Zvaunofanira kuverenga zvinotevera

• Nhanganyaya (chikamu 5.1)

Misa kubatana kunobatanidza pfungwa kubva kune vagari vesainzi , mapoka evanhu , uye hungwaru hwekuunganidza . Vagari venyika inowanzoreva kusanganisira "vagari vemo" (kureva,, vasayendisiti) mukusayenzi; kune zvakawanda, ona Crain, Cooper, and Dickinson (2014) Bonney et al. (2014) . Makororo akawanda anoreva kutora dambudziko rinowanzogadziriswa mukati me sangano uye pane kuendesa kune rimwe boka; kune zvakawanda, ona Howe (2009) . Uchenjeri huri pamwe chete hunowanzoreva mapoka evanhu vanoita pamwe pamwe nenzira dzinoita sevakachenjera; kune zvakawanda, ona Malone and Bernstein (2015) . Nielsen (2012) isumo yekushamba kwebhuku kune simba rekubatana kukuru kwekutsvakurudza kwesayenzi.

Kune mhando dzakawanda dzekubatana kwevanhu vakawanda izvo zvisingakodzeri zvakananga mumatatu matatu andakatsanangura, uye ndinofunga kuti zvitatu izvi zvinokodzera kunyatsotarisirwa nokuti zvinogona kubatsira mukutsvakurudza kwevanhu. Imwe muenzaniso inofanirwa kutengesa misika, apo vatori vechikamu vanotenga uye vanotengesa zvibvumirano zvinodzikinurwa zvichienderana nemigumisiro inowanikwa munyika. Kufanotaura kwemisika kunowanzoshandiswa nekambani uye hurumende kutaurira, uye dzakashandiswawo nevanotsvakurudza vezvemagariro evanhu kufanotaura kudzokorora kwezvidzidzo zvakabudiswa mune zvepfungwa (Dreber et al. 2015) . Nokuda kwehuwandu hwemashamba ekufanotaura, ona Wolfers and Zitzewitz (2004) Arrow et al. (2008) .

Chipiri chechipiri chisingakodzeri zvakakwana muchikwata changu chepakati ndiro PolyMath project, apo vatsvakurudzi vakabatana vachishandisa mablog uye wikis kuratidza mutsva mathemoromu. IPolymath project iri mune dzimwe nzira yakafanana neNetflix Prize, asi mujekiti iyi inobata pamwe nekushingaira kune dzimwe nzira dzevamwe. Kune zvakawanda pamusoro pePolymath project, ona Gowers and Nielsen (2009) , Cranshaw and Kittur (2011) , Nielsen (2012) , uye Kloumann et al. (2016) .

Muenzaniso wechitatu unofanirwa kunyatsopindira muchikwata chekugadzirisa zvangu ndeyekuchengetedza nguva nguva yakafanana neSekudzivirira Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Network Challenge (kureva, Red Balloon Challenge). Nokuda kweizvi pamusoro pekudzivirirwa kwemazuva ano ona Pickard et al. (2011) , Tang et al. (2011) , uye Rutherford et al. (2013) .

• Kuverenga kwevanhu (chikamu 5.2)

Izwi rokuti "kuverenga kwevanhu" rinobuda mubasa rinoshandiswa nemasayendisiti masayendisiti, uye kunzwisisa chirevo chiri shure kwekutsvakurudza kuchavandudza kukwanisa kwako kusarudza matambudziko angave akakodzera. Kwemamwe mabasa, makombiyuta ane simba rinoshamisa, ane unyanzvi hwakanyanya kudarika avo kunyange vanhu vanozivikanwa. Somuenzaniso, mu chess, makombiyuta anokwanisa kurova kunyange vazukuru vakanakisisa. Asi-uye izvi zvisinganyatsokosheswi nemasayendisiti emagariro evanhu-kune mamwe mabasa, makombiyuta chaizvoizvo akaipa kupfuura vanhu. Mune mamwe mazwi, ikozvino iwe uri nani kudarika kunyange kombiyuta yakaoma pane mamwe mabasa anosanganisira kushandiswa kwemifananidzo, video, audio, uye text. Makombiyuta masayendisiti achishanda pane izvi zvakaoma-zve-makombiyuta-nyore-kwe-mabasa evanhu saka vakaziva kuti vanogona kusanganisira vanhu mumashandisirwo avo ekunyora. Hezvino mhinduro iyo Luis von Ahn (2005) akarondedzera kuverenga kwevanhu paakatanga kugadzira izwi iri mukunyora kwake: "paradigm yekushandisa simba rekubata vanhu kugadzirisa zvinetso izvo makombiyuta asingakwanisi kugadzirisa." Nokuda kwehurefu urefu hwebhuku rekuverenga kwevanhu, iyo pfungwa yakazara yezwi, ona Law and Ahn (2011) .

Maererano nenotsanangudzo yakataurwa muna Ahn (2005) Foldit-yandakatsanangura muchikamu chekufona-kunogona kuonekwa somunhu kuverenga purogiramu. Zvisinei, ini ndinosarudza kuisa Foldit semufaro wakasununguka nokuti unoda unyanzvi hwakakosha (kunyange zvisingaiti zvepamutemo kudzidziswa) uye inotora mhinduro yakanakisisa yakapiwa, panzvimbo yekushandisa kupatsanidza-kushanda-kusanganisira nzira.

Izwi rokuti "kuparadzanisa-kushanda-kusanganiswa" rakashandiswa Wickham (2011) kurondedzera hurongwa hwekuverenga masvomhu, asi inonyatsotora nzira yemapurogiramu akawanda ekuverenga vanhu. Kuparadzanisa-kushanda-kusanganisira zano kwakafanana neKuRukaReduce yakagadzirwa paGoogle; pane zvakawanda paMapReduce, ona Dean and Ghemawat (2004) uye Dean and Ghemawat (2008) . Kune zvakawanda pane mamwe akagoverwa makomikari ekugadzirwa kwezvinhu, ona Vo and Silvia (2016) . Chitsauko 3 Law and Ahn (2011) ine hurukuro yemapurogiramu ane maitiro akaoma akawanda pamwe chete neaya ari muchitsauko chino.

Muzvirongwa zvekuverengera kwevanhu zvandakakurukura muchitsauko, vatori vechikamu vaiziva zvaiitika. Dzimwe humwe mishonga, zvisinei, inotsvaka kutora "basa" iri kutotanga kuitika (yakafanana neBird) uye pasina kugoverana kwekuziva. Ona, semuenzaniso, ESP Game (Ahn and Dabbish 2004) uye reCAPTCHA (Ahn et al. 2008) . Zvisinei, zvose izvi zvigadzirwa zvakare zvinomutsa mibvunzo yepamusoro nokuti vatori vechikamu vakanga vasingazivi kuti deta yavo yakashandiswa sei (Zittrain 2008; Lung 2012) .

Akafuridzirwa neESP Game, vatsvakurudzi vakawanda vakaedza kuwedzera mamwe "mitambo ine chinangwa" (Ahn and Dabbish 2008) (kureva, "mitambo yevanhu vakaverenga" (Pe-Than, Goh, and Lee 2015) ) iyo inogona kuva yakashandiswa kugadzirisa zvinetso zvezvimwe zvinetso. Izvo "mitambo iyi ine chinangwa" yakafanana ndeyekuti vanoedza kuita kuti basa rinobatanidzwa mukuverenga kwevanhu kunakidze. Nokudaro, nepo ESP Game ichigovana zvakasiyana-siyana-kushanda-kusanganisira chimiro neGalaxy Zoo, inopesana nekuti vatori vechikamu vanoita sei-kufara nekushuva kubatsira masayenzi. Nokuda Ahn and Dabbish (2008) nechinangwa, ona Ahn and Dabbish (2008) .

Tsanangudzo yangu yeGalaxy Zoo inosvika Nielsen (2012) , Adams (2012) , Clery (2011) , uye Hand (2010) , uye mharidzo yangu yezvinangwa zvekutsvakurudza zveGalaxy Zoo yakave nyore. Nokuda kwezvakaitika panyaya yegoroxy classification mune nyanzvi uye kuti Galaxy Zoo inopfuurira sei tsika iyi, ona Masters (2012) uye Marshall, Lintott, and Fletcher (2015) . Kuvaka paGalaxy Zoo, vatsvakurudzi vakapedza Galaxy Zoo 2 iyo yakaunganidza zvinopfuura mamiriyoni makumi matanhatu zvinorema morphological classifications kubva kuvadzidzi (Masters et al. 2011) . Uyezve, vakashandura mumatambudziko kunze kwegalaxy morphology, kusanganisira kuongorora pamusoro peMwedzi, kutsvaga mapuraneti, nekunyora magwaro ekare. Parizvino, mapurogiramu avo ose anounganirwa paZimbabwe website (Cox et al. 2015) . Imwe yemapurogiramu-Snapshot Serengeti-inopa uchapupu hwekuti mapurojekiti eGalaxy Zoo-types image anogonawo kuitwa nekutsvaga kwezvakatipoteredza (Swanson et al. 2016) .

Kune vatsvakurudzi vanogadzirira kushandisa michina yemakambani emabasa (kureva, Amazon Mechanical Turk) Chandler, Paolacci, and Mueller (2013) wevanhu, Chandler, Paolacci, and Mueller (2013) uye J. Wang, Ipeirotis, and Provost (2015) vanopa mazano akanaka pamusoro pekugadzira basa uye zvimwe zvakabatana. Porter, Verdery, and Gaddis (2016) vanopa mienzaniso uye mazano anonyanya kutaura nezvekushandiswa kwemasikirwo emakambani ekushanda kwevashandi pane zvavanoti "kudhevedzwa kwemashoko." Mutsetse pakati pekuwedzerwa kwewedzerwa uye kuunganidza deta kwakaoma. Nokuda kwekuwedzera nekuunganidza uye mabhii ekudzidzira kutarisirwa kwemashoko, ona Grimmer and Stewart (2013) .

Vanotsvakurudza vanofarira kugadzira izvo zvandakadana masikirwo-anobatsira mashandisirwo ekugadzirisa vanhu (semuenzaniso, mashandisi anoshandisa mabhii evanhu kudzidzisa mhando yekudzidza mitambo) angave anofarira Shamir et al. (2014) (somuenzaniso kushandisa audio) uye Cheng and Bernstein (2015) . Uyewo, mhando yekudzidza yemichina mumapurogiramu aya inogona kukumbirwa nemapurisa akazaruka, apo vanotsvakurudza vanokwikwidzana kugadzira mitambo yekudzidza mishonga pamwe nekukurukura kwekuita basa. Semuenzaniso, boka reGalaxy Zoo rakashambadzira foni uye rakawana nzira itsva yakagadzirisa yakagadzirwa Banerji et al. (2010) ; ona Dieleman, Willett, and Dambre (2015) kuti uwane mamwe mashoko.

• Vhura nhare (chikamu 5.3)

Vhura nhare haisi itsva. Kutaura zvazviri, rimwe remapurogiramu anonyatsozivikanwa zvakasununguka akadzoka kusvika muna 1714 apo Paramende yeBritain yakagadzira The Longitude Prize kune ani zvake aigona kuvaka nzira yekuziva urefu hwechokepe chiri mugungwa. Dambudziko racho rakagumbusa vazhinji vesayenzi makuru mumazuva iwayo, kusanganisira Isaac Newton, uye mhinduro yekukunda yakagumuchirwa naJohn Harrison, muvhariki kubva kumaruwa uyo akasangana nedambudziko rakasiyana nevasayendisiti vakange vaisa pfungwa pane imwe nzira iyo inosanganisira kuongorora nyeredzi ; kuti uwane mamwe mashoko, ona Sobel (1996) . Sezvinoratidzwa nemuenzaniso uyu, chimwe chikonzero chekufona kwekufona kunofungidzirwa kuti inoshanda zvakanaka ndeyokuti vanoita kuti vanhu vakwanise kuwana maonero akasiyana uye unyanzvi (Boudreau and Lakhani 2013) . Ona Hong and Page (2004) uye Page (2008) kune zvakawanda pamusoro pekukosha kwehutano mukugadzirisa matambudziko.

Chimwe nechimwe chekufona kwemahofisi muchitsauko chinodikanwa zvishoma zvekutsanangurwa kwekuti nei iri mune iyi. Chokutanga, imwe nzira yandinosiyanisa pakati pekuverenga kwevanhu uye kuzarura mapurogiramu ekufambisa ndeyekuti iyo inokonzerwa inonguva yezvose zvinogadziriswa (kuverenga kwevanhu) kana mhinduro yakanakisisa (kushevedza). Mutengo weNetflix unonzwisisika panyaya iyi nokuti mhinduro yakanakisisa yakave (Bell, Koren, and Volinsky 2010; Feuerverger, He, and Khatri 2012) nzira inonzi "solution ensemble" (Bell, Koren, and Volinsky 2010; Feuerverger, He, and Khatri 2012) . Kubva pamaonero aNetflix, zvisinei, zvose zvavaifanira kuita ndezvokutora mhinduro yakanakisisa. Kune zvakawanda pamusoro peNetflix Prize, ona Bennett and Lanning (2007) , Thompson (2008) , Bell, Koren, and Volinsky (2010) , uye Feuerverger, He, and Khatri (2012) .

Chechipiri, nedzimwe tsanangudzo dzekuverenga kwevanhu (semuenzaniso, Ahn (2005) ), Foldit inofanirwa kuonekwa seurongwa hwekuverenga hwevanhu. Zvisinei, ini ndinosarudza kuitanidza sekufona pachena nokuti inoda unyanzvi hwakakosha (kunyange zvisati zvichinyanya kukosha zvakadzidziswa) uye inotora mhinduro yakanakisisa, panzvimbo yekushandisa kupatsanidza-kushanda-kusanganisira nzira. Nokuwedzera pane Foldit ona, Cooper et al. (2010) , Khatib et al. (2011) , uye Andersen et al. (2012) ; Tsanangudzo yangu yeFoldit inotarisa kune tsanangudzo Bohannon (2009) , Hand (2010) , uye Nielsen (2012) .

Pakupedzisira, mumwe anogona kukaka kuti Peer-to-Patent muenzaniso wekugoverwa kwekuunganidza data. Ndinosarudza kuisanganisira semufaro wakasununguka nekuti une mukana wekukwikwidza uye chete mishonga yakanakisisa inoshandiswa, asi nekugoverwa kwekuunganidza dhiyabhorosi, pfungwa yezvakanaka uye yakaipa zvipo hazvijekeswi. Kuti uwane zvakawanda pa Peer-to-Patent, ona Noveck (2006) , Ledford (2007) , Noveck (2009) , uye Bestor and Hamp (2010) .

Mukutaura kwekushandisa kushamiswa kwakasununguka mukutsvakurudza kwemagariro evanhu, zviitiko zvakafanana kune Glaeser et al. (2016) , inoratidzwa muchitsauko 10 Mayer-Schönberger and Cukier (2013) umo New York City yakakwanisa kushandisa maitiro ekufananidzira kuitira kuti zvibudirire zvakakura mukubudirira kwevatariri veimba. MuNew York City, aya maitiro ekufananidzira akavakwa nevashandi vomuguta, asi mune dzimwe nguva, mumwe angafungidzira kuti aigona kugadzirwa kana kuvandudzwa nekutumidzwa kusununguka (semuenzaniso, Glaeser et al. (2016) ). Zvisinei, chimwe chinonyanya kukoshesa nehuwandu hwekufananidzira hunoshandiswa kugovera hupfumi ndechokuti izvi zvinyorwa zvine simba rekusimbisa kukanganisa kuripo. Vatsvakurudzi vakawanda vatoziva "marara mukati, marara kunze," uye nehuwandu hwekufananidzira hungave "kufarira, kushamwaridzana kunze." Ona Barocas and Selbst (2016) uye O'Neil (2016) kune zvakawanda pamusoro pengozi yehuwandu hwekufananidzira hwakavakwa uye nedhidzo yekudzidzira data.

Imwe dambudziko rinogona kudzivirira hurumende kushandisa mashomanana akasununguka ndeokuti izvi zvinoda kubudiswa kwemashoko, izvo zvinogona kutungamirira mukuputsika kwevamwe. Kune zvakawanda pamusoro pekusununguka uye kushandiswa kwemashoko mumafoni akazaruka, ona Narayanan, Huey, and Felten (2016) uye kukurukurirana muchitsauko 6.

Kuti uwane zvakawanda pamusoro pekusiyana uye kufanana pakati pekufanotaura nekutsanangurwa, ona Breiman (2001) , Shmueli (2010) , Watts (2014) , uye Kleinberg et al. (2015) . Kune zvakawanda pamusoro pebasa rekufanotaura mukutsvaga kwevanhu, ona Athey (2017) , Cederman and Weidmann (2017) , Hofman, Sharma, and Watts (2017) , ( ??? ) , uye Yarkoni and Westfall (2017) .

Kuti uongorore ruzivo rwakasununguka mukudhinda mu biology, kusanganisira mazano ekugadzira, ona Saez-Rodriguez et al. (2016) .

• Distributed data collection (chikamu 5.4)

Tsanangudzo yangu yeBird inotora tsanangudzo Bhattacharjee (2005) , Robbins (2013) , uye Sullivan et al. (2014) . Nokuda kwevamwe vatsvakurudzi vanoshandisa mazita ekuenzanisa kuongorora eBird data ona Fink et al. (2010) Hurlbert and Liang (2012) . Kune zvakawanda pakuenzanisa unyanzvi hwevadzidzi veBird, ona Kelling, Johnston, et al. (2015) . Nokuda kwezvakaitika munhoroondo yevagari vesayenzi muhutano, ona Greenwood (2007) .

Kuti uwane zvakawanda pamusoro peMalawi Journals Project, ona Watkins and Swidler (2009) Kaler, Watkins, and Angotti (2015) . Nokuda kwechimwe chirongwa chakafanana muSouth Africa, ona Angotti and Sennott (2015) . Nokuda kwemimwe mienzaniso yekutsvakurudza uchishandisa data kubva kuMalawi Journals Project ona Kaler (2004) Angotti et al. (2014) .

• Kugadzira yako pachako (chikamu 5.5)

Nzira yangu yekupa mazano mazano yakakonzera, zvichibva pamuenzaniso wekubudirira uye kukundikana kwemazana ekubatana kwemishonga yandakambonzwa nezvayo. Pakave kunewo ruzivo rwekutsvakurudza kuedza kushandisa mamwe maonero ehutano hwemagariro evanhu ekugadzira mimwe midzi yeInternet inoenderana nekugadzirwa kwemazana ekubatana kwemishonga, ona, semuenzaniso, Kraut et al. (2012) .

Nezvekukurudzira vatori vechikamu, zvakanyanyisa kunyatsoziva kuti nei vanhu vachiita basa rekushanda pamwe chete (Cooper et al. 2010; Nov, Arazy, and Anderson 2011; Tuite et al. 2011; Raddick et al. 2013; Preist, Massung, and Coyle 2014) . Kana uchitarisira kukurudzira vatori vechikamu nekubhadhara pamakambani emashandi emakemikari (eg, Amazon Mechanical Turk), Kittur et al. (2013) inopa mazano.

Nezvekugonesa kushamiswa, nemamwe mienzaniso yezvinhu zvisingafanoonekwi zvakawanikwa kubva kuZooiverse mapurogiramu, ona Marshall, Lintott, and Fletcher (2015) .

Nezvekuva nehutsika, mamwe mazano akanaka akazara kune nyaya dzakabatanidzwa Gilbert (2015) , Salehi et al. (2015) , Schmidt (2013) , Williamson (2016) , Resnik, Elliott, and Miller (2015) , uye Zittrain (2008) . Pamusoro pezvinyorwa zvakanyatsoenderana nematare ehurumende nevashandi Felstiner (2011) , ona Felstiner (2011) . O'Connor (2013) inobvunza mibvunzo pamusoro pekutarisirwa kwetsika kwekutsvakurudza apo basa revanotsvakurudza nevatori vechikamu rinoputika. Kune nyaya dzakabatana pakugovana dhivhiri nekudzivirira vatori vechikamu mune vagari venyika masayenzi, ona Bowser et al. (2014) . Vose Purdam (2014) Windt and Humphreys (2016) vane hurukuro pamusoro pehutano hwehutsika mukuparadzirwa kwemashoko. Pakupedzisira, mapurisa akawanda anobvuma zvipo asi haapi kupa chikwereti chikwereti kune vatori vechikamu. MuFoldit, vatambi vanowanzonyorwa sevanyori (Cooper et al. 2010; Khatib et al. 2011) . Mune mamwe mapurogiramu ekushevedza akasununguka, mupiro anokunda anogona kunyora pepa rinotsanangura mhinduro dzavo (semuenzaniso, Bell, Koren, and Volinsky (2010) uye Dieleman, Willett, and Dambre (2015) ).