6.6.1 omuzvarirwo

Vatsvakurudzi vanofanira, anogona, uye kutevera mutemo: rwakati kubvumirana pakutsvakurudza vakawanda.

Kubvumirana kwakabvumirana ndeye pfungwa yevamwe-vamwe vangati pane zvakashata (Emanuel, Wendler, and Grady 2000; Manson and O'Neill 2007) -kuita zvekutsvaga. Nzira yakareruka yemitemo yekutsvakurudza inoti: "kubvumirwa kwakagadziriswa kwezvinhu zvose." Mutemo wakajeka, zvisinei, hauna kuenderana nemitemo yehutsika iripo, mitemo yemitemo, kana chiitiko chekutsvakurudza. Pane kudaro, vatsvakurudzi vanofanira, vanogona, uye vatevere mutemo wakaoma: "imwe nzira yemvumo yekutsvakurudza kwakawanda."

Kutanga, kuitira kuti tifambe kupfuura zvinopfuura zvinyorwa zvisinganzwisisiki pamusoro pemvumo yakagadziriswa, ndinoda kukuudza zvakawanda pamusoro pekuedza kwekudzidza kusarura. Mune zvidzidzo izvi, vanyengeri vanoita zvinhu zvakasiyana-vanoti vamwe varume nevamwe vakadzi-vanoshandisa mabasa akasiyana. Kana mumwe munhu wechikumbiro achizobhadhara kakawanda, saka vatsvakurudzi vanogona kugumisa kuti kunogona kuve nekusarura mukutora. Pamusoro pezvinangwa zvechitsauko ichi, chinhu chinokosha pamusoro pezviongorori izvi ndeyekuti vatori vechikamu mune izvi zvidzidzo-vashandi-havasi kupa mvumo. Ichokwadi, vatori vechikamu ava vari kunyengedzwa. Asi, mimwe miedzo yekuongorora kusarura yakaitwa mune zvidzidzo zvidzidzo makumi manomwe neshanu munyika 17 (Riach and Rich 2002; Rich 2014) .

Vatsvakurudzi vanoshandisa mashandisirwo emunyika kuti vaongorore kusarura vakaona zvikamu zvina zvezvidzidzo izvi, pamwe chete, zvinoita kuti vave nemitemo yakagamuchirwa: (1) kukuvadza kwakakwana kuvashandi; (2) ruzivo rwakakura rwemagariro evanhu rwekuve nehutano hwakanaka hwekusarura; (3) kushaya simba kwemamwe nzira yekuyera kusarura; uye (4) chokwadi chokuti unyengeri hahupikisi zvakasimba mitemo yezvakagadziriswa (Riach and Rich 2004) . Chimwe chezviitiko izvi chakakosha, uye kana mumwe wavo asina kugutsikana, nyaya yezvakanaka ichave yakaoma. Zvitatu zvezvinhu izvi zvinogona kuwanikwa kubva mumitemo yehutsika muBelmont Report: kukuvadzwa kwakanyanya (Kuremekedza Vanhu uye Kubatsirwa) uye kubatsirwa kukuru uye kusimba kweimwe nzira (Beneficence uye Kururamisira). Pakupedzisira, kusagadzikana kwemitemo yezviripo, kunogona kuwanikwa kubva kune Menlo Report's Respect for Law and Public Interest. Mune mamwe mazwi, mapurojekiti emabasa inzvimbo yekugadzirisa uko kune kutotanga kutarisira kunogona kunyengera. Nokudaro, izvi zvidzidzo hazvisvibisi kare kare maitiro akanaka.

Mukuwedzera kune aya mazano-based argument, dzakawanda zveRRB dzakagumisawo kuti kusava nemvumo mune zvidzidzo izvi zvinopesana nemitemo iriko, kunyanya Common Rule §46.116, chikamu (d). Pakupedzisira, matare eUnited States akatsigira nekushaiwa kwemvumo uye kushandiswa kwenhema mundima yekuedza kuongorora kusarura (Nhamba 81-3029.United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit). Nokudaro, kushandiswa kwemunda kushanda pasina kubvumirana kunopesana nemitemo yezvinodiwa yemitemo uye mitemo iriko (kunyanya mitemo muUnited States). Izvozvi kufunga kwakatsigirwa nenharaunda yakawanda yekutsvakurudza kwevanhu, huwandu hweRRBs, uye nedare reUnited States reKutsvaga. Nokudaro, tinofanira kurega mutemo usina kujeka "kubvumirwa kwakagadziriswa kwezvinhu zvose." Uyu hausi murairo unoitwa nevatsvakurudzi, uyewo ndeyekuti vanofanira kutevera.

Kufamba mberi kwe "kubvumirwa kwezvinhu zvose" kunosiya vatsvakurudzi vane mubvunzo wakaoma: Ndeapi mabvumirwo anodiwa anodiwa kune marudzi epi ekutsvakurudza? Zvinonzwisisika, kwakave nekukakavadzana kwakapoteredza mubvunzo uyu, kunyange zvazvo yakawanda yacho iri mumamiriro ekutsvakurudza kwezvokurapa munguva yekare. Achidimburira hurukuro iyoyo, Nir Eyal (2012) anonyora kuti:

"Pandainzwa ngozi kupindira, ndipo chiri kumusoro-zvazvinoita kana kupedzeredza 'kutsoropodza upenyu sarudzo', ndipo ndiko kunokosha akaremerwa uye pamakakatanwa, zvikuru voga nzvimbo muviri kuti kupindira zvakananga zvakunoita, zvikuru yaipesana uye asina anorayira vanhu vaiita, dzakanga kudiwa zvakasimba omuzvarirwo. Pane zvimwe zviitiko, kudiwa zvakasimba chaizvo omuzvarirwo, uye zvechokwadi, nokuti kubvumirana upi chimiro, ndiye muduku. Pazviitiko avo, mukuru mari anogona kudarika izvozvo nyore. "[Dzomukati anowanika papi kunze]

Nzwisiso inokosha inobva mubvunzo uyu ndeyekuti kubvumirana kwakagadziriswa hakusi zvose kana hapana: kune simba uye simba rakaoma rekubvumirana. Mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, kubvumirana kwakasimba kwemashoko kunoratidzika kudiwa, asi kune vamwe, mafomu asina kubvumirana angave akakodzera. Zvadaro, ndicharondedzera zvikonzero zvitatu zvinoita kuti vatsvakurudzi vangave vachinetseka kuti vawane chibvumirano chakanaka, uye ini ndicharondedzera zvishomanana pane izvozvi.

Chokutanga, dzimwe nguva kukumbira vatori vechikamu kupa rubvumirano rwakavandika kunogona kuwedzera njodzi dzavanosangana nazvo. Somuenzaniso, muEncore, vachibvunza vanhu vari kurarama pasi pehurumende dzinoparadza kuti vape mvumo yekushandisa kombiyuta yavo yekuyera kwekutsvaga paIndaneti inogona kuisa avo vanobvumirana pane ngozi yakawanda. Apo kubvumirana kunotungamirira kune ngozi yakawanda, vatsvakurudzi vanogona kuvimbisa kuti ruzivo pamusoro pezvavari kuita nderuzhinji uye kuti zvinobvira kuti vatori vechikamu vabude. Uyezve, vanogona kutsvaka mvumo kubva kumapoka anomiririra vatori vechikamu (semuenzaniso, NGOs).

Chechipiri, dzimwe nguva kuva nechibvumirano chakazara mushure mekunge chidzidzo chinotanga kukanganisa kukosha kwesayenzi yekudzidza. Semuenzaniso, muKutapukira kweEmotional, kana vatori vechikamu vaiziva kuti vatsvakurudzi vakanga vachiedza kuedza manzwiro, izvi zvingadaro zvakachinja maitiro avo. Kuchengetedza ruzivo kubva kune vatori vechikamu, uye kunyange kuvanyengedza, hazvisi zvisizvo mukutsvakurudza kwevanhu, kunyanya mubasa rekuongorora mune zvepfungwa. Kana ruzivo rwakavhiringidzika rusingagoneki kusati kwatanga kudzidza, vatsvakurudzi vanogona (uye kazhinji vanoita) vatori vechikamu vanobvunzurudza mushure mokunge chidzidzo chapera. Kunyunyuta kunowanzosanganisira kutsanangura izvo chaizvoizvo zvakaitika, kugadzirisa chero kushungurudza chero kupi zvako, nekuwana mvumo shure kwechokwadi. Pane imwe nharo, zvisinei, pamusoro pekuti kushungurudzika mumunda kuongororwa kwakakodzera here, kana kubvunzurudza kunogona kuvhiringidza vatori vechikamu (Finn and Jakobsson 2007) .

Chechitatu, pane dzimwe nguva hazvisi nyore kuti uwane rubatsiro rwakavanzika kubva kune vose vanobatwa nekudzidza kwako. Somuenzaniso, fungidzira mumwe muongorori anoda kudzidza Bitcoin blockchain (Bitcoin is crypto-currency uye blockchain inhoroondo yevose yeBitcoin transactions (Narayanan et al. 2016) ). Zvinosuruvarisa, hazvibviri kuwana mvumo kubva kune umwe neumwe anoshandisa Bitcoin nokuti vazhinji vevanhu ava havana kuzivikanwa. Muchiitiko ichi, muongorori anogona kuedza kuonana samuenzaniso wevashandi veBitcoin uye kukumbira kubvumirwa kwavo.

Izvi zvikonzero zvitatu zvinoita kuti vatsvakurudzi vangave vasingakwanisi kuwana ruzivo rwekubvuma-kuwedzerwa, kuwedzera kwezvinangwa zvekutsvakurudza, uye kugadziriswa kwezvikonzero-handizvo zvikonzero zvinoita kuti vatsvakurudzi vaomerwe kuwana ruzivo rwakagadziriswa. Uye mhinduro dzandakaratidza-kuzivisa vanhu pamusoro pekutsvakurudza, zvichiita kuti kusarudza, kusarudza mvumo kubva kune vamwe vatatu, kubvunzurudza, nekutsvaka mvumo kubva kune samuenzaniso yevatori vechikamu-zvisingakwanisi mumamiriro ese ezvinhu. Uyezve, kunyange kana dzimwe nzira idzi dzikabvira, dzinogona kunge dzisingakwanisi kudzidza. Izvo zvinoratidzwa nemuenzaniso uyu, zvakadaro, kubvumirana kwakagadziriswa hakusi zvose kana chinhu, uye kuti zvigadziro zvekugadzirisa zvinogona kuvandudza mararamiro ehutano hwezvidzidzo zvisingakwanisi kugamuchira mvumo yakazara yakagadziriswa kubva kune mapoka akabatanidzwa.

Kuti apedzisire, panzvimbo pe "kubvumirwa kweruzivo rwezvinhu zvose," vatsvakurudzi vanofanira, vanogona, uye vatevere mutemo wakaomesesa: "imwe nzira yemvumo yezvinhu zvakawanda." Yakarondedzerwa maererano nemitemo, kubvumirana kwakagadziriswa hakuna kudiwa kana kukwana mitemo yekuremekedza vanhu (Humphreys 2015, 102) . Uyezve, Kuremekedzwa Kwevanhu ndeimwe yemitemo inofanirwa kuve yakanyatsogadzikana painoongorora maitiro ekutsvakurudza; hazvifananidzi kuvhara zvinyorwa, Kuburitswa, uye Kuremekedza Mutemo uye Kufarira Kwevanhu, nheyo yakagadziridzwazve ne ethicists pamusoro pemakore makumi mana apfuura (Gillon 2015, 112–13) . Yakarondedzerwa maererano nemitemo yehutsika, ruzivo rwakakwana rwezvinhu zvose inzvimbo yakanyanyisa yechechi inosangana nemamiriro ezvinhu akadai seAnguva bhomba (ona chikamu 6.5).

Pakupedzisira, sezvo inoshanda nyaya, kana uri kufunga kuita tsvakurudzo pasina chero mhando kubvumirana, ipapo unofanira kuziva kuti uri munhu pfumbu nzvimbo. Chenjerera. Tarisai pane chemufungo nharo kuti vaongorori vakaita kuti kuitisa zvidzidzo zvokuongorora dzerusarura pasina kubvumirana. Ko kururamiswa kwenyu sezvo simba? Nekuti omuzvarirwo ndiyo musimboti vazhinji vakavata pasi chemufungo pfungwa, unofanira kuziva kuti iwe zvichida kunzi kudzivirira zvaunosarudza.