Activities

• dambudziko rekuoma: nyore , midzi , zvakaoma , zvakaoma zvikuru
• inoda math ( )
• inoda coding ( )
• data collection ( )
• my favorites ( )

1. [ , ] Berinsky uye vashandi (2012) vakaongorora MTurk muchikamu nekududzira zvitatu zvekare. Dzokorora hukuru hweAsia Matenda uchitanga kuedza Tversky and Kahneman (1981) . Ko mhinduro yako inofanana naTversky naKahneman's? Ko mhinduro yako inowirirana naBerinsky uye vashandi pamwe navo here? Chii-kana chimwe chinhu-izvi zvinodzidzisa here nezvekushandisa MTurk kuongororwa kuongororwa?

2. [ , ] Mamwe mapepa emutauro-mu-cheek ane zita rokuti "Tinofanira Kuputsa," nyanzvi yezvemagariro evanhu Robert Cialdini, mumwe wevanyori Schultz et al. (2007) , akanyora kuti akanga achibvisa pabasa kubva pabasa rake semupurofesa, chikamu pamusana pezvinetso zvaakatarisana nazvo pakuita zvidzidzo mukuranga (psychology) iyo inonyanya kuitisa maitiro ekuongorora (Cialdini 2009) . Verenga Cialdini pepa, uye unyorere imeiri inomukurudzira kuti aongorore kupera kwake-zvichienderana nemikana yezvigadzirwa zve digital. Shandisa mienzaniso chaiyo yekutsvakurudza iyo inotaura nezvezvinetso zvake.

3. [ ] Kuti uone kana kukunda kwepakutanga kuvhara mukati kana kupera, van de Rijt uye pamwe chete nevamwe (2014) vakapindira muhurongwa hune hwakasiyana hunobudirira kuburikidza nevasarudzo vakasarudzwa, uye akayera kuve kwenguva refu kwezvinokonzerwa nekubudirira uku kusingaiti. Unogona here kufunga nezvemamwe maitiro ayo iwe unogona kutarisa kuongorora kwakafanana? Ongorora maitiro aya maererano nematambudziko ezvesayenzi, zvigadziriswe zvinokonzera (ona chitsauko 2), nemitemo.

4. [ , ] Migumisiro yechiratidzo inogona kuvimba nevatori vechikamu. Gadzirai kuedza uye mozoenda kuMaturk uchishandisa nzira mbiri dzakasiyana dzokugadzirira. Edza kusarudza nzira yekuedza uye yekugadzirira kuitira kuti migumisiro ive yakasiyana zvakakosha. Semuenzaniso, mazano ako ekutsvaga angave ekuunganidza vatori vechikamu mangwanani nepamanheru kana kubhadhara vatori vechikamu nemari yakaderera uye yakaderera. Izvo zvakasiyana zvekushandira nzira zvinogona kutungamirira kumadzimai akasiyana-siyana evatori vechikamu nemigumisiro yakasiyana yekuedza. Mhinduro dzako dzakabuda sei? Izvozvo zvinoratidzei nezvekuedza kuedza paTTurk?

5. [ , , ] Fungidzira kuti wakanga uchironga kuedza kwepfungwa kuedza (Kramer, Guillory, and Hancock 2014) . Shandisa migumisiro kubva pane chiitiko chekare chekucherechedza Kramer (2012) kuti asarudze nhamba yevatori vechikamu mumamiriro ose ega. Izvi zvidzidzo zviviri hazvienzani zvakakwana saka iva nechokwadi chokuti unonyora pasi mafungiro ose aunoita:

   1. Simbira mharidzo iyo ichasarudza kuti vangani vatori vechikamu vangadai vakadikanwa kuti vaone kuitika kwakakura semigumisiro Kramer (2012) ne \(\alpha = 0.05\) uye \(1 - \beta = 0.8\) .
   2. Ita zvakaenzana kuverenga kuongorora.
   3. Kupiwa migumisiro inobva Kramer (2012) yaive neMagumisiro Emotional (Kramer, Guillory, and Hancock 2014) pamusoro pesimba (kureva kuti, yakave nevatori vechikamu vakawanda kupfuura zvaidiwa) here?
   4. Pfungwa dzako dzawakaita, dzinova nemigumisiro yakakura pakuverenga kwako?

6. [ , , ] Pindura mubvunzo wekare zvakare, asi nguva ino panzvimbo yekushandisa chiitiko chekare chekucherechedza Kramer (2012) , shandisa mhinduro kubva pane imwe yeruzivo rwepanyama Lorenzo Coviello et al. (2014) .

7. [ ] Margetts et al. (2011) uye van de Rijt et al. (2014) vakaedza kuongorora nzira yevanhu vari kusayina chikumbiro. Enzanisa uye osiyanisa maitiro uye zvakawanikwa zvezviongororwa izvi.

8. [ ] Dwyer, Maki, and Rothman (2015) vakaita mazano maviri emunda pamusoro pehukama pakati pemitemo yevanhu pamwe nehuwandu hwemagariro ezvakatipoteredza. Heino mutsara wepepa yavo:

   "Shanduro yepfungwa ingashandiswa sei kukurudzira proenvironmental maitiro? Muzvidzidzo zviviri, kupindira kwakagadziriswa kukurudzira maitiro ekuchengetedza magetsi mumagariro evanhu vose akacherechedza zvinopesana nemitemo inotsanangurwa uye mutoro wega. MuChidzidzo 1, chimiro chechiedza (kureva, chakanga chiripo kana kuti chakavhara) chakashandiswa zvisati zvaitika munhu asati apinda mubasa revanhu risina kubatikana, achiratidza chirevo chinotsanangurwa chekugadzirisa. Vatori vechikamu vainyanya kukosha kuti mabhenekeri avhare kana ainge apera pavakapinda. MuChidzidzo chechipiri, chimwe chiitiko chaive chakabatanidzwa umo chirevo chekudzima chiedza chakaratidzirwa nesangano, asi vatori vechikamu vakanga vasina ivo pachavo vaine mhosva yekutendeuka. Mutoro wega wega unoenzanisa kushandiswa kwemitemo yehupenyu hwekuita; apo vatori vechikamu vakanga vasina mhosva yekushandura chiedza, simba rechimiro rakapera. Iyi migumisiro inoratidza maitiro anotsanangurwa uye mutoro wega wega anogona kutungamirira kubudirira kwezvinyorwa zveproenvironmental. "

   Verenga mapepa avo nekugadzira kudzokorora kwechidzidzo 1.

9. [ , ] Kuvaka pamubvunzo wapfuura, ikozvino ita basa rako.

   1. Mhinduro yacho inofananidzwa sei?
   2. Chii chinogona kutsanangura kusiyana uku?

10. [ ] Pakave nekukakavadzana kukuru pamusoro pekuedza kuburikidza vachishandisa vatori vechikoro vakanyorerwa kubva kuMaturk. Mukufananidza, pane zvakare kwakave nekukakavadzana kukuru pamusoro pekuedza kushandiswa vachishandisa vatori vechikoro vakanyorerwa kubva pasi pedduduate vadzidzi. Nyora memo maviri-mapeji ekuenzanisa nekusiyanisa Turkers uye pasi pedduduates sevadzidzi vanoongorora. Kufananidza kwako kunofanira kusanganisira kukurukurirana kwezvesayenzi uye zvinyorwa zvine chokuita.

11. [ ] Jim Manzi's book Uncontrolled (2012) isumo rinoshamisa kune simba rekuedza mune zvebhizimisi. Mubhuku akaendesa nyaya inotevera:

    "Ndaimbova mumusangano nechechokwadi bhizinesi genius, mabhiriyoniire akazvigadzirira aive akadzika, ainitive understating simba rekuedza. Kambani yake yakashandisa zviwanikwa zvakanyanya kuedza kuumba dare rekuchengetedza mafasitiriti akawanda aizokwezva vatengi uye kuwedzerwa kutengesa, sezvinonzi uchenjeri hunowanzotaurwa. Nyanzvi dzakaongororwa zvakaongororwa mushure mekugadzirisa, uye muzvirongwa zvekuongorora zvekuzvidzivirira pamunhu kwemazana emakore zvakaramba zvichiratidza kuti hapana chinokonzera kukanganisa kwechimwe chimwe chitsva chekuratidzira kugadzirwa pakutengesa. Vatengi vekutsvaga uye vatengesi vekutengeserana vakasangana naChishanu kuti aongorore izvi zviitiko zvemugumo mhinduro mutoti. Mushure mokupa nyaya yese yekuedza, vakagumisa kuti humwe huchenjeri hwakanga husina kunaka-iyo mahwindo inotaridza haifambisi kutengesa. Basa ravo rakakurudzirwa raiva kuderedza mari nekuedza munharaunda ino. Izvi zvakaratidza zvakanakira kukwanisa kuedza kuputsa uchenjeri hunowanikwa. Mhinduro yeGweta yakange iri nyore: 'Mhedziso yangu ndeyokuti vako vakagadzira havakwanisi.' Mhinduro yake yaive kuwedzera kuedza muchitoro kuratidza kugadzirwa, uye kuwana vanhu vatsva kuzviita. " (Manzi 2012, 158–9)

    Ndeupi rudzi rwekutendeseka kushushikana kweGweta Guru?

12. [ ] Kuvaka pamubvunzo wapfuura, fungidzira kuti wakanga uri pamusangano apo migumisiro yezvidzidzo yakakurukurwa. Ndeipi mibvunzo mina yaungabvunza-imwe yemhando imwe neimwe yekutendeka (nhamba, kuvaka, mukati, uye kunze)?

13. [ ] Bernedo, Ferraro, and Price (2014) akadzidza makore manomwe emakore ekupindira kwemvura kunotsanangurwa muna Ferraro, Miranda, and Price (2011) (ona mufananidzo 4.11). Mune pepa rino, Bernedo nevamwe vaaishanda navo vakatsvakawo kunzwisisa nzira yekuita nayo kuburikidza nekuenzanisa mararamiro emhuri ane uye asina kutama mushure mokunge kurapwa kwacho kuchiendeswa. Icho chikonzero, zvakaoma, vakaedza kuona kana mushonga wacho wakakanganisa imba kana mwene weimba.

    1. Verenga pepa racho, tsanangura maitiro avo, uye muchidimbu zvavakawana.
    2. Kuwana zvavakawana zvinogadzirisa maitiro aunofanirwa kuongoredza mari-inoshanda yezvinyorwa zvakafanana here? Kana zvakadaro, sei? Kana zvisina kudaro, sei?

14. [ ] Mukutevera kuna Schultz et al. (2007) , Schultz uye vashandi pamwe chete vakaita ruzivo rwezvidzidzo zvitatu pamigumisiro yezvinotsanangurwa uye zvinopesana nemitemo pane zvakasiyana-siyana zvehupenyu (tauro rinoshandiswazve) mumamiriro maviri (hoteli uye timeshare condominium) (Schultz, Khazian, and Zaleski 2008) .

    1. Dzokorora chimiro nekuwanikwa kwezvinhu izvi zvitatu.
    2. Ko, kana zvakadaro, vanoshandura tsanangudzo yako ye Schultz et al. (2007) ?

15. [ ] Mukupindura kuna Schultz et al. (2007) , Canfield, Bruin, and Wong-Parodi (2016) yakaronga mhando yebazi-semafungiro ekudzidza maitiro emagetsi emagetsi. Heino maitiro avanozvitsanangura mubhaibheri:

    "Mukutsvakurudza kwakaitwa, mumwe muboka akaona shanduko yemagetsi yemhuri ine mari yakawanda yemashandisirwo emagetsi, inovhara ruzivo pamusoro (a) kushandiswa kwenhoroondo, (b) kufananidza nevavakidzani, uye (c) kushandiswa kwezvakaitika kare nekugadziriswa kwemashandiro. Vatori vechikamu vakaona mhando dzose dzemashoko mune chimwe chezvikwata zvitatu kusanganisira (a) matafura, (b) mabhafu emabhafu, uye (c) mavara emifananidzo. Isu tinoshuma pamusoro pezvikamu zvitatu zvakawanikwa. Chokutanga, vatengi vainzwisisa ruzivo rwemagetsi-ruzivo rwekushandisa ruzivo rwepamusoro apo rwakaratidzwa mu tafura, zvichida nokuti matafura anoita kuti kuverenga kuve nyore. Chechipiri, zvido uye zvinangwa zvekuchengetedza magetsi ndizvo zvakasimba kune zvinyorwa zvekushandiswa kwemashoko, zvakasununguka nemafaira. Chechitatu, vanhu vane simba rekuverenga nekunyora vanonzwisisa zvose zvishoma. "

    Kusiyana nedzimwe dzidzo dzekutevera, mhedzisiro yekufarira Canfield, Bruin, and Wong-Parodi (2016) inonzi yakashushikana, kwete maitiro chaiwo. Ndezvipi simba uye utera hwemhando iyi yekudzidza mune purogiramu yakawanda yekutsvakurudza inokurudzira kugadzirisa magetsi?

16. [ , ] Smith and Pell (2003) vakaratidza meta-analysis yezvidzidzo zvichiratidza kubudirira kweparachutes. Vakagumisa kuti:

    "Sezvo nehutano hwakawanda hwakagadzirirwa kuchengetedza hutano husina kunaka, kubudirira kweparachutes hakuna kuiswa pachigadziro chekuongorora kuburikidza uchishandisa miedzo yakarongeka yakaitwa. Vatsigiri vehupi hwehupfungwa hwakagadziriswa vakatsoropodza kubvumirwa kwekugadzirisa kuongororwa kuburikidza vachishandisa tsanangudzo yekucherechedza chete. Tinofunga kuti munhu wese anogona kubatsirwa kana vanonyanya kupindira vehupi hwehupi hwehutano hwakarongwa hwakarongeka uye vakabatanidzwa mune zvakapetwa kaviri, zvakasarudzwa, placebo inodzorwa, kutongwa kwepasipoti yeparachute. "

    Nyora i-op-ed yakakodzera yepepanhau rekuverenga-jikelele, rakadai seNew York Times , kukakavara pamusoro pekusimudzirwa kweuchapupu hwekuedza. Ipa mienzaniso yakananga, yakakosha. Hint: Onawo Deaton (2010) na Bothwell et al. (2016) .

17. [ , , ] Kusiyana-mu-kusiyana-kuenzana kwekuenzanisa kwechiitiko chekurapa kunogona kuva yakanyatsojeka kudarika kusiyana-kwe-in-estim estimates. Nyora memo kune injini inotarisira kuongorora kweA / B pakatanga-up social media company inotsanangura kukosha kwekusiyana-kwe-kusiyana kwekushandisa shanduro yekutsvaga. Memo inofanira kusanganisira chirevo chechinetso, imwe intuition pamusoro pemamiriro ezvinhu umo musiyano-mu-kusiyana-muongorori achazoparadzanisa kusiyana-kwe-mu-estimator kureva, uye kushandiswa kwekuenzanisa kushandiswa.

18. [ , ] Gary Loveman aiva purofesa paHarvard Business School asati ava mukuru weHarrah's, rimwe remakambani makuru emakasinisi munyika. Apo akatamira kuHarrah's, Loveman akachinja sangano racho neanogara-flier-sekutendeka purogiramu yakaunganidza yakawandisa deta pamusoro pemitambo yevatengi. Pamusoro peizvi nguva dzose-pane chiyero chekuyera, kambani yakatanga kuedza kuedza. Semuenzaniso, vangaita shanje kuongorora kuitika kwechikwata chemasikati ehotera yepamusoro kune vatengi vane rimwe bhajimu. Hezvino uko Loveman akarondedzera kukosha kwekuedza kuHarrah zvemazuva ose maitiro ebhizimisi:

    "Zvakafanana newe usingavhiringidzi vakadzi, hauba, uye unofanira kuva neboka rinodzora. Ichi ndicho chimwe chezvinhu izvo iwe unogona kurasikirwa nebasa rako paHarrah-kwete kushanda boka rinodzora. " (Manzi 2012, 146)

    Nyora email kune mushandi mushandi achitsanangura kuti nei Loveman achifunga kuti zvakakosha kuva neboka rinodzora. Iwe unofanirwa kuedza kuisa muenzaniso-kana chaiwo kana wakaitwa-kuenzanisira pfungwa yako.

19. [ , ] Chiedza chitsva chinangwa chekufungidzira kuitika kwekugamuchira mayeuchidzo emashoko ekuyeuchidza kunorapwa. Zvirinjiniki zana nemakumi mashanu, imwe neimwe ine vatachiwana 600 vanofanirwa, vanoda kutora chikamu. Pane mari yakasarudzwa ye $ 100 yekliniki imwe neimwe yaunoda kushanda nayo, uye inodhura $ 1 pamashoko ose emutauro waunoda kutumira. Uyezve, makiriniki ose amunoshanda nawo achayera mhedziso (kana mumwe munhu akagamuchira chirwere) pasina rusununguko. Funga kuti une bhajeti ye $ 1 000.

    1. Pasi pemamiriro api zvingave zviri nani kutarisa zvinhu zvako pane nhamba shomanana yemakiriniki uye pasi pemamiriro api zvingave zviri nani kuparadzira zvakanyanya?
    2. Ndezvipi zvinhu zvinogona kugadzirisa zvishoma kudukura kwehukuru hukuru hwokuti iwe uchakwanisa kuvona zvakajeka nebhajheji yako?
    3. Nyora memo inotsanangura izvi zvekutengeserana kune mumwe munhu angaita mari.

20. [ , ] Dambudziko guru rekudzidzira paIndaneti is attition: vadzidzi vazhinji vanotanga zvidzidzo vanoguma vachiderera. Fungidzira kuti uri kushanda pachikwata chekudzidza paIndaneti, uye mugadziri pachikuva akasika bhubuko rekuona raanofunga kuti richabatsira kudzivirira vadzidzi kuti varege kubuda kunze. Iwe unoda kuedza kushanda kwebasa rekufambira mberi kune vadzidzi mune imwe huru yekudzidzira masayenzi ezvesayenzi. Mushure mokutaura nenyaya ipi neipi yemaitiro inogona kuitika mukuedza, iwe nevamwe vako unonetseka kuti dzidzo ingasave yakakwana yevadzidzi kuti vaone zvakajeka migumisiro yebhasi yekufambira mberi. Mune zviyero zvinotevera, unogona kufungidzira kuti hafu yevadzidzi ichagamuchira bhafambiro uye hafu. Uyezve, iwe unogona kufunga kuti hapana kupindira. Mune mamwe mazwi, unogona kufunga kuti vatori vechikamu vanongobatwa chete kana vakagamuchira kurapwa kana kutariswa; hazviitikwi nekuti vamwe vanhu vakagamuchira kurapwa kana kudzora (kwechinangwa chechimiro chakanyanya, ona chitsauko 8 Gerber and Green (2012) ). Chengetedza ruzivo rwezvimwe zviyeuchidzo zvaunoita.

    1. Ngatitii kufambira mberi kwebasa kunotarisirwa kuwedzera chikamu chevadzidzi vanopedzisa kirasi ne1 peresenti; chii chiyero chekuenzanisira chinodiwa kuve nechokwadi chekuona mhizha?
    2. Ngatitii kufambira mberi kwebasa kunotarisirwa kuwedzera chikamu chevadzidzi vanopedzisa kirasi ne10 muzana yepakati; chii chiyero chekuenzanisira chinodiwa kuve nechokwadi chekuona mhizha?
    3. Iye zvino fungidzira kuti wakamhanya kuedza, uye vadzidzi vakapedza zvose zvidzidzo zvekudzidza vakatora muedzo wokupedzisira. Paunofanidza kuongorora kwekupedzisira kwevadzidzi vakagamuchira bhafu yekufambira mberi nevakawanda veavo vasina, unowana, zvakashamisa iwe, kuti vadzidzi vasina kugamuchira bhorofu yekufambira mberi vakawana zvakakwirira. Izvi zvinoreva here kuti kufambira mberi kweganda kwakaita kuti vadzidzi vadzidze zvishomanana? Chii chaungadzidza kubva pane izvi zvabuda? (Zano: Ona chitsauko 7 Gerber and Green (2012) )

21. [ , , ] Fungidzira iwe uri kushanda sausayenzi wedhesi pane imwe kambani ye tech. Mumwe munhu anobva muDhipatimendi rekutsvaga anokumbira rubatsiro rwako mukuongorora kuedza kwavari kuronga kuitira kuenzanisa kudzoka kwekutsvaga (ROI) yemushandirapiti mutsva wekutsvaga paIndaneti. ROI inorondedzerwa seyo net net kubva pamushandirapakati wakaparadzaniswa nemari yekambani. Semuenzaniso, mushandirapamwe wakanga usingabatsiri pakutengesa waizova ne ROI ye--100%; mushandirapamwe umo pfuma yakagadzirwa yakaenzana nemari yaizova ne ROI ye 0; uye mushandirapamwe umo pfuma yakagadzirwa yaiva kaviri mari yaizova ne ROI ye 200%.

    Usati watanga kuedza, dhipatimendi rekutengesa rinokupa iwe nehuwandu hunotevera huri maererano nekutsvakurudza kwavo kwepakutanga (chaizvoizvo, izvi zvinokosha zvinowanzoonekwa pamakambani ekutsvaga muIndaneti neRao (2015) ):

    • Izvo zvinoreva kutengesa kune mutengi wese anotevera kugoverwa kwegoghi-rwemazuva nechinangwa che $ 7 uye kuperesa kwakakwana kwe $ 75.
    • Mushandirapamwe unotarisirwa kuwedzerwa kutengesa ne $ 0.35 pamutengi, izvo zvinoenderana nekuwedzera kwebhadhara ye $ 0.175 pamutengi.
    • Huru hwakarongeka hwekuedza ndeyevanhu 200 000: hafu muboka rekurapa uye hafu muboka rekutonga.
    • Mari yekambani iyi ndeye $ 0.14 pamubatanidzwa.
    • Izvo zvinotarisirwa ROI yemushandirapamwe ndeye 25% [ \((0.175 - 0.14)/0.14\) ]. Mune mamwe mazwi, dhipatimendi rekutengesa rinotenda kuti kune imwe neimwe madhora zana anoshandiswa pakushambadzira, kambani ichawana mamwe $ 25 mune purofiti.

    Nyora memo kuongorora ichi chiitiko chinotsvakurudzwa. Memo yako inofanira kushandisa uchapupu kubva mukufananidza iwe unogadzira, uye inofanira kugadzirisa nyaya mbiri huru: (1) Ungakurudzira kutanga chirongwa ichi sezvakarongwa here? Kana zvakadaro, sei? Kana zvisina kudaro, sei? Iva nechokwadi chekujekesa pamusoro penzira yaunoshandisa kuita sarudzo iyi. (2) Ndeupi muenzaniso wekuyera iwe unogona kukurudzira kuedza uku? Zvakare fadza iwe iva nechokwadi kuti ujekese pamusoro penzira yaunoshandisa kuita sarudzo iyi.

    Memo yakanaka ichakutarisa nyaya iyi; memo iri nani ichazadza kubva kune imwe nyaya nenzira imwechete (semuenzaniso, kuratidza kuti chisarudzo chinoshanduka sei sechinhu chekukura kwemagumisiro emushandirapamwe); uye memo huru icharatidza chizere chakakwana. Memo yako inofanira kushandisa mairafu kuti abatsire kuenzanisira zvawanikwa.

    Pano pane mazano maviri. Kutanga, dhipatimendi rekutengesa ringadai rakakupa ruzivo rwusingafaniri, uye vangangokundikana kukupa mamwe mashoko anodiwa. Chechipiri, kana uri kushandisa R, ziva kuti rlnorm () basa harishandi nenzira iyo vanhu vakawanda vanotarisira.

    Ichi chiitiko chichakupa iwe kudzidzira nekugadzirisa simba, kugadzira kufanana, nekukurukura mitsva yako nemashoko nemagrafu. Iko inofanira kukubatsira kuti uite simba rekuongorora kwemarudzi ose emuedzo, kwete kungoita zvidzidzo zvakagadzirirwa kuenzanisa ROI. Ichi chiitiko chinotora kuti une ruzivo rwekuverenga nekuenzanisa nekuongorora simba. Kana iwe usingazivi nezvekuongorora simba, ndinokurudzira kuti uverenge "A Power Primer" Cohen (1992) .

    Uyu basa rakafuridzirwa nepepanhau rakanaka RA Lewis and Rao (2015) , iro rinojekesa zvakajeka kuyerwa kwekuverengwa kwezvinyorwa zvekuedza kukuru. Mapepa avo-ayo aimbova nechinangwa chinokurudzira "Pari Pedyo-Kusakwanisa Kuenzanisa Kudzokera Kukutengeserana" -kunotaura kuti zvakaoma sei kuverenga kudzoka kwekutsvaga kwekutsvaga kwepaIndaneti, kunyange neongororo dzedigiramu dzinosanganisira mamiriyoni evatengi. Kunyanya kakawanda, RA Lewis and Rao (2015) vanoratidza chokwadi chakakosha chezvinhu zvinonyanya kukosha kuedza kwemajeri-age: zvakaoma kuverenga madhiyabhorosi emigumisiro mukati mekufema kwekutsvaga kwekufambisa.

22. [ , ] Ita zvakafanana nemubvunzo wepakutanga, asi, panzvimbo pekufananidza, unofanira kushandisa maitiro ekuongorora.

23. [ , , ] Ita zvakafanana nemubvunzo wepakutanga, asi shandisa zvose kuenzanisa uye kuongororwa kwemigumisiro.

24. [ , , ] Fungidzira iwe wakanyora memo inotsanangurwa pamusoro apa, uye mumwe munhu kubva muDhipatimendi rokudhinda anopa rumwe ruzivo rwehutsva hutsva: vanotarisira 0.4 kuwirirana pakati pekutengeswa asati uye shure kwekuedza. Izvi zvinoshandura sei mazano mukati memo yako? (Zano: ona chikamu 4.6.2 nezvimwe pamusoro pekuenzanisa-ye--kakati-estimator uye muongorori-kusiyana-akasiyana-siyana.)

25. [ , ] Kuti uongorore kubudirira kwehutano hutsva hwebasa-rubatsiro rwekugadzirira, yunivhesiti yakaita sarudzo yakasarudzwa yekuedza pakati pevadzidzi 10 000 vakapinda gore ravo rokupedzisira rechikoro. Kubhadhara kusina rusununguko neruzivo rwakasiyana-siyana mune ruzivo rwakatumirwa kuburikidza nememo yekukoka yega yega yevadzidzi vanosvika 5 000, asi vamwe vadzidzi 5 000 vari muboka rekutonga uye havana kubhadhara. Mwedzi gumi nemaviri gare gare, kuongororwa kwekutsvaga (pasina chekusaremekedza) kwakaratidza kuti mumapoka ose ekurapa nekutonga, 70% yevadzidzi vakange vawana basa renguva yakazara munharaunda yavo yakasarudzwa (tafura 4.6). Saka, zvakaratidza kuti web-based service yakange isisina basa.

    Zvisinei, imwe nyanzvi yekuongorora dhiyabhorosi iyo yunivhesiti yakatarisa nyaya yacho zvakanyanyisa uye yakawana kuti 20% chete yevadzidzi vari muboka rekurapa vakambopinda mu-account mushure mekutambira email. Uyezve, uye zvimwe zvinoshamisa, pakati pevaya vakapinda muwebsite, 60% chete ndivo vakachengetedza basa renguva yakazara munharaunda yavo yakasarudzwa, iyo yakanga yakaderera kupfuura chiyero chevanhu vasina kupinda mukati uye kuderera kupfuura chiyero chevanhu mumamiriro ekudzivirira (tafura 4.7).

    1. Ipa tsanangudzo yezvingave zvakaitika.
    2. Ndezvipi nzira mbiri dzakasiyana dzekuverenga mhedzisiro yechirwere mune izvi kuedza?
    3. Zvichipa chigumisiro ichi, chinofanira kupa here rubatsiro kuvadzidzi vose? Kungova pachena, uyu hausi mubvunzo nemhinduro yakajeka.
    4. Chii chavanofanira kuita?

    Mhinduro: Mubvunzo uyu unopfuurira kunze kwemashoko akafukidzirwa muchitsauko chino, asi unotarisa nyaya dzinowanikwa mukuedza. Iko rudzi rwekugadzira maitiro dzimwe nguva kunonzi kukurudzirwa kwekuti vatori vechikamu vanokurudzirwa kuti vaite mushonga. Dambudziko iri muenzaniso weiyo inonzi i -side-side noncompliance (ona chitsauko 5 Gerber and Green (2012) ).

26. [ ] Pashure pekuongorora zvakare, zvakazoitika kuti kuedza kunotsanangurwa mumubvunzo wapfuura kwakanga kwakaoma zvikuru. Zvakazoitika kuti 10 muzana yevanhu vari muboka rekutonga vakabhadhara kuti vawane basa, uye vakaguma nekavharo yebasa re 65% (tafura 4.8).

    1. Nyora email inopfupisa zvaunofunga kuti zviri kuitika uye kurudzira nzira yekuita.

    Mhinduro: Mubvunzo uyu unopfuurira kunze kwemashoko akafukidzirwa muchitsauko chino, asi unotarisa nyaya dzinowanikwa mukuedza. Dambudziko iri muenzaniso wezvakadanwa zviviri zvisingabatsiri (ona chitsauko 6 Gerber and Green (2012) ).