4.6.2 maitiro mumugadziro wako: shandura, kuchenesa, uye kuderedza
Ita kuedza kwako zvikuru kuda nokutsiva kuedza nevasiri experimental zvidzidzo, yokuchenesa kurapwa, uye kuderedza vechikamu.
Chikamu chechipiri chezano randingadi kupa pamusoro pekugadzira dhigirii redhijita kunosangana nemitemo. Sezvo Restivo uye van de Rijt vachiedza mabarnstars mu Wikipedia inoratidza, kuderedza mari kunoreva kuti tsika dzichava chikamu chinokosha chekutsvakurudza. Mukuwedzera kune maitiro ehutungamiri anotungamirira nyaya dzevanhu kutsvakurudza kwandicharondedzera muchitsauko 6, vatsvakurudzi vanogadzira dhigiriji dzedigoni vanogonawo kutora pfungwa dzemitemo kubva pane imwe nzvimbo: maitiro ehutsika akavakwa kuti atungamirire kuedza kunosanganisira mhuka. Kunyanya, mubhuku ravo rinonyanya kukosha reMitemo yeHumane Experimental Technique , Russell and Burch (1959) vakaronga mitemo mitatu inofanira kutungamirira kutsvakurudza kwemhuka: kuchinja, kunatsa, uye kuderedza. Ndinoda kurongedza kuti izvi zvitatu zveR zvinogonawo kushandiswa-mune fomu duku-kuchinjwa kugadzirwa kwekuedza kwevanhu. Zvikuru sei,
- Dzokorora: Dzokorora kuongororwa nenzira shoma dzisingasviki kana zvichibvira.
- Tsanangurira: Tsanangura mushonga kuti uite seisina ngozi sezvinobvira.
- Deredza: Deredzai nhamba yevatori vechikamu mukuedza kwako sezvinogona.
Kuti uite izvi zvitatu zveR rkrete uye kuratidzira kuti vanogona sei kutungamirira kune zviri nani uye zvakanyanya kufanana nekugadzirwa kwevanhu, ini ndicharondedzera shanduro yekutsvaga mhepo yakaita kuti nharo dzetsika dzivepo. Zvadaro, ndicharondedzera kuti iyo mitatu R inoratidza sei maitiro uye kuchinja kunoshanda kune zvakagadzirwa zvekuedza.
Imwe yepamusoro-soro yakanyatsotarisana nemichina yekuedza dhijitori yakaitwa naAdam Kramer, Jamie Guillroy, naJeffrey Hancock (2014) uye yava kunzi "Kushushikana Kwepfungwa." Kuedza kwakaitika pa Facebook uye kwakakurudzirwa nekusanganiswa kwesayenzi uye mibvunzo inoshanda. Panguva iyo, iyo nzira huru iyo vashandisi vakabatana nayo neIndaneti yaiva News Feed, shanduro yekushandurwa kweIndaneti yemamiriro ekudzidzira kubva kune Facebook shamwari shamwari. Vamwe vatsoropodzi ve Facebook vakanga vataura kuti sezvo News Feed inowanikwa zvakanaka-shamwari dzinoratidzira bato ravo razvino-zvinogona kuita kuti vashandisi vanzwe vakashungurudzika nokuti hupenyu hwavo hwakanga husinganyanyi kufadza mukuenzanisa. Kune rumwe rutivi, zvichida mhedzisiro yacho yakanyatsosiyana: zvichida kuona shamwari yako ine nguva yakanaka ingakuita kuti ufare. Kuti tikwanise kugadzirisa mafungiro aya okukwikwidzana-uye kufambisa kunzwisisa kwedu kwokuti manzwiro anoita munhu anokanganiswa neshamwari dzake-Kramer nevanoshanda navo vakamhanyira kuedza. Vakaisa vanenge 700 000 vashanduri mumapoka mana kwevhiki imwechete: "kusagutsikana-kuderedzwa" boka, kune avo vane mazita asina kunaka (semuenzaniso, "kusuruvara") akangovharwa kubva kuNews Feed; "positivity-yakaderedzwa" boka rinowanikwa mazita ane mazano akanaka (semuenzaniso, "anofara") akangovharwa; uye mapoka maviri ekudzora. Muboka rinodzora re "kusagutsikana-rakaderedzwa" boka, zvivako zvakangoerekana zvadzivirirwa pahuwandu hwakafanana ne "kusagutsikana-kuderedzwa" boka asi pasina hanya nehuwandu hwepfungwa. Boka rinodzora re "positivity-rakatapudzwa" boka rakavakwa nenzira yakafanana. Chirongwa chekuedza uku chinoratidza kuti boka rakakodzera rekutonga harisi nguva dzose risingachinje. Pane kudaro, dzimwe nguva, boka rinodzora rinogamuchira kurapwa kuitira kuti kuve nekuenzanisa kwakakwana iyo mubvunzo wekutsvaga unoda. Muzviitiko zvose, mhemberero dzakadzivirirwa kubva kuNews Feed dzakanga dzichiripo kune vashandisi kuburikidza nedzimwe nzvimbo dze webhusaiti yepa Facebook.
Kramer nevamwe vaaishanda navo vakawana kuti kune vatori vechikamu mumamiriro ezvinhu akanaka-akaderedzwa, chiyero chemashoko akanaka mumamiriro avo ekuvandudzwa kwehutsika zvakaderera uye chikamu chemashoko asina kunaka akawedzera. Kune rumwe rutivi, kune vatori vechikamu mumusana-kusagadzikana mamiriro, kuchema kwemashoko akanaka kunowedzera uye kwemashoko asina kunaka akaderera (mufananidzo 4.24). Zvisinei, izvi zviitiko zvaive zviduku: kusiyana pakati pemashoko akanaka uye asina kunaka pakati pemishonga uye kutonga kwaiva ne1 mu1000 mazwi.
Mufananidzo 4.24: Uchapupu hwekupararira kwepfungwa (Kramer, Guillory, and Hancock 2014) . Vatori vechikamu mumusana-kusagadzikana mamiriro akashandiswa mashoma mazwi asina kunaka uye mamwe mazwi akanaka, uye vatori vechikamu mu positivity-yakaderedzwa mamiriro akashandiswa mamwe mazwi akaipa uye mashoma mazwi akanaka. Bhari inomiririra inofungidzirwa zvikanganiso zvakakwana Yakagadzirwa kubva Kramer, Guillory, and Hancock (2014) , chidzidzo 1.
Ndisati ndakurukura nezvehutano hwakakonzerwa nechiitiko ichi, ndinoda kurondedzera nyaya nhatu dzesayenzi dzichishandisa dzimwe pfungwa kubva pakutanga kwechitsauko. Chokutanga, hazvisi pachena kuti mashoko chaiwo ezvokuedza akabatanidza kudai; mune mamwe mazwi, kune mibvunzo pamusoro pekuvaka kuvimbika. Hazvisi pachena kuti shoko rakanaka uye risina kunaka rinokosha chaizvoizvo chiratidzo chakanaka chemafungiro evanhu vanotora chikamu nokuti (1) hazvisi pachena kuti mashoko ayo vanhu vanonyora ndiwo chiratidzo chekunzwa kwavo uye (2) haisi kujekesa kuti mamwe manzwiro ekuongorora mafungiro ayo vatsvakurudzi vakashandisa anokwanisa kunyatsovhiringidza manzwiro (Beasley and Mason 2015; Panger 2016) . Mune mamwe mazwi, pangave pane chiyero chakashata chechiratidzo chinokanganisa. Chechipiri, kugadzirwa uye kuongororwa kwekuedza hakututi chinhu pamusoro pokuti ndiani akanyanya kunetseka (kureva, hapana kuongororwa kwehutano hwehutano hwehutano) uye izvo zvinogona kuitwa. Muchiitiko ichi, vatsvakurudzi vaiva neruzivo rwakanyanya pamusoro pevatori vechikamu, asi ivo vainyanya kurapwa semafargethi mukuongorora. Chechitatu, maitiro ekukura muzviitiko izvi akanga ari maduku; musiyano pakati pemishonga uye kutonga mamiriro acho ndeye 1 mu1000 mazwi. Mumapapepa avo, Kramer nevamwe vanoita kuti nyaya yacho iite kuti hukuru hunokosha nekuti mazana emamiriyoni evanhu anowanikwa neNews Feed zuva rimwe nerimwe. Mune mamwe mazwi, vanopikisa kuti kunyange kana zvikanganiso zviduku kune munhu mumwe nomumwe, ivo vakuru muhuwandu. Kunyangwe iwe uchizobvumirana nekukakavadzana uku, hachiri kujekesa kana chiitiko chehukuru ichi chakakosha pamusoro pemubvunzo wezvemasayenzi akawanda pamusoro pekupararira kwemanzwiro (Prentice and Miller 1992) .
Mukuwedzera kune mibvunzo iyi yesayenzi, mazuva mashoma mushure mekunge pepa iyi yakabudiswa muZvirevo zveNational Academy of Sciences , pakanga paine kuchema kukuru kubva kune vese vatsvakurudzo nevepanhau (ini ndicharondedzera mazano ari munhaurirano zvakanyanya muchitsauko 6 ). Nyaya dzakasimudzwa munhaurirano iyi dzakakonzera kuti pepanhau ribudise chisingawanzo "chinyorwa chekutaura kwekutya" pamusoro pemitemo uye chekuongorora maitiro ekutsvakurudza (Verma 2014) .
Tichifunga nezvemashoko aya pamusoro peKutapukira Kwemwoyo, ndinoda kuratidzira kuti zvitatu zveR zvinokwanisa kuratidza konti, kubudirira kunobatsira kwezvidzidzo zvechokwadi (chero zvingave iwe iwe pachako unofunga pamusoro pemitemo yehutsva urwu). Ikutanga R inotsiva : vatsvakurudzi vanofanira kutsvaga kutsvaga kuongororwa nemaitiro mashoma uye asina ngozi, kana zvichibvira. Semuenzaniso, pane kungotanga kuongororwa kwakaongororwa, vatsvakurudzi vangave vakashandisa zvido zvepanyama . Sezvinorondedzerwa muchitsauko 2, kuedza kwepanyama mamiriro ezvinhu apo chimwe chinhu chinoitika munyika iyo inofungidzira kushandiswa kwemaitiro ekurapa (semuenzaniso, lottery kuti aone kuti ndiani achanyorwa muchiuto). Maitiro ekutenderera kwekuedza kwepanyama ndeyekuti muongorori haafaniri kutora mishonga: mamiriro ezvinhu anoita izvozvo kwauri. Semuenzaniso, inenge panguva imwechete neEjection Contagion experiment, Lorenzo Coviello et al. (2014) yaive kushandisa izvo zvinogona kunzi Emotional Contagion chaiwo. Coviello uye vashandi pamwe chete vakawana kuti vanhu vanonyora mashoko asina kunaka uye vashoma mashoko akanaka pamazuva apo kunaya. Saka, kuburikidza nekushandura kwakasiyana-siyana mumamiriro ekunze, vakakwanisa kudzidza kuitika kwekuchinja mu News Feed pasina chikonzero chekupindira zvachose. Zvaiita sokunge kuti mamiriro ekunze akanga achiedza kuedza kwavo. Zvinyorwa zvekuita kwavo zvakaoma zvishoma, asi chinonyanya kukosha pane zvatinoda pano ndechokuti kuburikidza nekushandisa chiitiko chechisikigo, Coviello nevanoshanda navo vakakwanisa kudzidza pamusoro pekupararira kwemanzwiro kunze kwekudiwa kwekutonga ivo pachavo.
Yechipiri yevatatu Rs inonatswa : vatsvakurudzi vanofanira kutsvaka kuchenesa maitiro avo kuti vaite sevasina maturo sezvinobvira. Somuenzaniso, panzvimbo yekuvhara zvinyorwa zvaive zvakanaka kana zvisina kunaka, vatsvakurudzi vangave vakawedzera zvinyorwa zvaive zvakanaka kana zvisina kunaka. Izvi zvinokurudzira kugadzirisa zvingadai zvakashandura zviri mukati mehutano zvevatori venhau 'News Feeds, asi zvingadai zvakataurira chimwe chezvinetso izvo vatsoropodzi vakataura: kuti kuongorora kungave kwakakonzera kuti vatori vechikoro varasikirwa nemashoko anokosha mu News Feed. Nekushandiswa kunoshandiswa naKamer uye vashandi pamwe navo, shoko rinokosha rinogona kunge rakadzivirirwa sechisiri. Zvisinei, nekunatsiridza kugadzirwa, mharidzo inenge ichitsvaga dzichava iyo iyo isingakoshi.
Pakupedzisira, chechitatu R inoderedzwa : vatsvakurudzi vanofanira kutsvaga kuderedza nhamba yevatori vechikamu mukuedza kwavo kusvika pavanenge vachidiwa kuti vabudirire chinangwa chavo chesayenzi. Mune maitiro ekufananidza, izvi zvakaitika zvakasununguka nekuda kwekushanduka kwakawanda kwevatori vechikamu. Asi mune zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi, kunyanya avo vane zero yakasiyana-siyana, vatsvakurudzi havatarisi zvinetso zvekuda kwehukuru hwekuedza kwavo, uye izvi zvinogona kutungamirira kuongororo dzisingaverengeki.
Semuenzaniso, Kramer uye vashandi vangave vakashandisa nhepfenyuro yekutangira kurapwa pamusoro pevatori vechikamu-sepamberi yekurapa kutumira maitiro-kuita kuti kuongorora kwavo kuwedzere. Kunyanya kujekesa, pane kuenzanisa chikamu chemashoko akanaka mukati mekurapa nekudzivirira mamiriro ezvinhu, Kramer uye vashandi vangave vakafananidza kuchinja kwehuwandu hwemashoko akanaka pakati pemamiriro; nzira iyo dzimwe nguva inonzi inosanganiswa yakagadzirwa (chimiro 4.5) uye dzimwe nguva inonzi kuenzanisa-mu-kusiyana-kuenzanisa. Icho chikonzero, kune mumwe nomumwe mubatanidzwa, vatsvakurudzi vangave vakasika shanduko yekuchinja (post-treatment treatment \(-\) pre-treatment treatment) uye voenzanisa kuchinja kwezvikamu zvevatori vechikamu mukurapa nekudzivirira mamiriro. Izvi zvakasiyana-siyana-zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya, izvo zvinoreva kuti vatsvakurudzi vanogona kuwana huwandu hwehuwandu hwemashoko vachishandisa zviduku zviduku zvikuru.
Pasina ruzivo rwakasvibiswa, zvakaoma kuziva zvakajeka kuti zvakanyanya zvakajeka sei kusiyana-kwe-kusiyana-kuenzanisa kunenge kwave kuri munyaya ino. Asi isu tinogona kutarisa zvimwe zvidzidzo zvinoenderana nemafungiro akaipa. Deng et al. (2013) yakashuma kuti kuburikidza nekushandisa chimiro chekuenzanisa-mu-kusiyana-kuenzanisa, vakakwanisa kuderedza kusiyana kwehuwandu hwavo nekusvika 50% mumatatu matatu akasiyana-siyana ekutengesa; Zvakafanana zvakave zvakataurwa Xie and Aurisset (2016) . Izvi zvinodarika makumi mashanu kubva muzana zvinoreva kuti vatsvakurudzi veEmotional Contagion vangave vakakwanisa kudonha muenzaniso wavo muhafu kana vakashandisa nzira yakasiyana yekuongorora nzira. Mune mamwe mazwi, nechinetso chiduku mukutsvaga, vanhu 350 000 vangangodaro vasina kubatanidzwa mukuedza.
Panguva ino, ungangodaro unetseka kuti sei vatsvakurudzi vanofanira kutarisira kana vanhu 350 000 vari muKupikisa Kwepfungwa pasina. Pane zvikamu zviviri zvakasiyana-siyana zvekunyangarika kwepfungwa zvinokonzera kufungisisa nekukura kwakakura zvakakodzera, uye izvi zvinowanikwa zvizhinji zvemajeri masayenzi ekuongorora: (1) kune kusava nechokwadi kana kuedza kuchakonzera vamwe vanenge vatora uye (2) kubatanidzwa yakanga isiri yokuzvidira. Zvinoratidzika kujeka kuedza kuramba uchiedza izvo zvine zvinhu izvi zviduku sezvinogona.
Kuti uve pachena, chido chekuderedza ukuru hwekuedza kwako hazvirevi kuti iwe haufaniri kumhanya zvakakura, zero kushandiswa kwemari kuedza. Zvinongoreva kuti maitiro ako haafaniri kunge ari makuru kudarika iwe unoda kuzadzisa chinangwa chako chesayenzi. Imwe nzira inokosha yekuita nechokwadi kuti kuedza kwakakodzera zvakakwana ndekuita simba rekuongorora (Cohen 1988) . Mumakore ekufananidzira, vatsvakurudzi kazhinji vakashandisa kuongorora simba kuti vaone kuti kudzidza kwavo kwakanga kusinganyanyi kuduku (kureva, pasi-powered). Zvino, zvisinei, vatsvakurudzi vanofanira kuongorora simba kuti vaone kuti kudzidza kwavo hakusi kukuru (kureva, kuwedzerwa-simba).
Mukupedzisa, vatatu veR's-vanotsiva, vanatsiridza, uye vanochera-vanopa mazano anokwanisa kubatsira vatsvakurudzi kuvaka maitiro ekugadzira maitiro avo. Zvechokwadi, chimwe nechimwe chezvinhu izvi zvinogona kuchinja kuKuparadzirwa Kwemwoyo kunotanga maranho-offs. Semuenzaniso, humwe uchapupu hunobva kuongororwa kwezvisikwa hausi nguva dzose yakachena seyo kubva kuongororo dzese, uye kuwedzera zvingangodaro zvingangodaro zvave zvakanyanya kuoma kushandisa kunze kwekuvhara zvinyorwa. Saka, chinangwa chekuratidza kuchinja uku chakanga chisingaiti chekufungidzira zvisarudzo zvevamwe vanotsvakurudza. Pane kudaro, kwaiva kuenzanisira kuti izvo zvitatu zveR zvinogona kushandiswa sei mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo. Kutaura zvazviri, nyaya yezvokutengeserana inouya nguva dzose mukugadzira kutsvakurudza, uye mu digital-age, idzi idzi dzekutengeserana dzichawedzera kusimbisa maitiro. Gare gare, muchitsauko 6, ini ndichapa mamwe maitiro uye zvigadziro zvinogona kubatsira vatsvakurudzi kunzwisisa nekukurukurirana idzi dzekutengeserana.
