6.3 Digital rakasiyana

Tsvakurudzo Social ari digitaalinen zera ane unhu hwakasiyana uye saka zvinomutsa mibvunzo yetsika yakasiyana.

Mune mamiriro ekufananidzira, tsvakurudzo dzakawanda dzevanhu vevanhu dzakange dzisinganyanyi kuyerwa uye dzakashandiswa mukati mezvigaro zvemitemo yakajeka. Kutsvakurudza kwevanhu munharaunda yemadhigiri yakasiyana. Vanotsvakurudza-kazhinji nekubatana nemakambani nehurumende-vane simba rakawanda pamusoro pevatori vechikamu kupfuura kare, uye mitemo yekuti simba iroro rinofanira kushandiswa sei risati rajeka. Nesimba, ndinoreva kungoita kukwanisa kuita zvinhu kune vanhu vasina kubvumirwa kana kunyange kuziva. Mhando yezvinhu izvo vatsvakurudzi vanogona kuita kune vanhu zvinosanganisira kucherechedza maitiro avo uye kuvanyoresa mukuedza. Sezvo simba revanotsvakurudza kucherechedza uye kupopotedzana riri kuwedzera, hakuna kumbove nekuwedzera kwakafanana mukujekesa pamusoro pekuti simba iroro rinofanira kushandiswa sei. Kutaura zvazviri, vatsvakurudzi vanofanira kusarudza kuti vangashandisa sei simba ravo kubva pamitemo isina kukwana uye inopesana, mitemo, nemitemo. Iko kusanganiswa kwesimba rine simba uye mirayiridzo yakajeka kunobatanidza mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma.

Chimwe chemasimba avo vanotsvakurudza iye zvino vane mano ekucherechedza maitiro evanhu kunze kwemvumo yavo kana kuziva. Vanotsvakurudza vanogona, zvechokwadi, vanoita izvi munguva yapfuura, asi munguva yejedi, chiyero chakasiyana zvachose, chokwadi icho chave chichiparidzirwa kazhinji nevateveri vakawanda vemakuru makuru makuru. Kunyanya, kana tikasimuka kubva pachiyero chemumwe mudzidzi kana purofesa uye pane imwe nzvimbo tifunge nezvekukura kwekambani kana hurumende-masangano ayo vanotsvakurudza vanowedzera kubatanidza-zvingave zvingave zvakakosha panyaya dzezvemitemo inova yakaoma. Chimwe chimiro chandinofunga kuti chinobatsira vanhu kufungidzira pfungwa yekucherechedza masero ndiyo panopticon . Pakutanga rakarongedzwa naJeremy Bentham sechivakwa chemajeri, panopticon chivako chakakumbwa nemasero akavakwa nechepakati pekurindira (mufananidzo 6.3). Ani naani anotora nharirire iyi anogona kuchengeta maitiro evanhu vose mumakamuri asina kuzviona iye oga. Munhu ari mushongwe yekurindira naizvozvo ndiye muoni asingaoneki (Foucault 1995) . Kune vamwe vatsigiri vevamwe vega, makore edijitari akatitamisa kupinda mujeri panoptic umo makambani ezvigadzirwa nehurumende ari kuramba achicherechedza nekudzorera maitiro edu.

Mufananidzo 6.3: Kugadzirwa kwejeri panopticon, rokutanga rakarongwa naJeremy Bentham. Pakati, pane muone asingaoneki anogona kuchengeta maitiro evanhu vose asi haagoni kuonekwa. Dhirowa naWilley Reveley, 1791 (Musoro: Wikimedia Commons ).

Kuti atakure chirevo ichi zvishoma, apo vazhinji vanotsvakurudza nezvemagariro evanhu vanofunga nezvezera remadhijita, vanofungidzira vari mukati mevarindiro, vachicherechedza maitiro uye vachigadzira dhiyabhorosi yezvinyorwa zvinogona kushandiswa kuita marudzi ose ekutsvakurudza kwakakosha uye anokosha. Asi ikozvino, pane kuzvifungidzira uri munhare, fungidzira uri mune imwe yemasero. Nhepfenyuro yevatenzi iyo inotanga kutarisa sezvakaitwa naPaul Ohm (2010) yakadana d database yekuparadzwa , iyo inogona kushandiswa nenzira dzisina kunaka.

Vamwe vanyori vebhuku rino vane ruzivo rwakakwana kuti vararame munyika umo vanovimba nevasingaoni vavo vasingaoneki kushandisa dhiyabhorosi yavo nekuzvidzivirira nekudzivirira kubva kuvadzivisi. Vamwe vaverengi havakwanisi, saka ini ndine chokwadi kuti nyaya dzakasimudzwa nekutarisa vanhu dzakajeka kwavari. Asi ndinotenda kuti kunyange kune vanyori vane ruzivo kune chimwe chinhu chakakosha chakakonzerwa nekufungidzirwa kwevanhu vakawanda: kusatarisira kushandiswa kwechipiri . Iko ndiko kuti, database yakagadzirwa nokuda kwechimwe chinangwa-ichitaura nezvekutsvaga matangazo-rimwe zuva ingashandiswa pane chinangwa chakasiyana. Muenzaniso unotyisa wekushandiswa kwechipiri usina kutarisirwa wakaitika munguva yeHondo Yenyika Yechipiri, apo dhiyabhorosi yenhamba ye data yakashandiswa pakuita kuparadza kwakange kuri kuitirwa vaJudha, Roma, nevamwe (Seltzer and Anderson 2008) . Verengorori vevanhu vakaunganidza dhenda munguva dzorugare zvakajeka vaiva nechinangwa chakanaka, uye vagari vazhinji vakavada kuti vashandise deta zvakanaka. Asi, apo nyika yakashanduka-apo vaNazi vachisvika-simba idzi idzi dzakabatsira kushandiswa kwechipiri kwaisambofungidzirwa. Izvo chete, kana imwe nyanzvi yezvinyorwa iripo, zvakaoma kutarisira kuti ndiani anogona kuwana iyo uye kuti ichashandiswa sei. Kutaura zvazviri, William Seltzer naMargo Anderson (2008) vakanyora maitiro makumi mapfumbamwe nemasere umo maitiro ehuwandu hwevanhu akabatanidzwa kana kuti angangobatanidzwa mukushungurudzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu (tafura 6.1). Uyezve, sezvo Seltzer naAnderson vachitaura, izvi zvakanyorwa zvinenge zvisinganyanyi kukosha nokuti kushungurudzwa kwakawanda kunoitika muchivande.

Vanotsvakurudza vezvemagariro evanhu vari kure kwazvo, kubva kune chero chinhu chakafanana nekupinda mumhirizhonga dzekodzero dzevanhu kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwechipiri. Ndasarudza kukurukura nezvazvo, zvisinei, nokuti ndinofunga kuti zvichakubatsira kunzwisisa kuti vamwe vanhu vangaita sei kune basa renyu. Ngatidzokere kuTsika, Zvisungo, uye Nguva purojekiti, semuenzaniso. Nokubatanidza pamwe mashoko akazara uye granular kubva ku Facebook nemashoko akazara uye granular kubva kuHarvard, vatsvakurudzi vakagadzira mafungiro akaisvonaka zvinoshamisa zvehupenyu hwemagariro evanhu nevadzidzi (Lewis et al. 2008) . Kune vakawanda vanotsvakurudza hutano, izvi zvinoratidzika semadhorobha ezvinyorwa, izvo zvinogona kushandiswa zvakanaka. Asi kune vamwe, zvinotaridzika sekutanga kwe databases rekuparadzwa, iro rinogona kushandiswa zvisina kufanira. Chaizvoizvo, zvinenge zvichida zvese.

Mukuwedzera pakuongororwa kwevanhu vazhinji, vatsvakurudzi-zvakare pamwe chete nemakambani nehurumende-vanogona kupindira muhupenyu hwevanhu kuitira kuti vaite zvidzidzo zvinongorongedzwa zvakasarudzwa. Semuenzaniso, muKutapukira kweEmotional, vatsvakurudzi vakanyoresa 700 000 vanhu mune imwe muedzo pasina kubvumirwa kwavo kana kuziva. Sezvandakatsanangura muchitsauko 4, rudzi urwu rwekunyora kwevamwe vevadzidzi muchiito chekuedza hachisi zvisingazivikanwi, uye harudi kubatana kwekambani huru. Chaizvoizvo, muchitsauko 4, ndakakudzidzisa kuti ungazviita sei.

Mukutarisana kwesimba iri rakawedzerwa, vatsvakurudzi vari pasi pemitemo isina kukwana uye inopesana, mitemo, nemitemo . Imwe nyanzvi yekusawirirana ndeyekuti kukwanisa kwezera rejigita kuri kuchinja nekukurumidza kupfuura mitemo, mitemo, nemitemo. Semuenzaniso, Common Rule (mutevedzeri wemitemo inobata hurumende yakawanda-inobhadhara mari muUnited States) haina kuchinja zvakawanda kubva muna 1981. Chipiri chekusawirirana ndeyekuti mitemo yakapoteredza pfungwa dzisina kufanana dzakadai sehupenzi dzichiri kukwikwidzana nevatsvakurudzi , vanoita zvematongerwo enyika, uye vashandi. Kana nyanzvi munharaunda idzi isingakwanisi kusvika kubvumirano yakafanana, hatifanire kutarisira vatsvakurudzi vezvematongerwo enyika kana vatori vechikamu kuti vaite saizvozvo. Chimwe chechitatu uye chekupedzisira chekusawirirana ndechekuti kutsvaga-kwezera rezera-kuwedzera kuri kusanganiswa mune dzimwe mamiriro ezvinhu, izvo zvinoita kuti zvigone kudarika mitemo nemitemo. Semuenzaniso, Kutapukira kweEmotional kwaive kubatana pakati peasayari data pa Facebook uye purofesa uye mudzidzi akapedza kudzidza kuConell. Panguva iyoyo, zvaive zvakajairika pa Facebook kushandisa miedzo yakawanda pasina kutarisa kwevatatu, chero bedzi kuongororwa kwaienderana nemitemo yekushumira ya Facebook. KuConellell, mitemo nemitemo zvakasiyana kwazvo; zvinenge zvose zviongorori zvinofanira kuongororwa neCornell IRB. Saka, ndeipi mitemo inofanirwa kutonga Kutapukisa kweEmotional-Facebook kana Cornell's? Kana pane mitemo isingawirirani uye inopesana, mitemo, nemitemo kunyange zvakanaka-zvinotsvakurudza vatsvakurudzi vangave vachitambudzika kuita chinhu chakanaka. Ichokwadi, nekuda kwekusawirirana, pangave pasina kunyange chinhu chimwe chete chakarurama.

Pasi pose, izvi zviviri zvinowedzera-simba rinowedzera nekushaiwa kwebvumirano pamusoro pekuti simba iro rinofanira kushandiswa-rinoreva kuti vatsvakurudzi vanoshanda muzera re digital vanotarisana nematambudziko ehutano hwemangwana rakatarisika. Nenzira yakanaka, patinenge tichitarisana nematambudziko aya, hazvidi kuti titange kubva pakutanga. Panzvimbo pezvo, vatsvakurudzi vanogona kuwana huchenjeri kubva pamaitiro avanogadzirisa maitiro uye maitiro, zvinyorwa zvezvikamu zviviri zvinotevera.