwebsite ine ruzivo rwehutano | Centola (2010) |
| Purogiramu yekurovedza muviri | Centola (2011) |
| Mimhanzi yakasununguka | Salganik, Dodds, and Watts (2006) ; Salganik and Watts (2008) ; Salganik and Watts (2009b) |
| Fara mutambo | Kohli et al. (2012) |
| Movie mazano | Harper and Konstan (2015) |
Kana uchida kuedza kuongororwa nedere data yakasiyana-siyana, unofanira kuve nechokwadi kuti zvinhu zvose zvakanyatsogadziriswa uye kuti vatori vechikamu havadi kubhadhara. Kuti aratidze kuti izvi zvinogoneka sei, ndicharondedzera tsvakurudzo yangu yekutsvaga kubudirira uye kukundikana kwezvigadzirwa zvemitambo.
Zvinyorwa zvangu zvakakurudzirwa nemhando inoshamisa yekubudirira kwezvigadzirwa zvemitambo. Hit nyimbo, mabhuku akatengesa, uye mafirimu e-blockbuster akawanda, anonyanya kubudirira kudarika mavhareji. Nemhaka yeizvi, misika yezvinhu izvi zvinowanzotumidzwa kuti "kukunda-kutora-dzose". Asi, panguva imwe chete, rwiyo rwupi, bhuku, kana mafirimu richabudirira zvinoshamisa zvisingazivikanwi. Uyu munyori wezvinyorwa William William (1989) akanyora zvakakwana mutsva dzakawanda dzekutsvakurudza zvidzidzo nokutaura kuti, kana zvakasvika pakufanotaura kuti kubudirira, "hapana anoziva chero chinhu." Kuziva kusingazivikanwi kwekukunda-kutora-kwose kwemisika kwakaita kuti ndinetseke kuti zvakadini kubudirira yehutano uye yakawanda sei rongova rombo. Kana, akaratidza zvishoma zvakasiyana, kana tikakwanisa kuumba nyika dzakafanana uye kuti zvose zvive nekushanduka zvakajeka, ingangove nziyo dzinozozivikanwa munyika yose here? Uye, kana zvisingaiti, chii chinogona kuva chikonzero chinokonzera kusiyana uku?
Kuti tipindure mibvunzo iyi, isu-Peter Dodds, Duncan Watts (mutevedzeri wangu wekutsvaga), uye ini-ndakabuda pane dzakawanda zvekutsvaga mashandisirwo enyika. Kunyanya, takavaka webhusaiti inonzi MusicLab apo vanhu vanogona kuwana mitsva mitsva, uye takaishandisa nekuda kwezviongorori zvekuedza. Takanyorera vatori vechikamu kuburikidza nekushandira mabhendi kutsvaga pa webhusaiti yevechirwere chekuyaruka (mufananidzo 4.20) uye kuburikidza nekutaura mune zvemashoko. Vatori vechikamu vanosvika pa webhusaiti yedu vakapa chibvumirano chakanaka, vakapedza mubvunzo mutsva wemibvunzo yepamusoro, uye vakangoerekana vatumirwa kune chimwe chezviitiko zviviri zvekuedza-kuzvimirira uye zvekugarisana nevamwe. Mune mamiriro ekuzvimiririra, vatori vechikamu vakaita zvisarudzo pamusoro pezvipi nziyo dzekuteerera, dzakapiwa mazita emasangano uye nziyo. Apo vachiteerera rwiyo, vatori vechikamu vakabvunzwa kuifungisisa iyo mushure mokunge vaine mukana (asi kwete basa) kuchengeta rwiyo. Muhutano hwemagariro evanhu, vatori vechikamu vaiva nechiitiko chakafanana, kunze kwekuti vaigonawo kuona kangani nguva imwe neimwe rwiyo rwakadzingwa nevatori vekare. Uyezve, vatori vechikamu muhutano hwemagariro evanhu vakaiswa kune imwe yenyika dzakasiyana-siyana, imwe neimwe yakashanduka yakazvimiririra (Mufananidzo 4.21). Kushandisa uku kugadzirwa, takamhanya miedzo miviri yakaenzana. Mukutanga, takapa nziyo kune vatori vechikamu mune girasi risina kutendwa, iro rakavapa chiratidzo chisingatauriki chekufarirwa. Muchiedza chechipiri, takaisa nziyo mu-list list, iyo yakapa chiratidzo chikuru chekufarirwa (Mufananidzo 4.22).
Mufananidzo 4.20: Muenzaniso wekubhanana kwemashoko ayo ini neshamwari dzangu takashandisa kuunganidza vatori vechikamu nokuda kwekuongorora (Salganik, Dodds, and Watts 2006) . Salganik (2007) nemvumo kubva Salganik (2007) , chikamu 2.12.
Mufananidzo 4.21: Kuongorora kwekugadzirwa kweMusicLab kuongororwa (Salganik, Dodds, and Watts 2006) . Vatori vechikamu vaisarudzwa pane imwechete mamiriro maviri: mazvimiririra uye zvemagariro evanhu. Vatori vechikamu vari kuzvimiririra vakaita zvisarudzo zvavo pasina ruzivo pamusoro pezvimwe vanhu vakange vaita. Vatori vechikamu mune hutano hwehutano hwematongerwe enyika vaisarudzwa kune imwe yenyika dzisere dzakasiyana-siyana, apo vaigona kuona kudururwa-sekuenzaniswa nekudzivirirwa kwevatori vekare-vese rwiyo munyika yavo, asi vakanga vasingagoni kuona chero ruzivo pamusoro, uye havana kunyange kuziva nezvekuvapo kwe, chero imwe yenyika. Yakagadzirwa kubva Salganik, Dodds, and Watts (2006) , chimiro s1.
Takaona kuti kufarirwa kweiyo nziyo kwakasiyana-siyana munyika yose, zvichiratidza kuti ruzivo rwakaita basa rinokosha mukubudirira. Semuenzaniso, mune imwe nyika rwiyo "Lockdown" na 52Metro rakasvika mukutanga 1 nenzi 48, uye mune imwe nyika yakauya mugore re40. Ichi chaiva nziyo imwe chete ichikwikwidzana kune imwe chete nziyo, asi mune imwe nyika yakave nematambudziko uye kune vamwe haina. Uyezve, nekuenzanisa migumisiro mukati mezviitiko zviviri, takaona kuti hutano hwevanhu hunoita kuti hutungamiri-kutora-zvose zvisikwa zvemashamba aya, izvo zvichida zvinoratidza kukosha kweunyanzvi. Asi, kutarisa kumativi ose enyika (izvo zvisingagoni kuitwa kunze kweiyo mhando yekuenzanisa kwenyika dzakaedzwa), takaona kuti hutano hwevanhu huripo hwakawedzera kukosha kwerombo. Uyezve, zvinoshamisa kuti ndiyo yaiva nziyo dzepamusoro-soro apo nyanzvi yakakosha zvikuru (mufananidzo 4.23).
Mufananidzo 4.22: Zviratidzo kubva kune hutano hwemagariro evanhu muMusicLab kuongororwa (Salganik, Dodds, and Watts 2006) . Mune hutano hwemagariro evanhu mukuedza 1, nziyo, pamwe nenhamba yekudhinda zvakapfuura, dzakaratidzwa kune vatori vechikamu vakarongeka mune rimwe guriti re 16 \(\times\) 3 rectangular, apo nzvimbo dzenziyo dzakataridzirwa rimwe nerimwe mubatanidzwa. Mukuedza 2, vatori vechikamu mune hutano hwemagariro evanhu vakaratidzirwa nziyo, nekunyorera zviyero, zvakapiwa mune imwe korombo mukudzika kuronga kwezvinozivikanwa zvino.
Mufananidzo 4.23: Zviwanikwa kubva kuMusicLab kuongororwa kunoratidza hukama pakati pekukumbira uye kubudirira (Salganik, Dodds, and Watts 2006) . I \(x\) -axis chikamu chemusika we rwiyo munyika inozvimiririra, iyo inoshanda sechiyero chekukumbira kwenziyo, uye \(y\) -axis chikamu chemusika cherwiyo rumwe iyo hupfumi hune hutano hunochinja nyika, iyo inoshanda sechiyero chekubudirira kwe nziyo. Takawana kuti kuwedzerwa hutano hwevanhu hunobatwa nevatori vechikamu-kunyanya, kuchinja kwekugadzirisa kubva kuedza 1 kuti vaedze 2 (chifananidzo 4.22) -kubudirira kushandiswa kuti zvive zvisingazivikanwi, zvikurukuru nziyo dzine chikwata chikuru. Yakagadzirirwa kubva Salganik, Dodds, and Watts (2006) , mufananidzo 3.
MusicLab yakakwanisa kumhanya pazvinhu zvakanyanya zero zvakasiyana-siyana nekuda kwenzira iyo yakagadzirwa. Chokutanga, zvinhu zvose zvakanga zvakazara zvizere zvokuti zvakakwanisa kumhanya pandainge ndavete. Chechipiri, kubhadhara kwakanga kuri mimhanzi yakasununguka, saka pakanga pasina munhu akasiyana-siyana mubato rekubhadhara mari. Kushandiswa kwemimhanzi semuripo kunoratidzawo kuti pane dzimwe nguva kubhadhara-kushandiswa pakati pekugadzirisa uye kushandiswa kwemari. Kushandisa mimhanzi kwakawedzera mari yakagadzirirwa nokuti ndaifanira kupedza nguva ndichiwana mvumo kubva kumapoka uye ndichigadzira mharidzo kwavari pamusoro pekuita kwevatori vechikamu kune mimhanzi yavo. Asi munyaya iyi, kuwedzera kwekugadzirisa mari kuitira kuti kuderedza kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakakosha kwaiva chinhu chakanaka chekuita; ndicho chakaita kuti tikwanise kushanda chiedza chakanga chave chikaita kakapetwa ka100 pane chiyero chebasa rebazi.
Zvakare, maMusicLab anoedza anoratidza kuti zero yakasiyana-siyana haifaniri kunge iri kuguma mukati mawo; pane kudaro, inogona kuva nzira yekushandira rudzi rutsva rwekuedza. Cherechedza kuti hatina kushandisa vose vedu vatori vechikamu kuti tishandise hutano hwemagariro ehutano maitiro 100 nguva. Pane kudaro, taita chimwe chinhu chakasiyana, chaunogona kufungidzira sekutsvaga kubva pakufunga kwepfungwa kune imwe yevanhu (Hedström 2006) . Panzvimbo pokuisa pfungwa pane mumwe oga kuita zvisarudzo, takaisa pfungwa yedu pakuedza kufarira, pamwe chete. Izvi zvinoshandiswa pane imwe nzira yaireva yatakakumbira pamusoro pevatendi vatanhatu kuti vaite imwe nhamba ye data (pane vanhu mazana manomwe munyika imwe neimwe yakafanana). Chikamu ichocho chaingove chinokwanisika nekuda kwekugadzirisa hurongwa hwekuedza. Nenzira yakawanda, kana vatsvakurudzi vanoda kuongorora kuti zvikamu zvekuunganidza zvinokonzerwa sei nekuzvisarudzira kwega, boka rezviongorori zvakadai seMusicLab zvinonakidza zvikuru. Munguva yakapfuura, vakave vachigadzikana, asi matambudziko aya ari kupera nekuda kwekugona kwezero kudhura kwedhadha data.
Mukuwedzera pakuenzanisira kubatsirwa kwehuwandu hwemari yakasiyana-siyana, zviitiko zveMusicLab zvinoratidzawo chinetso nenzira iyi: yakanyanya kugadzirisa mari. Mune mhaka yangu, ndaive nerombo rakakura kuti ndikwanise kushanda neine unyanzvi webhutori webhuta ainzi Peter Hausel kwemwedzi mitanhatu yekuvaka kuedza. Izvi zvaingova nyore nokuti mushanyi wangu, Duncan Watts, akanga agamuchira mamiriyoni akawanda kutsigira rudzi urwu rwekutsvakurudza. Technology yakagadziriswa kubvira patakagadzira MusicLab muna 2004 saka zvingava nyore zvikuru kuvaka chiedza chakadai ikozvino. Asi, mazano akakwirira emari anongowanikwa chete kune vanotsvakurudza vanogona kuvhara iyo mari.
Mukupedzisa, kuongororwa kwedhijitori kunogona kuve kwakasiyana-siyana kwezvivako kusiyana nekuedza kweanalogog. Kana uchida kukwanisa kuedza kuongorora kukuru, iwe unofanira kuedza kuderedza mari yako yakasiyana-siyana sezvaunokwanisa uye nenzira yakakwana kusvika kune zero. Iwe unogona kuita izvi nekugadzirisa ma mechanics ekuedza kwako (semuenzaniso, kutora nguva yevanhu nekombiyuta nguva) nekugadzira kuedza kwevanhu vanoda kuve. Vanotsvakurudza vanogona kugadzira miedzo nezvinhu izvi vachakwanisa kushandisa marudzi matsva ezvidzidzo zvaive kwete zvingaita munguva yakapfuura. Kunyange zvakadaro, kukwanisa kuumba zero zvinodhura zvidzidzo zvinogona kusimudzira mibvunzo mitsva yemitemo, musoro wandichazogadzirisa iye zvino.
