Ngatitange kupfuura zvinongororwa nyore. Zvinyorwa zvitatu zvinobatsira pakuongorora kwakapfuma: kuvimbika, heterogeneity yemigumisiro yekurapa, uye nzira.
Vatsvakurudzi vatsva kuongorori vanowanzotarisa mubvunzo chaiwo, wakamanikana: Chirwere ichi "chinoshanda" here? Semuenzaniso, inoshevedzwa kubva kumunhu anozvipira anokurudzira mumwe munhu kuti avhotire here? Kushandura bhodhi rebhundaneti kubva pabhuruu kusvika kune ruvara kunowedzera kupfurikidza-kuburikidza nechiyero Zvinosuruvarisa, kusununguka kutenderera pamusoro pe "mabasa" anovhara chokwadi chekuti zvishoma zvakanyanya miedzo hazvikuudze iwe kana mushonga "mabasa" nenzira yakazara. Pane kudaro, zvishoma nezvishoma kuongororwa kwakajeka mubvunzo mubvunzo wakajeka zvikuru: Ndeupi wehuwandu hwehutano hwehutano husina kunyanya kuitwa nehuwandu hwevanhu vanobatanidzwa panguva ino? Ndicharipira kuedza kuti pfungwa iyi nhete mubvunzo nyore kuedza.
Zviratidzo zvakajeka zvinogona kupa ruzivo runokosha, asi zvinokundikana kupindura mibvunzo yakawanda inokosha uye inofadza, yakadai sekunge kune vamwe vanhu avo vane kurapwa kwakakura kana kuduku; pasinei kune imwe mushonga inenge ichishanda; uye kana chiitiko ichi chinopindirana nemagariro evanhu vakawanda.
Kuti tiratidze kukosha kwekufambisa kunze kwekutsvaga zvidzidzo, ngationgororei shanduro yeanalogog yeruzhinji naP. Wesley Schultz nevamwe vatinonamata navo pamusoro pehukama pakati pemagariro evanhu uye kushandisa simba (Schultz et al. 2007) . Schultz nevamwe vaishanda pamwe chete vakafambisa vachengeti pamisha mazana matatu muSan Marcos, California, uye ava vanoridzika vanopa mharidzo dzakasiyana-siyana dzakagadzirirwa kukurudzira kuchengetedza magetsi. Zvadaro, Schultz uye vaaishanda navo vakayera kukosha kwemashoko aya pamagetsi ekushandisa, zvose shure kwevhiki imwe uye shure kwevhiki nhatu; ona chinyorwa 4.3 kuti uwane tsanangudzo yakajeka yekuenzanisa kwekuedza.
Kuedza kwaiva nemamiriro maviri. Mukutanga, mhuri dzakagamuchira mazano ekuchengetedza magetsi (semuenzaniso, shandisa vateveri pane nzvimbo dze air conditioners) uye ruzivo pamusoro pemashandisirwo emagetsi avo zvichienzaniswa nemashandisirwo emagetsi anoshandiswa munharaunda yavo. Schultz nevamwe vaishanda navo vanoti iyi ndiyo inorondedzera chimiro chechimiro nokuti ruzivo pamusoro pemashandisirwo emagetsi munharaunda rwakapa ruzivo pamusoro pemafambiro anowanzo (kureva, chirevo chinotsanangura). Apo Schultz nevamwe vaaishanda vakatarisa kushandiswa kwesimba kunokonzerwa neboka iri, kurapwa kwakaratidzika kusina basa, chero nguva shoma kana nguva refu; mune mamwe mazwi, kurapwa kwakanga kusingaiti "kushanda" (mufananidzo 4.4).
Nemafaro, Schultz nevamwe vaaishanda navo havana kugadzirisa izvi zvisiri nyore kunzwisisa. Vasati vatanga kuedza, vaifunga kuti vashandi vanorema magetsi-vanhu pamusoro pezvinorehwa-vanogona kuderedza kushandiswa kwavo, uye kuti avo vanoshandisa magetsi-vanhu vari pasi pezvinoreve-vangaita kuti vawedzere kushandiswa kwavo. Apo vakatarisa dheta, ndizvo chaizvo zvavakawana (mufananidzo 4.4). Nokudaro, chii chakaita sechirapa chakanga chisina chaicho chaicho chaive chirapa chakanga chiine zvikanganiso zviviri. Uku kukura kunokonzera kukura pakati pevashandisi venyeredzi muenzaniso wehuomerang effect , apo kurapwa kunogona kuve nechinopesana chakasiyana kubva pane chakanga chagadzirirwa.
Zvakafanana nemamiriro ekutanga, Schultz nevamwe vaishandawo vakamhanya zvakare wechipiri. Mhuri yechipiri yechipiri yakagamuchira zvakanyatsoshanda kurapwa-mazano akawanda ekuchengetedza simba uye ruzivo pamusoro pemashandisirwo emagetsi emhuri kana achienzaniswa neyero yevamwe vovakidzani-nechinguva chiduku chekuwedzera: kune vanhu vane pasi pekuwandisa, vanoshandiswa vakawedzera: ) uye nokuda kwevanhu vane rwandu hwemvura inoshandiswa nepamusoro-soro vakawedzera :( .. Aya maitiro akagadzirwa kuti atange izvo izvo vatsvakurudzi vakadana maitiro ekurayira. Injunctive maitiro anoreva maonero ezvakawanzobvumirwa (uye asingabvumirwi), asi zvinyorwa zvinotsanangurwa zvinoreva maonero izvo zvinowanzoitwa (Reno, Cialdini, and Kallgren 1993) .
Nokuwedzera iyi imwe yemaitiro emoticon, vatsvakurudzi vakaderedza zvakanyanya kufungidzira kwechiedza (chirevo 4.4). Nokudaro, nokuita shanduko iyi iri nyore-shanduko yakave yakagadziriswa nehupenyu husinganzwisisiki hwepfungwa dzevanhu (Cialdini, Kallgren, and Reno 1991) -vatsvakurudzi vakakwanisa kuchinja chirongwa chakanga chisingaiti sechishanda mune chimwe chakashanda, uye, panguva imwe chete, vaikwanisa kupa ruzivo rwekunzwisisa kwese marongerwo emitemo yemagariro evanhu inobata maitiro evanhu.
Panguva ino, zvisinei, iwe ungaona kuti chimwe chinhu chakasiyana zvakasiyana nezvekuedza uku. Kunyanya, kuedza kweSchultz uye vashandi pamwe chete hakuve neboka rinodzora nenzira imwechete iyo inongororwa yakaongororwa nemaitiro. Kuenzanisa pakati pegadziriro iyi uye yeVastivo uye van de Rijt inoratidza kusiyana pakati pezvinhu zviviri zvakakurisa mazano. Mukati -zvidzidzo zvinogadzirisa , zvakadai seR Restivo uye van de Rijt, kune boka rekurapa uye boka rinodzora. Mukati -zvidzidzo zvinogadzirwa , kune rumwe rutivi, mufambiro wevatori vechikamu anofananidzwa mberi uye mushure mekunge kurapwa (Greenwald 1976; Charness, Gneezy, and Kuhn 2012) . Mune chiitiko chemukati-chinenge ichiitwa sezvirikuti mumwe nomumwe anobata basa seboka rake rokutonga. Simba revari pakati-zvidzidzo zvinogadzirisa ndezvokuti zvinodzivirirwa kune vanopesana (sezvandakatsanangura kare), asi simba remukati-zvidzidzo zvidzidzo zvinowedzera kunyatsofungidzirwa. Pakupedzisira, kufananidzira pfungwa inouya pashure pandinopa mazano pamusoro pekugadzira dhijititi yekujekesa, a_mixed design_combines kushandiswa kwakarurama kwemukati-zvidzidzo zvinogadziriswa uye kudzivirirwa kusanzwisisana kwepakati-zvidzidzo zvinogadzirwa (mufananidzo 4.5).
Kakawanda, chigadziro nemigumisiro yekudzidza naSchultz nevamwe vashandi (2007) inoratidza kukosha kwekufamba kunze kwekutsvaga tsvaga. Nenzira yakanaka, haufaniri kuva nyanzvi yekugadzira kuumba zviyero zvakadai. Masayendisiti ezvemagariro akakurudzira pfungwa nhatu dzinokutungamirira kuti uwedzere kuedza: (1) kuvimbika, (2) hterogeneity yemigumisiro yerapa, uye (3) nzira. Ikozvino, kana iwe uchichengeta pfungwa idzi zvitatu mupfungwa apo uri kuronga kuedza kwako, iwe pachako uchagadzira chiitiko chinonakidza uye chinobatsira. Kuti uenzanise pfungwa idzi zvitatu mukuita, ndicharondedzera huwandu hwekutsvaga pane imwe nhamba yedhigirii mikumbiro yakavakirwa pamusana pekugadzirwa kwakanaka uye zvinonakidza zveSchultz uye vashandi (2007) . Sezvauchaona, kuburikidza nokugadzira zvakanyatsogadzirwa, kushandiswa, kuongorora, uye kududzirwa, iwewo unogona kutama kupfuura zvese zvingangoita zvidzidzo.