3.3.2 Kuyerwa

Chiyero ndechekutaura zvavanopindura vachifunga uye vanoita pane zvavanotaura.

Kuwedzera kune zvinetso kumiririrwa, yose kuongorora kukanganisa framework inoratidza kuti rechipiri guru tsime zvikanganiso ndiko kuyerwa: tingaita inferences kubva mhinduro kuti vakabvunzurudzwa vape mibvunzo yedu. Icho chinopera kuti mhinduro dzatinogamuchira, uye naizvozvo zvinyorwa zvatinoita, zvinogona kuvimba zvakananga-uye dzimwe nguva nzira dzinoshamisa-kunyatsoita kwatinokumbira. Zvichida hapana chinoratidzira pfungwa iyi inokosha zviri nani pane kuseka mubhuku rinoshamisa Asking Mibvunzo naNorman Bradburn, Seymour Sudman, naBrian Wansink (2004) :

vapristi vaviri, mumwe Dominican uye wechechi yeRoma, vari kukurukura kana chivi yefodya uye kunyengetera panguva imwecheteyo. Pashure kutadza kusvika mhedziso, mumwe anoenda kubvunza ake dzakasiyana mukuru. The Dominican anoti: "Chii mukuru Taurai?"

The wechechi yeRoma anopindura, "Akati yaiva mhosva."

"Ndizvo kusetsa" neDominican anopindura, "foromani wangu akati kwaiva chivi."

The wechechi yeRoma akati, "Ko iwe kumubvunza?" The Dominican anopindura, "ndakamubvunza kana akanga mhosva kusvuta unonyengetera." "Oh" akadaro wechechi yeRoma, "ndakabvunza kana zvakanga OK kunyengetera apo kusvuta."

Kunze kwekunyomba uku, tsvakurudzo dzakaongorora dzakanyora nzira dzakawanda dzokuti nzira yaunodzidza inobva pane zvaunokumbira. Izvozvi, iyo nyaya chaiyo pamudzi wejoke iri rine zita munharaunda yekutsvakurudza yekuongorora: mubvunzo mafomu emagumisiro (Kalton and Schuman 1982) . Kuti uone kuti mubvunzo unobatanidzwa nemigumisiro inogona kuita sei kuongororwa kwechokwadi, funga nezvemibvunzo miviri yakafanana yakafanana yekuongorora:

• "Sei zvikuru here kubvumirana mashoko anotevera: Vanhu vane mhosva pane magariro evanhu kuti mhosva uye mutemo munyika ino."
• "Sei zvikuru here anobvumirana zvinotevera okuti: Social ezvinhu zvakawanda mhosva kupfuura vanhu nokuda kwemhosva uye mutemo munyika ino."

Kunyange zvazvo mibvunzo miviri ichiita seinoyera chinhu chimwe chete, yakabudisa zvakasiyana-siyana mumusangano chaiwo wokuongorora (Schuman and Presser 1996) . Apo pavakabvunzwa imwe nzira, vanenge 60% vevanhu vakapindura vakataura kuti vanhu vakawanda vaipomera mhosva, asi pavakabvunzwa neimwe nzira, vanenge 60% vakataura kuti hukama hwevanhu hwakanyanya huri mhosva (mufananidzo 3.3). Mune mamwe mazwi, musiyano muduku pakati pemibvunzo miviri iyi inogona kutungamirira vatsvakurudzi pane imwe mhedziso yakasiyana.

Mufananidzo 3.3: Mhinduro kubva kuongororo yakaedzwa inoratidza kuti vatsvakurudzi vanogona kuwana mhinduro dzakasiyana zvichienderana nekunyatsoita kwavakabvunza mubvunzo. Vazhinji vakapindura vakabvumirana kuti vanhu vanowanzopomera mhosva kune hukama hwemagariro ehupombwe uye kusateerera mutemo. Uye ruzhinji rwevanhu vakabvunzurudzwa vakabvumirana nevanopesana: kuti hutano hwevanhu hune huwandu hwevanhu. Yakagadzirirwa kubva ku Schuman and Presser (1996) , tafura 8.1.

Mukuwedzera kune chimiro chemubvunzo, vapindura vanogonawo kupa mhinduro dzakasiyana, zvichienderana nemashoko akashandiswa akashandiswa. Semuenzaniso, kuitira kuti uone maonero pamusoro pehurumende zvakakosha, vaverengi vakaverengwa zvinotevera:

"Tiri nezvinetso zvakawanda munyika iyi, hapana zvinogona kugadziriswa nyore kana inexpensively. Ndava zita zvimwe zvinetso izvi, uye ndingada kuti mumwe nomumwe vanoda kuti ndiudze kana munofunga tiri kupedzera mari yakawandisa pairi, mari zvishoma, kana pamusoro rworudyi uwandu. "

Zvadaro, hafu yevakabvunzwa yakabvunzwa nezve "hurumende" uye hafu yakabvunzwa nezve "rubatsiro kune varombo." Kunyange zvazvo izvi zvingaratidzika semitsara miviri yakasiyana yechinhu chimwechete, vakaita mitsara yakasiyana kwazvo (chirevo 3.4); VaAmerica vanorondedzera kuva ivo vanotsigira "rubatsiro kune varombo" pane "hurumende" (Smith 1987; Rasinski 1989; Huber and Paris 2013) .

Mufananidzo 3.4: Mhinduro kubva kuongororo yekuongororwa inoratidza kuti vapinduri vanotsigira zvikuru "rubatsiro kuvarombo" kupfuura "kugara zvakanaka." Uyu ndiwo muenzaniso wemashoko ekubvunzwa kwemashoko apo mhinduro dzavanotsvakurudza dzichienderana nemashoko avanoshandisa mibvunzo yavo. Yakagadzirwa kubva kuna Huber and Paris (2013) , tafura A1.

Sezvo mienzaniso iyi pamusoro pemubvunzo inogadziriswa nemigumisiro yemashoko inoratidza, mhinduro dzinotsvakurudzwa nevatsvakurudzi dzinogona kutungamirirwa nekuti vanobvunza sei mibvunzo yavo. Iyi mienzaniso dzimwe nguva inotungamirira vatsvakurudzi kushamisika nezve "nzira yakarurama" yekubvunza mibvunzo yavo yekuongorora. Kunyange ini ndichifunga kuti kune dzimwe nzira dzisina kunaka dzekubvunza mubvunzo, handifungi kuti pane imwe nguva yakarurama yakarurama. Izvozvo, hazvisi pachena kuti zviri nani kubvunza nezve "hurumende" kana "rubatsiro kune varombo"; aya mibvunzo miviri yakasiyana iyo inoyera zvinhu zviviri zvakasiyana pamusoro pemafungiro evanopindura. Mienzaniso iyi dzimwe nguva inotungamirira vatsvakurudzi kugumisa kuti tsvakurudzo haifaniri kushandiswa. Zvinosuruvarisa, dzimwe nguva hapana chakanaka. Pane kudaro, ndinofunga kuti chidzidzo chakanaka chokukwevera kubva mumienzaniso iyi ndechekuti tinofanira kuvaka mibvunzo yedu nekunyanya uye hatifaniri kugamuchira mhinduro dzisingabvumirwi.

Nenzira yakawanda, izvi zvinoreva kuti kana uri kuongorora tsvakurudzo yedhesi yakaunganidzwa nemumwe munhu, iva nechokwadi chokuti waverenga mharidzo chaiyo yemibvunzo. Uye kana iwe uri kusika rako remibvunzo, ndine mazano mana. Kutanga, ndinokurudzira kuti uverenge zvakawanda pamusoro pemibvunzo Bradburn, Sudman, and Wansink (2004) (eg, Bradburn, Sudman, and Wansink (2004) ); pane zvakawanda kune izvi kupfuura zvandakakwanisa kurondedzera pano. Chechipiri, ndinokurudzira kuti ukope-shoko nekuda kwemashoko-mibvunzo kubva pane zvakanyanya kutsvakurudza. Semuenzaniso, kana iwe uchida kubvunza vakabvunzwa pamusoro pezera / marudzi avo, unogona kukopa mibvunzo inoshandiswa mukuongorora kukuru kwehurumende, sekuverenga. Kunyangwe izvi zvingaita sekunyoresa, kuverenga mibvunzo kunokurudzirwa mukutsvakurudza kwekutsvakurudza (chero bedzi iwe uchitsanangura kuongorora kwepakutanga). Kana iwe ukanyora mibvunzo kubva pahupamhi-tsvakurudzo, iwe unogona kuva nechokwadi chokuti vakaedzwa, uye iwe unogona kuenzanisa mhinduro dzekutsvaga kwako kune mhinduro kubva pane dzimwe tsvakurudzo. Chechitatu, kana iwe uchifunga kuti bhuku rako remibvunzo rinogona kunge rine mibvunzo inokosha yemashoko emagumisiro kana mapepa emigumisiro yemibvunzo, iwe unogona kutarisa kuongororwa kuongorora apo hafu yevanopindura vanogamuchira mhando imwe yemubvunzo nehafu inogamuchira imwe shanduro (Krosnick 2011) . Pakupedzisira, ini ndinokurudzira kuti iwe mutyairi-chengetedza mibvunzo yako nevamwe vanhu vanobva mumapuranga evanhu; ongororo vatsvakurudzi vanoshevedza iyi nzira isati yaedzwa (Presser et al. 2004) . Chiitiko changu ndechokuti kuongororwa kusati kwaedzwa kunobatsira zvikuru.