5.2.1 Galaxy Zoo
Galaxy Zoo yakabatana nekuedza kwevakawanda vasati vadzidzisi vanozvipira kuisa magiraxi miriyoni.
Galaxy Zoo yakakura kubva pane dambudziko rakatarisana naKevin Schawinski, mudzidzi akapedza kudzidza muAstronomy paYunivhesiti yeOxford mugore ra2007. Achiita zvishoma, Schawinski aifarira magalaxies, uye magalaxies anogona kuiswa ne morphology-elliptical kana spiral-uye nemuvara wavo-bhuruu kana tsvuku. Panguva iyoyo, huchenjeri hunowanikwa pakati pevadzidzisi vezvidzidzo dzaiva nemapoka enyeredzi, semirairo yedu yeMilky Way, yakanga ine ruvara rwebhuruu mumararamiro (kuratidza wechiduku) uye galaxies elliptical dzakanga dzatsvuka (zvichiratidza kukwegura). Schawinski akapokana nehuchenjeri huripo. Akafungidzira kuti kunyange zvazvo chimiro ichi chikave chaicho chechokwadi, pane pangangodaro nhamba yakawanda yezvisarudzo, uye kuti kuburikidza nekudzidza yakawanda yemisara mizhinji-isiri iyo isina kukodzera chimiro chaitarisirwa-aigona kudzidza chimwe chinhu pamusoro pekuita magalaxies akaumbwa.
Nokudaro, izvo Schawinski zvaidiwa kuitira kupedzisa uchenjeri hunowanikwa pachirongwa chaive chikwata chemaitiro emagalaxies; iyo ndiyo magaraxies akange akarongerwa seanopinda kana elliptical. Dambudziko, zvisinei, raive riripo maitiro e-algorithmic ekugadzirisa maitiro akanga asati akwana zvakakwana kuti ashandiswe pakutsvakurudza kwesayenzi; mune mamwe mazwi, magalaxies ekugadzirisa aiva, panguva iyoyo, dambudziko rakanga rakaoma kumakombiyuta. Nokudaro, chii chaidiwa chaiva nhamba huru yevanhu- makirasi makuru. Schawinski akatora dambudziko iri rekugadzirisa nechishuwo chemudzidzi akapedza kudzidza. Muchikamu chemakwikwi chemazuva manomwe emaawa 12, akakwanisa kuisa makiromita 50 000. Kunyange zvazvo magamba makumi mashanu evanhu angaita seanowanda, inongova 5% chete yemagalaxies ane mamiriyoni akave akafurirwa muSloan Digital Sky Survey. Schawinski akaziva kuti aida imwe nzira inoparadzaniswa.
Sezvineiwo, zvinoitika kuti basa classifying enyeredzi haatarisiri kudzidzisa mazhinji nezvenyeredzi; unogona kudzidzisa munhu kuzviita nokukurumidza vakanaka. Nemamwe mashoko, kunyange zvazvo classifying mapoka enyeredzi ari basa rakanga rakaoma nokuti makombiyuta, zvakanga tsvarakadenga nyore kuti vanhu. Saka, apo akagara ari pub Oxford, Schawinski nevamwe zvomuchadenga Chris Lintott akarota imwe Website apo vazvipiri patsanura mifananidzo enyeredzi. Mwedzi mishomanana gare gare, Galaxy Zoo akaberekwa.
Pawebsite yeGalaxy Zoo, vanozvipira vaizopedza maminitsi mashomanana ekudzidziswa; somuenzaniso, kudzidza mutsauko pakati pemirazi yakasimba uye yakanyanyisa (mufananidzo 5.2). Mushure mokunge vadzidziswa, mumwe nomumwe aizvipira aifanira kupindura mibvunzo yakaoma-yakanyatsorongedza 11 ye15 galaxies inezivo yekuzivikanwa-uye yaizotanga kunyatsogadzirwa kwemagalaxies asingazivikanwi kuburikidza ne-web-based interface (Mufananidzo 5.3). Kuchinja kubva pakuzvipira kusvika kune nyanzvi kunenge kuchiitika mumaminitsi mashoma gumi uye kunongoda kudarika dambudziko rakaderera, mhinduro nyore.
Mufananidzo 5.2: Mienzaniso yemarudzi maviri makuru emitambo yemagalaxies: spiral uye elliptical. Basa reGalaxy Zoo rakashandisa vanozvipira vanopfuura 100 000 kuti vataure zvikamu zvinopfuura 900 000. Yakadzorerwa nemvumo kubva pa http://www.GalaxyZoo.org uye Sloan Digital Sky Survey .
Mufananidzo 5.3: Chirongwa chekupinza apo vanozvipira vakabvunzwa kuisa mufananidzo mumwe chete. Yakadzorerwa nemvumo kubva kuna Chris Lintott yakabva pamufananidzo kubva kuSloan Digital Sky Survey .
Galaxy Zoo yakaita kuti vashandi vayo vekutanga vatevere mushure meiyo purojekiti yacho, uye mumwedzi inenge mitanhatu basa racho rakakura richibatanidza vanhu vanopfuura 100 000 vezvesayendisiti, vanhu vakabatanidzwa nokuti vaifarira basa uye vaida kubatsira mberi mberi kwemazuva ekudenga. Pamwe chete, ava vanozvipira vane zviuru zana vakawedzera zvikamu zvinopfuura makumi mana zvemamiriyoni, pamwe nehuwandu hwemagadzirirwo anobva kune boka duku, boka revatori vechikamu (Lintott et al. 2008) .
Vatsvakurudzi vane ruzivo rwekubhadhara vadzidzisi vekuchechechechedza pasi pepasitori vanogona kunge vangave vasina chokwadi pamusoro pehuwandu hwemashoko. Kunyange zvazvo kusava nechokwadi uku kunonzwisisika, Galaxy Zoo inoratidza kuti kana zvipo zvezvipiri zvakanatswa zvakanaka, zvisingabatsiri, uye zvakasanganiswa, zvinogona kubereka zvibereko zvakanakisisa (Lintott et al. 2008) . Nzira inokosha yekuita kuti boka revanhu rigadzire ruzivo-ruzivo rwepamusoro ruzivo rwekuregwa , kureva, kuva nebasa rakafanana rinoitwa nevanhu vazhinji vakasiyana. MuGalaxy Zoo, paiva neenharaunda makumi mana makumi mana pamapoka enyeredzi; Vatsvakurudzi vachishandisa vashandi vekuchechechechedza vepasi yepamusoro-soro vangazombokwanisi kuwana urongwa hwekuregererwa uye naizvozvo inoda kuva nehanya zvikuru nehutano hwehutatu hwega. Izvo izvo vazvipiri vakanga vasina kukwanisa mukudzidzira, vakagadzirira ne redundancy.
Kunyangwe nezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana mumapoka enyeredzi, zvisinei, kubatanidza chigadziro chezvipiri zvekuzvipira kuita kuti chibvumirano chekubvumirana chakanga chakaoma. Nokuti zvinetso zvakafanana zvinomuka mumapurogiramu akawanda ekuverengera vanhu, zvinobatsira kupfupisa zvishoma nhanho matanho matatu ayo vaongorori veGalaxy Zoo vanoshandisa kuburitsa kubvumirana kwavo. Kutanga, vatsvakurudzi "vakachenesa" deta nekubvisa zvinyorwa zvisiri izvo. Semuenzaniso, vanhu vakaramba vachiisa garaxy imwechete-chimwe chinhu chaizoitika kana vachiedza kushandisa zvigumisiro-zvaive zvese zvakasarudzwa. Ichi uye zvimwe zvakanatswa zvakafanana zvakabviswa pamusoro pe4% yezvose zvakasarudzwa.
Chechipiri, mushure mekuchenesa, vatsvakurudzi vaida kubvisa kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakarongeka. Nokutsvakurudza kwezvinyorwa zvekutsvaga kwekutsvaga zvakapindirwa mukati memushandi wepakutanga-somuenzaniso, kuratidza vamwe vanozvipira garaxy mu monochrome panzvimbo yemuvara-vatsvakurudzi vakawana zvakasiyana-siyana zvakagadziriswa, zvakadai sechisarudzo chekugadzirisa kuronga mahara garaxies ari kure sealliptical galaxies (Bamford et al. 2009) . Kugadzirisa zvinhu izvi zvakanyanyisa kunonyanya kukosha nokuti kuregererwa hazvibvisi zvachose kukanganisa kwetsika; iyo chete inobatsira kubvisa kukanganisa kusinganzwisisiki.
Pakupedzisira, mushure mekunyengedzera, vatsvakurudzi vaida nzira yekubatanidza maitiro evanhu kuti vaite chibvumirano chekubvumirana. Nzira yakareruka yekubatanidza zvigadziro zvemarara imwe neimwe ingadai yakave iyo kusarudza nzvimbo yakakurumbira. Zvisinei, nzira iyi ingadai yakaita kuti mumwe nomumwe aizvipira ave akaenzana, uye vatsvakurudzi vaifungidzira kuti vamwe vanozvipira vakanga vari nani pakutsanangurwa kupfuura vamwe. Nokudaro, vatsvakurudzi vakagadzira nzira yakaoma yakakura yekuita mitemo yakaedza kuongorora zvakanakisisa zvinyorwa uye kuvapa kuwedzera.
Nokudaro, mushure memataturo-matanho-kuchenesa, kukanganisa, uye kuenzanisa-boka rekutsvakurudza reGalaxy Zoo rakashandura mamiriyoni makumi mana ezvokuzvipira muchikoro muchikamu chekubvumirana morphological classifications. Apo idzi Galaxy Zoo zvidzidzo zvakafananidzwa nechitatu katatu-yakareba-miedzo yekuedza kwevanyanzvi vezvidzidzo zvemazuva, kusanganisira kusarudzwa naSchawinski iyo yakabatsira kukurudzira Galaxy Zoo, kwaiva nechibvumirano chakasimba. Nokudaro, vazvipiri, vari pamwe chete, vakakwanisa kupa zvakanakisisa zvinyorwa uye pachiyero icho vatsvakurudzi vakanga vasingakwanisi kufanana (Lintott et al. 2008) . Kutaura zvazviri, kuburikidza nekuva nevanhu mapoka emapoka makuru akadai, Schawinski, Lintott, uye vamwe vakakwanisa kuratidza kuti chete mazana masere makumi mapfumbamwe emazana emapoka anotevera maitiro anotarisirwa-mabhuruu ebhuruu uye red ellipticals-uye mapepa mazhinji akanyorwa pamusoro iyi kuwanikwa (Fortson et al. 2011) .
Zvichipa izvi, iwe zvino unogona kuona kuti Galaxy Zoo inotevera sei kupatsana-kuisa-kusanganisira-recipe, iro recipe imwechete inoshandiswa pamapurogiramu akawanda ekuverenga vanhu. Kutanga, dambudziko guru rinoparadzaniswa kuva chunks. Muchiitiko ichi, dambudziko rekuisa mamiriyoni emagalaxies rakakamurwa kuva matambudziko emamiriyoni ekugadzirisa rimwe giraxy. Zvadaro, kushanda kunoshandiswa kune chunk imwe neimwe. Muchiitiko ichi, vanozvipira vakaisa giraxy rimwe nerimwe sevhiri kana roliptical. Pakupedzisira, migumisiro yacho yakabatanidzwa kuti iite chibvumirano chekubvumirana. Muchiitiko ichi, danho rekubatanidza rinosanganisira kuchenesa, kukanganisa, uye kuenzanisa kuita chibvumirano chekubvumirana kune giraxy rimwe nerimwe. Kunyange zvazvo mishonga yakawanda inoshandisa nzira iyi yakawanda, nhanho imwe neimwe inofanira kuve yakagadzirirwa kune dambudziko rakanatswa. Semuenzaniso, muurongwa hwekuverenga hwevanhu hunotsanangurwa pasi apa, chikafu chimwe chete chichagoverwa, asi chinoshandiswa uye chinosanganisira matanho chichave chakasiyana.
Nokuda kweboka reGalaxy Zoo, chirongwa ichi chokutanga chakanga chiri kutanga. Vakakurumidza kuona kuti kunyange zvazvo vakakwanisa kuisa mapoka emagalaxies ane mamiriyoni, chiyero ichi hachikwani kushanda nevekupedzisira digital sky survey, iyo inogona kubudisa mifananidzo yemagalaxies anenge mabhiriyoni gumi (Kuminski et al. 2014) . Kutarisa kuwedzera kubva kune 1 mamiriyoni kusvika kune mabhiriyoni gumi-chimwe chezviuru zve10000-Galaxy Zoo inoda kuunganidza kazhinji 10 000 pane vamwe vatori vechikamu. Kunyange zvazvo nhamba yevadzidzi vanoita paInternet yakakura, haisi yekusingaperi. Nokudaro, vatsvakurudzi vakaziva kuti kana vaizoenda kubasa rekuwedzera-deta, imwe itsva, yakatonyanya kusakara, nzira yaidiwa.
Nokudaro, Manda Banerji-achishanda neSchawinski, Lintott, uye dzimwe nhengo dzeboka reGalaxy Zoo (2010) -takatanga kudzidzisa makombiyuta kuisa magiraxi. Kunyanya kushandiswa, kushandisa shanduko dzevanhu dzakasikwa neGalaxy Zoo, Banerji yakavaka mhando yekudzidza yemufananidzo inogona kufanotaura kusarudzwa kwevanhu kwechigamba chekare maererano nemamiriro emufananidzo. Kana iyi muenzaniso inogona kubatanidza maitiro evanhu nekururama kwakanyanya, saka inogona kushandiswa neGalaxy Zoo vatsvakurudzi kuisa nhamba dzisingagoni kuperera dzemajenya.
Nheyo yeBanerji uye yevamwe vashandi 'inowanikwa yakanyatsofanana nemaitiro anowanzoshandiswa mukutsvakurudza kwevanhu, kunyange zvazvo kufanana kungave kusingaoneki pakutanga. Chokutanga, Banerji uye nevamwe vagotendeuka mufananidzo nerimwe rive kutaridza kusanganiswa zvinhu muchidimbu ehupfumi ayo. Semuenzaniso, kune mifananidzo yemagamba, zvinogona kuva nezvimwe zvitatu: huwandu hwebhuruu mumufananidzo, kusiyana kwekupenya kwepikseli, uye chiyero chemasikisi esisi machena. Kusarudzwa kwezvakanaka zvinosanganisira chikamu chinokosha chechinetso, uye kazhinji chinoda unyanzvi hwepamusoro-nzvimbo. Iyi danho rekutanga, rinowanzonzi shanduro yekugadzira , rinoguma mune dhiyabhorosi yedhesi nemuganhu mumwe nemumwe mufananidzo uye ipapo misoro mitatu inotsanangura chifananidzo ichocho. Zvichigovera matrix yedhara uye izvo zvaidiwa kubva (semuenzaniso, kana mufananidzo wacho wakarongedzwa nemunhu segoroka rinonzi elliptical), mutsvakurudzi anoita nhamba kana chigadziro chemhando-semuenzaniso, regression registic-iyo inofanotaura nezvehuwandu hwevanhu hunotarisana nezvinhu yechifananidzo. Pakupedzisira, anotsvakurudza anoshandisa zviyero mumutambo uyu wekuenzanisa kuti atange kufungidzirwa kuenzaniswa kwemarara matsva (Mufananidzo 5.4). Mukudzidza kwemichina, nzira iyi-kushandisa mienzaniso yakanyorwa kuti iite muenzaniso unogona kuisa ipapo data idzva-inonzi mudzidzi wakatariswa .
Mufananidzo 5.4: Zvinyorwa zvitsanangurwa zvekuti Banerji et al. (2010) yakashandisa Galaxy Zoo zvidzidzo kudzidzisa mhando yekudzidza muenzaniso kuita galaxy classification. Mifananidzo yemagalaxi yakashandurwa mumatrikisi ezvikamu. Muchirevo ichi chakareruka, kune zvinhu zvitatu (chiyero chebhuruu mumufananidzo, kusiyana kwechiedza chepikseli, uye chiyero chemakisikiti esinawhite). Zvadaro, nokuda kwechinyorwa chezvifananidzo, mavara eGalaxy Zoo anoshandiswa kudzidzisa mhando yekudzidza mhando. Pakupedzisira, chigadziro chinoshandiswa chinoshandiswa kuenzanisa zvinyorwa zvemasara emasara. Ndinodana izvi semapurogiramu anotsigirwa nekombiyuta yevanhu nokuti, pane kuva nevanhu vanogadzirisa dambudziko, vanhu vakavaka detasi iyo inogona kushandiswa kudzidzisa kombiyuta kuti igadzirise dambudziko racho. Kubudirira kwekombiyuta-kubatsirwa kwehutano hwevanhu ndeyekuti inokubatsira kuti uite zvakanyanya zvisingagoni kudarika dashandisi uchishandisa chete kuwedzera kwekuedza kwevanhu. Mifananidzo yemagalaxies yakabudiswa nemvumo kubva kuSloan Digital Sky Survey .
Zvinhu zvaive muBanerji uye pamwe chete nevamwe vaidzidzira mitambo yaive yakaoma kunzwisisa kupfuura avo vari mumuenzaniso wangu wekutamba-somuenzaniso, akashandisa zvinhu zvakadai se "de Vaucouleurs zvakafanana neaxial ratio" -kufananidzira kwake kwakanga kusiri kugadziriswa kwemagetsi, kwaiva chigadzirwa chengano chekushandisa. Akashandisa zvikamu zvake, muenzaniso wake, uye kubvumirana kweGalaxy Zoo classifications, akakwanisa kuumba zviyero pane chimwe nechimwe, ndokuzoshandisa zviyereso kuti zvifananise pamusoro pekugadzirisa magaraxies. Somuenzaniso, kutsvakurudza kwake kwakawana kuti mifananidzo yakadzika "kubva kuVaucouleurs yakakodzera axial ratio" yaive yakanyanya kuva magalaxies emhepo. Apihwa zviyero izvi, akakwanisa kufanotaura nezvekugadzirwa kwevanhu giraxy nenzira yakarurama.
Basa reBanji nevanoshanda navo rakashandura Giraxy Zoo mune izvo zvandaizodana purogiramu yekubatsira komunhu . Nzira yakanakisisa yekufunga pamusoro pemasanganiswa aya ndeokuti pane kuva nevanhu kugadzirisa dambudziko, vane vanhu vanovaka dashatimendi inogona kushandiswa kudzidzisa kombiyuta kugadzirisa dambudziko racho. Dzimwe nguva, kudzidzisa kombiyuta kugadzirisa dambudziko kunogona kudikanwa mienzaniso yakawanda, uye nzira chete yekuita mienzaniso yakaringana yemuenzaniso inobatanidza mashoma. Kubatsira kwekombiyuta iyi-inobatsira nzira ndeyokuti inokugonesa kubata zvakanyanya zvisingagoni kudarika dashandisi uchishandisa chete kuwanda kwekuita kwevanhu. Somuenzaniso, mutsvakurudzi ane mamiriyoni ane mamiriyoni akaenzaniswa anogona kuvaka muenzaniso wekufananidzira unogona kushandiswa kuisa mabhiriyoni kana mabhiriyoni matatu. Kana pane huwandu hwakawanda hwemapoka enyeredzi, ipapo rudzi urwu rwevanhu-kombiyuta hybrid ndiyo chete inogona kugadziriswa. Izvi zvisingaverengeki zvisingagoneki, zvakadaro. Kuvaka mhando yekudzidza mhando iyo inogona kunyatsobudisa zvinyorwa zvevanhu ndewe dambudziko rakaoma, asi neropafadzo kune mabhuku akaisvonaka akazvitsaurira kune iyi nyaya (Hastie, Tibshirani, and Friedman 2009; Murphy 2012; James et al. 2013) .
Galaxy Zoo mufananidzo wakaisvonaka wehuwandu hwemapurogiramu evanhu kuverenga. Chokutanga, muongorori anoedza basa racho pachavo kana neboka duku revatsigiri vekutsvakurudza (semuenzaniso, Schawinski's initial classification effort). Kana nzira iyi isingafambi zvakanaka, mutsvakurudzi anogona kutamira kune chirongwa chevanhu chekuverenga pamwe nevatori vechikamu vazhinji. Asi, kune rumwe ruzivo rwemashoko, kuedza kwevanhu kwakachena hakuzokwanisi. Panguva iyoyo, vatsvakurudzi vanoda kuvaka purogiramu yekombiyuta yevanhu yakashandurwa nekombiyuta umo maitiro evanhu anoshandiswa kudzidzisa mhando yekudzidza mhando iyo inogona kushandiswa kune zvingagumi zvisingagumi zvematare.
