Zvaunofanira kuverenga zvinotevera

• Nhanganyaya (chikamu 6.1)

Mitemo yekutsvakurudza yakagara yakabatanidza nyaya dzakadai sedzvesayenzi uye kugoverwa chikwereti. Izvi zvinokurukurwa zvakadzama muOku Kuva Scientist by Institute of Medicine and National Academy of Sciences and National Academy of Engineering (2009) .

Ichi chitsauko chakanyanyiswa nemamiriro ezvinhu muUnited States. Kuti uwane zvakawanda pamusoro pemitemo yekuongorora maitiro mune dzimwe nyika, ona zvitsauko 6-9 Desposato (2016b) . Nokukakavadzana kwekuti mitemo yezvinyorwa zvezvinyorwa zvakagadzirisa chitsauko ichi inowedzera America, ona Holm (1995) . Nokuda kwechimwe chiitiko chezvakaitika zveEstitutional Review Boards muUnited States, ona Stark (2012) . Nhau PS: Zvematongerwo enyika Sayenzi uye Zvematongerwo Enyika zvakagadzira sangano rehurukuro yehurukuro pamusoro pehukama pakati pezvematongerwe enyika neRRBs; ona Martinez-Ebers (2016) muchidimbu.

Mharidzo yeBelmont nemitemo inotevera muUnited States inowanzoita kusiyanisa pakati pekutsvakurudza nekuita. Handina kusiyanisa zvakadai muchitsauko ichi nokuti ndinofunga kuti mitemo yehutsika uye hutano hunoshanda kune zvose zviripo. Kuti uwane zvakawanda pamusoro pekusiyanisa uku uye matambudziko anotanga, ona Beauchamp and Saghai (2012) , MN Meyer (2015) , boyd (2016) , uye Metcalf and Crawford (2016) .

Kana uchida zvakawanda pamusoro pekutsvakurudza kwekutsvaga pa Facebook, ona Jackman and Kanerva (2016) . Kune pfungwa pamusoro pekutsvakurudza kutsvakurudza kumakambani neeNGOs, ona Calo (2013) , Polonetsky, Tene, and Jerome (2015) , uye Tene and Polonetsky (2016) .

Nezvekushandiswa kwemashoko efoni kuti ibatsire kutarisana neEbola 2014 inbreak in West Africa (Wesolowski et al. 2014; McDonald 2016) , pane zvakawanda pamusoro pehupenyu hwehutachiona hwemashamba efoni, ona Mayer, Mutchler, and Mitchell (2016) . Kune mienzaniso yepamberi yekutsvaga-yeruzhinji yakatsvaga kushandisa nhare dzesefoni, ona Bengtsson et al. (2011) Lu, Bengtsson, and Holme (2012) , uye nezvimwe pamusoro pemitemo yenhaurirano yakaoma yakafanana, ona ( ??? ) .

• Mienzaniso mitatu (chikamu 6.2)

Vanhu vazhinji vakanyora pamusoro peKutapukira kweMweya. Magazini inotsvakurudza Research Ethics yakaenderera mberi nenyaya yavo munaJanuary 2016 kuti ikurukure kuedza; ona Hunter and Evans (2016) kuti vakwanise kuona. Zvinyorwa zveNational Academics of Science zvakabudisa zvikamu zviviri pamusoro pekuedza: Kahn, Vayena, and Mastroianni (2014) Fiske and Hauser (2014) . Zvimwe zvikamu pamusoro pekuedza zvinosanganisira: Puschmann and Bozdag (2014) , Meyer (2014) , Grimmelmann (2015) , MN Meyer (2015) , ( ??? ) , Kleinsman and Buckley (2015) , Shaw (2015) , uye ( ??? ) .

• Digital yakasiyana (chikamu 6.3)

Mukutaurirana kwevanhu vakawanda, mahedheni akawandisa anowanikwa muna Mayer-Schönberger (2009) uye Marx (2016) . Nokuda kwemuenzaniso chaiwo wekuchinja mari yekuongororwa, Bankston and Soltani (2013) vanofungidzira kuti kutevera mutongi wemhosva ari kushandisa foni zvinenge makumi mashanu zvakadhura pane kushandisa muviri. Onawo Ajunwa, Crawford, and Schultz (2016) pane hurukuro yekuongororwa kushanda. Bell and Gemmell (2009) vanopa maonero akawanda ekuzviona.

Mukuwedzera pakukwanisa kutarisa maitiro anocherechedza ari ehurumende kana evanhu vashoma (semuenzaniso, Kunakidzwa, Zvisungo, uye Nguva), vatsvakurudzi vanogona kuwedzera zvinhu izvo vatori vechikamu vazhinji vanofunga kuti vari voga. Semuenzaniso, Michal Kosinski nevamwe vashandi (2013) vakaratidzira kuti vanogona kupa ruzivo rwakanyanya pamusoro pevanhu, sekuita zvepabonde uye kushandiswa kwemishonga inodhaka, kubva kune data inoratidzika seinozivikanwa yedijitori (Facebook Likes). Izvi zvingaita semashiripiti, asi nzira yaKosinski neyekushanda nayo yakashandiswa-iyo yakabatanidza maitiro edijitori, kuongororwa, nekudzidza zvakatariswa-ndicho chaicho chinhu chandenge ndakuudza kare nezvazvo. Yeuka kuti muchitsauko 3 (Kubvunza mibvunzo). Ndakakuudza kuti Joshua Blumenstock nevamwe vashandi (2015) vakabatanidza tsvakurudzo dhepfenyuro nedhafoni yefoni kuti vaenzanise urombo muRwanda. Iyi ndiyo nzira yakafanana, inogona kushandiswa kujekesa urombo mune imwe nyika iri kusimukira, inogona kushandiswawo kune inogona kuva yega-kutyora zvinyorwa.

Kuti uwane zvakawanda pamusoro pezvisingakwanisi kushandiswa kwechipiri kushandiswa kwehutano data, ona O'Doherty et al. (2016) . Mukuwedzera kune zvingave zvisingashandisirwi zvechipiri kushandiswa, kusikwa kwekamwe kusina kukwana masitemu ezvinyorwa zvingakanganisa hupenyu hwehupfumi uye hwezvematongerwe enyika kana vanhu vasingadi kuverenga zvimwe zvinhu kana kukurukura dzimwe nyaya; ona Schauer (1978) Penney (2016) .

Mumamiriro ezvinhu nemitemo inoputika, mutsvakurudzi dzimwe nguva anobata "mutemo wekutengesa" (Grimmelmann 2015; Nickerson and Hyde 2016) . Kunyanya, vamwe vatsvakurudzi vanoda kuregererwa neRRB vanogona kuita ushamwari pamwe nevatsvakurudzi vasina kuvharwa neRBB (semuenzaniso, vanhu vari mumakambani kana ma NGOs), uye vane avo vanoshanda navo kuunganidza nekutsvaga-kududza deta. Zvadaro, muongorori anoongorora IRB anogona kugadzirisa deta iyi-yakatarwa pasina urongwa hweRIRB nokuti tsvakurudzo haisati yaonekwa "nyaya dzevanhu kutsvakurudza," zvichienderana maererano nedzimwe shanduro dzemitemo yemazuva ano. Rudzi urwu rwekuregererwa kweRB hazvibvumirwi nemitemo-based based in the search ethics.

Muna 2011, kuedza kwakatanga kugadzirisa Common Rule, uye izvi zvakaguma zvapera muna 2017 ( ??? ) . Kune zvakawanda pamusoro pekuedza kwekuvandudza Common Rule, ona Evans (2013) , National Research Council (2014) , Hudson and Collins (2015) , uye Metcalf (2016) .

• Mazano mana (chikamu 6.4)

Idzidziso yepamutemo-inotarisana nemitemo yezvinyorwa Beauchamp and Childress (2012) . Vanotsanangura kuti mazano mana makuru anofanira kutungamira maitiro ezvinyorwa zvepamusoro: Kuremekedza Kuvimbika, Kusagadzikana, Kubatsira, uye Kururamisira. Pfungwa yekusagadzikana inokurudzira munhu kuti arege kukuvadza vamwe vanhu. Iyi pfungwa yakabatana zvikuru neChirongwa cheHippocratic che "Usakuvadza." Muzvinyorwa zvekutsvakurudza, mutemo uyu unowanzobatanidzwa nehutano hweBunficence, asi ona chitsauko 5 che @ beauchamp_principles_2012 pamusoro pekusiyanisa pakati pezviviri. Nokutsoropodza kuti idzi nheyo dzakanyanya kunyanya America, ona Holm (1995) . Kuti uwane zvakawanda pamusoro pekuenzanisa apo mitemo inopesana, ona Gillon (2015) .

Nheyo dzechina dziri muchitsauko chino dzakagadziridzwawo kutungamirira maitiro ekutenderera kwekutsvakurudza kunoitwa kumakambani nemasangano ehurumende (Polonetsky, Tene, and Jerome 2015) kuburikidza nemitumbi inonzi "Consumer Subject Review Review" (CSRBs) (Calo 2013) .

• Kuremekedza Vanhu (chikamu 6.4.1)

Mukuwedzera pakuremekedza kudzivirira, Belmont Report inobvumawo kuti haisi munhu wese anogona kukwanisa kuzvitonga. Semuenzaniso, vana, vanhu vanotambura, kana vanhu vanogara mumamiriro ezvinhu akasununguka zvakasununguka vangave vasingakwanisi kuita sevanhu vanozvigadzirisa zvakakwana, uye vanhu ava vanowanzotarisirwa kudzivirirwa.

Kushandisa purogiramu yekuremekedza vanhu muzera rekugadzirwa kunogona kuva yakaoma. Semuenzaniso, mukutsvakurudza kwemakore-diki, zvingava zvakaoma kupa huviriro hwevamwe vanhu vane simba shoma rezvokuzvimirira nokuti vatsvakurudzi vanowanzoziva zvishomanana nezvevadzidzi vavo. Uyezve, kubvumirana kwakagadziriswa mukutsvakurudza kwemajitori-ezvehupfumi hwevanhu kwakakosha. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, zvechokwadi akaudza mvumo vanogona kutambura kubva pachena gangaidzo (Nissenbaum 2011) , apo mashoko nokunzwisisa vari kunetsana. Zvichida, kana vatsvakurudzi vanopa ruzivo rwakakwana pamusoro pemhando yekuunganidza deta, kuongorora deta, nekuchengetedza kwekodzero, zvinenge zvakaoma kuti vatori vechikamu vakawanda vanyatsonzwisise. Asi kana vatsvakurudzi vanopa ruzivo rwakanzwisisika, zvingave zvisina uwandu hunokosha hwezvenyanzvi. Mukutsvakurudza kwezvokurapa munharaunda yekare-iyo inotarisa inotaridzirwa neBelmont Report-mumwe angagona kufungidzira chiremba achitaura mumwe nomumwe nemubatanidzwa kuti abatsire kugadzirisa kusanzwisisika kwezvakaitika. Mune zvidzidzo zvepaIndaneti zvinosanganisira zviuru kana mamiriyoni evanhu, zvakadai sechiso-ne-chiso hazvibviri. Dambudziko rechipiri nemvumo muzera rejitori ndedzimwe mune zvimwe zvidzidzo, zvakadai sekuongororwa kwemashoko makuru repositories, zvingave zvisina kukwana kuwana ruzivo rwakagadzikana kubva kune vose vatori vechikamu. Ndinokurukura izvi nemimwe mibvunzo pamusoro pemvumo yakagadziriswa mune mamwe mashoko muchikamu 6.6.1. Pasinei nematambudziko aya, zvisinei, tinofanira kuyeuka kuti kubvumwa kwakanyatsozivikanwa hakuna kukosha kana kukwana Kuremekedza Vanhu.

Nokuda kwekutsvakurudza kwezvokurapa usati wabvuma kubvumirwa, ona Miller (2014) . Nokuda kwebhuku-kureba kurapwa kwemvumo yakagadziriswa, ona Manson and O'Neill (2007) . Onawo kuverengerwa kwakataurwa pamusoro pekubvumirwa kwemashoko pasi apa.

• Rubatsiro (chikamu 6.4.2)

Harms kuenderera mberi ndeyekukuvadza kunotsvakurudza kunogona kukonzera kwete kune vanhu chaivo asi kumagariro evanhu. Iyi pfungwa isinganzwisisiki, asi ini ndichaenzanisira nemuenzaniso wekare: Wichita Jury Study (Vaughan 1967; Katz, Capron, and Glass 1972, chap. 2) -se dzimwe nguva inonzi Chicago Jury Project (Cornwell 2010) . Muchidzidzo ichi, vatsvakurudzi vanobva kuYunivhesiti yeChicago, sechikamu chekudzidza kukuru kwehupfumi hwemagariro ehurumende, yakanyora zvinyorwa zvitanhatu zvejuri muWichita, Kansas. Vatongi uye magweta mumatongerwo avo vakagamuchira zvinyorwa, uye paiva nekutarisira kwakasimba kwegadziriro. Zvisinei, avo vaiziva havana kuziva kuti zvinyorwa zvaive zvichiitika. Kamwe chidzidzo chacho chikawanikwa, paiva nekutsamwa kwevanhu. Dhipatimendi reRubatsiro rakatanga kushanda kwekudzidza, uye vatsvakurudzi vakadanwa kuzopupura pamberi peCongress. Pakupedzisira, Congress yakapa mutemo mutsva unoita kuti zvibvumirwe kuvanza zvakavanzika mazano ejeri.

Kunetseka kwevatsoropodzi veWichita Jury Study yakanga isiri pangozi yekukuvadza kune vatori vechikamu; asi, ndiyo yaiva mungozi yekuvhiringidza kumamiriro ekutongwa kwejuri. Izvi zvinoreva kuti vanhu vakafunga kuti kana nhengo dzejeri dzisingatendi kuti dzaive dziine hurukuro munzvimbo yakachengeteka uye yakachengetedzwa, zvingava zvakaoma kuti mazano ejeri aende mberi. Mukuwedzera kune juri remhosva, kune zvimwe zviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana zvevanhu munharaunda iyo hurumende inopa nekudzivirirwa kwakanyanya, zvakadai sehutano-muteereri ukama uye kutarisirwa kwepfungwa (MacCarthy 2015) .

Dambudziko (Desposato 2016b) uye kukanganisa kwehutano hwevanhu hunobudawo mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzinoongorora mune zvematongerwe enyika (Desposato 2016b) . Nokuda kwemuenzaniso wepamusoro-kutadza kudhura-kubhadhara kuverenga kwebasa rekuedza mune zvematongerwe enyika, ona Zimmerman (2016) .

• Kururamisira (chikamu 6.4.3)

Kubhadhara kwevatori vechikamu kwakambokurukurwa munharaunda dzakasiyana-siyana dzakabatana nekutsvakurudza kwemakore-yekare. Lanier (2014) inoratidzira kubhadhara vatori vechikamu pamitambo yemagetsi yavanoita. Bederson and Quinn (2011) vanotaura nezvekubhadhara pamakambani emabasa ekuIndaneti. Pakupedzisira, Desposato (2016a) inokurudzira kubhadhara vatori vechikamu Desposato (2016a) . Anotaura kuti kunyange kana vatori vechikamu vasingagoni kubhadharwa zvakananga, chipo chinogona kuitwa kune boka rinoshanda panzvimbo yavo. Somuenzaniso, muna Encore, vatsvakurudzi vangave vakapa chipo kune boka raishanda kuti riwane rubatsiro rweIndaneti.

• Kuremekedza Mutemo uye Kufarira Kwevanhu (chikamu 6.4.4)

Mitemo-ye-gvumirano zvibvumirano zvinofanira kunge zvisingakoshi kudarika zvibvumirano zvinotaurirana pakati pezvikamu zvakaenzana uye kupfuura mitemo yakagadzirwa nehurumende dzakarurama. Mamiriro ezvinhu apo vatsvakurudzi vakaputsa mitsara-ye-kushanda zvibvumirano munguva yakapfuura vawanzobatana vachishandisa mibvunzo yakazvinyatsoongorora kugadzirisa maitiro emakambani (zvakadai seminda yekuedza kuongorora kusarurwa). Kuti uwane mamwe mazano, ona Vaccaro et al. (2015) , Bruckman (2016a) , uye Bruckman (2016b) . Nokuda kwekutsvakurudza kwemashoko Soeller et al. (2016) mazwi ekushandira, ona Soeller et al. (2016) . Nokuda kwezvimwe zvinetso zvepamutemo zvinotsvakurudzwa nevatsvakurudzi kana vakakanganisa mitemo yebasa, ona Sandvig and Karahalios (2016) .

• Nzira mbiri dzakanaka (chikamu 6.5)

Zviri pachena kuti chiyero chikuru chakave chakanyorwa pamusoro pekufananidzira uye deontology. Nokuda kwekuti maitiro aya anoshanda sei, uye mamwe, anogona kushandiswa kufunga pamusoro pekutsvaga kwemakore- Zevenbergen et al. (2015) , ona Zevenbergen et al. (2015) . Kune muenzaniso wekuti vanogona sei kushandiswa pamunoshandiswa mumunda mukukudziridza kwehupfumi, ona Baele (2013) .

• Chibvumirano chekubvumirana (chikamu 6.6.1)

Nokuda kwezvidzidzo zvekuongorora kusarura, ona Pager (2007) uye Riach and Rich (2004) . Izvi hazviiti chete kuti zvidzidzo zvisingabvumirwe zvakajeka, zvinosanganisira kunyengerwa pasina kufungidzirwa.

Vose Desposato (2016a) Humphreys (2015) vanopa mazano pamusoro peminda yekuedza pasina kubvumirwa.

Sommers and Miller (2013) vanoongorora mazano akawanda achida kusabvunzurudza vatori vechikamu mushure mekunyengedza, uye vanopikisa kuti vatsvakurudzi vanofanira kurega kukakavara

"Pasi pemamiriro mashoma kwazvo emamiriro ezvinhu, kureva, pakutsvakurudza kwenyika umo kushungurudza kunokonzera zvipingamupinyi zvinokosha asi vatsvakurudzi vangave vasina hanya pamusoro pekukakavara kana vachikwanisa. Vatsvakurudzi havafanire kubvumirwa kuti varege kubvunzurudza kuitira kuchengetedza dziva risina maturo, vanozvidzivirira kubva kune vamwe vari kutsamwa, kana kudzivirira vatori vechikamu kubva mukukuvara. "

Vamwe vanoti mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu kana kukakavara kuchikonzera kukuvadza kupfuura kunaka, kunofanira kudziviswa (Finn and Jakobsson 2007) . Kushungurudzika ndeyekuti vamwe vanotsvakurudza vanofananidza Kuremekedzwa kwevanhu pamusoro peBuvenence, asi vamwe vatsvakurudzi vanoita zvakasiyana. Chimwe chinogadziriswa chinogadziriswa ndechokuti uwane nzira dzekugadzirisa ruzivo ruzivo ruzivo rwevadzidzi. Izvi zvinoreva kuti, pane kufunga nezvekukakavadzana sechimwe chinhu chinogona kukonzera kukuvadza, zvichida kupikisana kunogonawo kuva chinhu chinobatsira vatori vechikamu. Kune muenzaniso wemhando iyi Jagatic et al. (2007) ekudzidzisa, ona Jagatic et al. (2007) . Nyanzvi dzezvepfungwa dzakagadzira nzira dzekukwikwidzana (DS Holmes 1976a, 1976b; Mills 1976; Baumrind 1985; Oczak and Niedźwieńska 2007) , uye imwe yadzo inogona kushandiswa zvakashandiswa pakuongorora kwezera remakore. Humphreys (2015) inopa pfungwa dzinofadza pamusoro pemvumo yakasununguka , iyo inofambidzana zvikuru neyekugadzirisa nyaya yandakatsanangura.

Pfungwa yekukumbira muenzaniso wevatori vechikamu nokuda kwemvumo yavo inobatanidza nei Humphreys (2015) inodana kubvumirana kusingabvumirwi .

Chimwe chirevo chine chokuita nekubvumirana kwakagadziriswa kwakarongedzwa ndekuvaka boka revanhu vanobvumirana kuva muIndaneti kuongororwa (Crawford 2014) . Vamwe vakakavhiringidza kuti jeri rino raizova samuenzaniso wevanhu vasingaiti. Asi chitsauko 3 (Kubvunza mibvunzo) inoratidza kuti matambudziko aya anogona kugadziriswa achishandura-stratification. Uyewo, kubvumirwa kuva pajeri kunogona kuvhara zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuedza. Mune mamwe mazwi, vatori vechikamu vangave vasingadi kubvumirana nechiedza chimwe nechimwe, chirevo chinonzi kubvuma kukuru (Sheehan 2011) . Kuti uwane zvakawanda pamusoro pemisiyano iri pakati pekubvumirana kwemaawa imwechete uye kubvumirana kwechidzidzo chimwe nechimwe, pamwe chete neyo inogona kunge yakasvibiswa, ona Hutton and Henderson (2015) .

• Kunzwisisa nekugadzirisa njodzi yeruzivo (chikamu 6.6.2)

Kubva pane zvakasiyana, Mutengo weNetflix unoratidzira kukosha kwezvinhu zvemasitetisiti ane ruzivo rwakanyanya pamusoro pevanhu, uye nokudaro anopa zvidzidzo zvinokosha pamusoro pekugona kwe "kunyora" kwemazuva ano ezvenharaunda. Mafaira akawanda zvimedu mashoko pamusoro mumwe munhu vanogona kuva sparse, mupfungwa rinorondedzerwa pamutemo muna Narayanan and Shmatikov (2008) . Icho chikonzero chekuti rega rega rega, hapana marekodhi akafanana, uye chaizvoizvo hakuna marekhodi akafanana zvakafanana: munhu wese ari kure nemuvakidzani wavo wepedyo mune dataset. Mumwe anogona kufungidzira kuti nhamba yeNetflix inogona kunge yakaderera nokuti ine mafirimu anenge 20 000 pane imwe nyeredzi-nyeredzi, pane dze \(6^{20,000}\) zvinokwanisika zvingaitwa nomunhu wese (6 nokuti, kuwedzera pa1 kusvika 5 nyeredzi, mumwe munhu angave asina kuverenga iyo firimu zvachose). Nhamba iyi yakakura zvikuru, zvakaoma kunyange kunzwisisa.

Sparsity ine zvinhu zviviri zvinokosha. Kutanga, zvinoreva kuti kuedza "kubudisa" dasaset inobva mukusavhiringidzika kunokanganisa kuchasakundikana. Izvi zvinoreva, kunyange kana Netflix aifanira kuchinja mamwe maitiro (izvo zvavakaita), izvi hazvingakwanisi nokuti zvinyorwa zvakavhiringidzika zvichiri zvinyorwa zvingave zvichinyatsoitika kune ruzivo rwakarwiswa. Chechipiri, iyo sparsity inoreva kuti zvakare kuzviratidza kunogona kuitika kunyange kana munhu anorwisa ane ruzivo rwakakwana kana rusaruri. Somuenzaniso, muNetflix data, ngatimbofungidzirai uyo anorwisa anoziva kuongororwa kwemafirimu maviri uye mazuva awakaita izvozvo zvikwata \(\pm\) 3 mazuva; Ruzivo irworwo chete rwunokwana kuti rurege kunyatsoziva 68% yevanhu muNetflix data. Kana uyo ari kurwisa anoziva mafirimu masere wamakaverenga \(\pm\) mazuva 14, uye kunyange kana zviviri zvezvizivo izvi zvakazivikanwa zvachose zvisingakanganisi, 99% dzerekodhi dzinogona kunyanya kuonekwa mu dataset. Mune mamwe mazwi, kuparadzanisa ndiro dambudziko guru rekuedza "kuratidza" dheta, izvo zvinosuruvarisa nokuti vazhinji vemazuva ano ezvenharaunda zvakanyanya. Kana uchida zvakawanda pamusoro pe "kunyora" kwemashoko maduku, ona Narayanan and Shmatikov (2008) .

Runhare meta-deta zvakare inogona kuonekwa se "isingazivikanwi" uye isingafungi, asi handizvo. Runhare meta-data inoratidzika uye inonzwisisika (Mayer, Mutchler, and Mitchell 2016; Landau 2016) .

Mumufananidzo 6.6, ndakarongedza kushandiswa kwebasa pakati pengozi kune vatori vechikamu uye zvinobatsira kumarudzi kubva pakubudiswa kwe data. Kuenzanisira pakati pekuregererwa kwekutambira nzira (semuenzaniso, gindu rakakomberedzwa nemasvingo) uye nzira dzisingabvumirwi nedzimwe nzira (semuenzaniso, mamwe maitiro e "kufungidzira") ona Reiter and Kinney (2011) . Nekuda kwekugadzirisa urongwa hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwemashoko, ona Sweeney, Crosas, and Bar-Sinai (2015) . Kuti uwane hurukuro yakawanda pamusoro pekugovana deta, ona Yakowitz (2011) .

Kuti uwane hutsananguro hutsananguro hwebasa iri-pakati pematambudziko uye kushandiswa kwematare, ona Brickell and Shmatikov (2008) , Ohm (2010) , Reiter (2012) , Wu (2013) , uye Goroff (2015) . Kuona izvi-kushandiswa kunoshandiswa pamashoko chaiwo kubva pamadzidzo akawanda ari kuIndaneti (MOOCs), ona Daries et al. (2014) uye Angiuli, Blitzstein, and Waldo (2015) .

Differential privacy inopawo imwe nzira inogona kuenzanisa iyo yose pangozi yakaderera kune vatori vechikamu uye yakakwirira kubatsiri kuvanhu; ona Dwork and Roth (2014) Narayanan, Huey, and Felten (2016) .

Nokuda kwechirevo chekuziva nezvekuziva iwe pachako (PII), iyo inonyanya kune mitemo yakawanda pamusoro pemitemo yekutsvakurudza, ona Narayanan and Shmatikov (2010) Schwartz and Solove (2011) . Nokuda kwezvinhu zvose zvingave zvisinganzwisisiki, ona Ohm (2015) .

Muchikamu chino, ndakaratidza kushamwaridzana kwemasitetisiti akasiyana sechinhu chinogona kutungamirira kune njodzi yekuziva. Zvisinei, inogonawo kugadzira mikana mitsva yekutsvakurudza, sezvakataurwa muna Currie (2013) .

Kana uchida zvakawanda pamusoro pemapano mashanu, ona Desai, Ritchie, and Welpton (2016) . Kuti uve muenzaniso wekubuda kwezviratidzo, ona Brownstein, Cassa, and Mandl (2006) , iyo inoratidza kuti mapepa ehutachiona hwehutachiona hunogona kuve nekuratidza. Dwork et al. (2017) inofungawo nezvekurwiswa kwehuwandu hwemashoko, zvakadai sehuwandu hwevanhu vangani vane chirwere.

Mibvunzo pamusoro pekushandisa deta uye kusunungurwa kwedheta zvakare inoudza mibvunzo pamusoro pehuwandu hwekuita. Nokuda kwezvakawanda, pane uwandu hwehuwandu, ona Evans (2011) uye Pentland (2012) .

• Privacy (chikamu 6.6.3)

Warren and Brandeis (1890) inyaya yepamutemo yepamutemo pamusoro pehupombwe uye inowanzobatanidzwa nepfungwa yokuti hupfumi ihwo kodzero yekusiiwa yoga. Bhuku-urefu hutano hwehupfumi Solove (2010) hunosanganisira Solove (2010) uye Nissenbaum (2010) .

Kuti uongorore kutsvakurudza kwemashoko pamusoro pekuti vanhu vanofunga sei nezvehupfumi, ona Acquisti, Brandimarte, and Loewenstein (2015) . Phelan, Lampe, and Resnick (2016) vanopa maitiro maviri-maitiro-kuti dzimwe nguva vanhu vanotarisa pane zvinonzwisisika uye dzimwe nguva vanofunga nezvekufungisisa-kutsanangura kuti vanhu vanoita sei zvinopesana nemashoko pamusoro pehupfumi. Kuti uwane zvakawanda pamusoro pechikonzero chekuzvimirira mumamiriro ezvinhu eIndaneti zvakadai se Twitter, ona Neuhaus and Webmoor (2012) .

Magazini Science yakabudisa chikamu chinokosha chinonzi "End of Privacy," iyo inotaura nezvehupenyu hwehuwandu nehuwandu hwekuziva kubva kune zvakasiyana siyana maonero; nokuda kwechidimbu, ona Enserink and Chin (2015) . Calo (2011) inopa hurongwa hwekufunga nezvekuvhiringidza kunobva mukuputsa kwevamwe. Muenzaniso wekutanga wekutsvaga pamusoro pehupombwe pamatangwanani chaiwo ezera Packard (1964) .

• Kuita zvisarudzo pasi pekusaziva (chikamu 6.6.4)

Imwe dambudziko apo kuedza kushandisa zvishoma zvishoma zvinowanzoita ngozi ndeyokuti haisi pachena kuti upenyu hwezuva nezuva huchashandiswa kuenzanisa chii (National Research Council 2014) . Semuenzaniso, vanhu vasina pokugara vane huwandu husingafadzi muupenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva. Asi izvi hazvirevi kuti zvinotenderwa kuisa pachena vanhu vasina musha kune tsvakurudzo yakawanda. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, zvinoratidzika kuva nekuwedzera kubvumirana kuti ngozi shoma inofanira kuenzaniswa nehuwandu hwevanhu , kwete huwandu hwehuwandu hwevanhu . Kunyange ini ndichiwanzobvumirana nemafungiro ehuwandu-huwandu hwehuwandu hwevanhu, ndinofunga kuti kune hurukuro huru dzepaIndaneti dzakadai sa Facebook, imwechete-yehuwandu hwevanhu inonzwisisika. Nokudaro, patinenge tichifunga nezveKutapukira kweEmotional, ndinofunga kuti zvine musoro kutarisana nechinetso chezuva nezuva pa Facebook. Chimwe chimiro chevanhu vakawanda munyaya iyi chiri nyore kwazvo kuongorora uye hachibvumirwi kupesana nehutongi hweHurumende, iyo inoda kudzivirira mitoro yekutsvakurudza kusakarurama zvisina kukodzera kune mapoka akaoma (semuenzaniso, vasungwa nenherera).

• Mazano anobatsira (chikamu 6.7)

Dzimwe nyanzvi dzakadanawo mamwe mapepa kuti aise mazvigadziro ezvemitemo (Schultze and Mason 2012; Kosinski et al. 2015; Partridge and Allman 2016) . King and Sands (2015) inopawo mazano anobatsira. Zook uye vashandi pamwe chete navo (2017) vanopa "mitemo gumi ine nyore yekutsvakurudza kukuru kwepabonde."