6.1 Introduction

Zvitsauko zvakapfuura zvakaratidza kuti nguva yechidijita inogadzira mikana mitsva yekuunganidza uye yekuongorora nhoroondo dzevanhu. Zera re digita rakagadzirisawo mitsva mitsika yemitemo. Chinangwa chechitsauko chino ndechekubatsira iwe zvigadziro zvaunoda kugadzirisa zvinetso zvemitemo zvine musoro.

Ikozvino pane kusava nechokwadi pamusoro pemafambiro akakodzera ehutsvakurudzo hwehuwandu hwemagariro evanhu. Uku kusava nechokwadi kwakatungamirira kune matambudziko maviri akanangana, rimwe raakagamuchira zvakanyanya kupfuura rimwe. Kune rumwe rutivi, vamwe vatsvakurudzi vave vakapomerwa nekuputsa hupfumi hwevanhu kana kuti kunyora vatori vechikamu mune zvidzidzo zvisina kunaka. Izvi zviitiko-izvo zvandichazozvitsanangura muchitsauko chino-ndizvo zvave zviri nyaya hurukuro huru uye hurukuro. Kune rumwe rutivi, kusava nechokwadi kwehutsika kwakagadzirisawo, kunodzivisa kuongorora kwakanaka uye kwakakosha kubva pakuitika, chinhu chandinofunga kuti hachina kukoshesa. Semuenzaniso, panguva yeEbola yegore ra2014, vakuru vehutano vehurumende vaida ruzivo pamusoro pekufamba kwevanhu munyika dzakanyanya kutapukirwa kuitira kuti vabatsire kudzora kuparadza. Makambani ekufona foni aiva netsanangudzo dzakawanda dzedare dzingadai dzakapa humwe ruzivo urwu. Asi mitemo yepamutemo uye yepamutemo yakaita kuti vatsvakurudzi vaedze kuongorora tsanangudzo (Wesolowski et al. 2014; McDonald 2016) . Kana isu, senharaunda, tinogona kukudziridza mitemo yepamitemo uye mitemo inogoverwa nevanotsvakurudza uye vanhu-uye ndinofunga kuti tinogona kuita izvi-zvino tinogona kusungira zvigadziri zvezera rejedi nenzira dzakakosha uye dzinobatsira vanhu .

Chimwe chipingamupinyi pakugadzira aya maitiro akagoverwa ndeokuti masayendisiti ezvesuzhinji uye masayendisiti ezvepa dare anowanzova nenzira dzakasiyana dzemitemo yekutsvakurudza. Kune vatsigiri vezvemagariro evanhu, kufunga nezvemitemo kunotungamirirwa neInstitutional Review Boards (IRBs) nemitemo yavanofanira kuita nekuisimudzira. Mushure mezvose, nzira chete iyo inonyanya kushandiswa mune zvemagariro evanhu masayendisiti inoona nharo dzemitemo iri kuburikidza nehurongwa hwehutungamiri hwekuongorora kweRBB. Dhiyabhorosi masayendisiti, kune rumwe rutivi, haana ruzivo rwakanyatsogadziriswa nedzidziso dzekutsvakurudza nokuti hazviwanzokurukurwa mumakombiyuta yesayenzi uye engineering. Hapana imwe yenzira idzi- mitemo-inotarisana nemasayendisiti emagariro evanhu kana nzira inoshandiswa yemasayendisiti ezvinyorwa-yakakodzerwa nekutsvakurudza kwevanhu mumakore echidimbu. Pane kudaro, ndinotenda kuti isu, senharaunda, tichafambira mberi kana tikasarudza mitemo-based approach . Izvi zvinoreva kuti vatsvakurudzi vanofanira kuongorora kutsvakurudza kwavo kuburikidza nemitemo iripo-yandichaitora sezvinoitwa uye kufungidzira zvinofanira kuteverwa- uye kuburikidza nemitemo yakawanda yehutsika. Iyi mitemo-based inobatsira vanotsvakurudza vanoita zvisarudzo zvine musoro pamatambudziko apo mitemo isati yakanyorwa, uye inobatsira vanotsvakurudza vanotaura maonero avo kune mumwe nomumwe uye kuvanhu vose.

Nheyo-based based approach iyo ini ndiri kukurudzira haisi itsva. Inotora makumi emakore ekufungidzira kwakapfuura, mazhinji ayo akanyatsogadziriswa mumishumo miviri yepamusoro: Belmont Report uye Menlo Report. Sezvauchaona, pane dzimwe nguva mazano-based based approach anotungamirira kumagariro akajeka, anogona kuitwa. Uye, kana iyo isingatungamiri kune mhinduro dzakadaro, inotsanangurira kushandiswa-zvikamu zvakabatanidzwa, izvo zvakakosha pakutsvaga kukwana kwakakodzera. Uyezve, nheyo dzemitemo-yakakosha yakakwana zvakakwana kuti ichave yakabetsera pasinei nokuti iwe unoshanda kupi (semuenzaniso, yunivhesiti, hurumende, NGO, kana kambani).

Chitsauko ichi chakagadzirirwa kubatsira mutori wechinangwa chakanaka. Iwe unofanira kufungei pamusoro pemitemo yebasa rako pachako? Chii chaungaita kuti uite kuti basa rako riwedzere tsika? Muchitsauko 6.2, ndicharondedzera mitatu yemakore ekutsvakurudza mapurogiramu akaita kuti nharo dzetsika dzivepo. Zvadaro, muchikamu 6.3, ndichava nemafungiro emamwe mienzaniso chaiyo kutsanangura zvandinofunga ndicho chikonzero chinokosha chekutadza kusava nechokwadi: simba rinowedzera nokukurumidza kune vanotsvakurudza kuongorora uye kuedza vanhu vasina kubvumirwa kana kunyange kuziva. Izvi zvinokwanisa kuchinja nokukurumidza kupfuura mitemo yedu, mitemo, nemitemo. Zvadaro, muchikamu 6.4, ndicharondedzera mazano mana aripo anogona kutungamirira mafungiro ako: Kuremekedza vanhu, Kubatsirwa, Kururamisira, uye Kuremekedza Mutemo uye Kufarira. Zvadaro, muchikamu 6.5, ndichave muchidimbu zvidimbu zviviri zvehutano hwehutano-kugoverana uye dheontolo-izvo zvinogona kukubatsira neimwe yezvinetso zvakadzama zvaungatarisana nayo: ndezvipi zvakakodzera kuti iwe ushandise nzira dzisinganzwisisiki kuti uwane zvakanaka zvakakwana kuguma. Aya mazano nemitemo yakagadziriswa-inongororwa muchitsauko 6.1-ichakubatsira kuti uende kunze kwekutarisa izvo zvinotenderwa nemitemo iripo uye kuwedzera kukwanisa kwako kukurukura maonero ako nevamwe vanotsvakurudza uye vanhu vose.

Ndizvo zvakasikwa, muchikamu 6.6, ndichakurukura nharaunda ina dzinonyanya kuoma kune vhidhiyo yemakore ekutsvakurudza nezvemagariro evanhu: chibvumirano chakanaka (chikamu 6.6.1), kunzwisisa nekugadzirisa dambudziko rekuziva (chikamu 6.6.2), ruvande (chikamu 6.6.3 ), nekuita zvisarudzo zvemitemo pasinei nekusaziva (chikamu 6.6.4). Pakupedzisira, muchikamu 6.7, ini ndichapa mazano matatu anobatsira ekushanda munzvimbo ine tsika dzisina kunaka. Chitsauko chinopedzisa neshoko rezvinyorwa zvekare, apo ini muchidimbu muchidimbu kushanduka kweshandisirwo chekutsvakurudza kuUnited States, kusanganisira kubviswa kweTuskegee Syphilis Yokudzidza, Belmont Report, Common Rule, uye Menlo Report.

Mufananidzo 6.1: Mitemo inobata tsvakurudzo inobva mumitemo iyo inobva pane zvinoenderana nemitemo. Kukurukurirana kukuru kwechitsauko ichi ndechokuti vatsvakurudzi vanofanira kuongorora kutsvakurudza kwavo kuburikidza nemitemo iripo-yandichaitora sezvinoitwa uye ndinofunga kuti inofanira kuteverwa- uye kuburikidza nemitemo yakawanda yehutsika. The Common Rule ndiyo yakagadzirirwa mitemo yazvino inotarisira kutsvakurudza kwakawanda mari inobhadharwa nehurumende muUnited States (pane mamwe mashoko, ona chinyorwa chezvakaitika kare chitsauko chino). Aya mazano mana anobva kumabhuru maviri ebhuruu-akabatwa kuti ape hutungamiri hutungamiri kune vanotsvakurudza: Belmont Report uye Menlo Report (kuti uwane mamwe mashoko, ona zvinyorwa zvekare). Pakupedzisira, kugoverana uye deontology maitiro ehutsika ayo akagadzirwa nevazivi vemazana emakore. Nzira yakakurumidza uye yakashata yekusiyanisa zvirongwa zviviri ndeyekuti vana deontologists vanotarisa kune nzira uye vanonzwisisa vanoisa pfungwa pamagumo.