3.6.1 Kubudirira kubvunza
Mukugadziriswa kubvunza, kuongorora dhesi inovaka mamiriro ekukomberedza denga guru rekushandisa iro rine zvimwe zviyero zvinokosha asi risina vamwe.
Imwe nzira yekubatanidza dheta rekutsvaga uye makuru makuru emvura ndiyo nzira yandichashevedza kubudirira kubvunza . Mukugadziriswa kukumbira, guru dhiyabhorosi rine rine zvimwe zviyero zvinokosha asi harina zvimwe zviyero kuitira kuti muongorori anounganise zviyero izvi zvinoshayikwa mune tsvakurudzo ndokuzobatanidza zvinyorwa zviviri zvese pamwe chete. Mumwe muenzaniso wekubatsira kubvunza ndeyekudzidza Burke and Kraut (2014) pamusoro pekuti kana kuwirirana pa Facebook kunowedzera simba rehukama, izvo zvandakatsanangura muchikamu 3.2). Muchiitiko ichocho, Burke naKraut vakabatana pamwe nekuongorora data ne Facebook log data.
Nzvimbo iyo Burke naKraut vakanga vachishanda, zvakadaro, zvaireva kuti vaisafanira kubata nematambudziko maviri makuru ayo vatsvakurudzi vanoita kubudirira vachibvunza vachida kusangana. Chokutanga, kunyatsobatanidza dhigirii yemunhu, nhamba inonzi rekodhi yekunyoresa , inogona kuva yakaoma kana pasina chiziviso chakasiyana chezvinhu zvose zvinyorwa zvinogona kushandiswa kugadzirisa kuti rekodhi yakakodzera mune imwe dataset yakaenzana nekodha yakarurama mune imwe dashaset. Dambudziko rechipiri guru kuburikidza nekubudirira kukumbira nderokuti hutano hwemashoko makuru huchawanzova hunooma kuti vatsvakurudzi vaongorore nokuti nzira iyo data inenge yakasikwa ingave yepamusoro uye inogona kutarisana nematambudziko akawanda anotsanangurwa muchitsauko 2. Mune mamwe mazwi, kuwedzerwa kubvunza kunowanzobatanidza kukanganisa-kunowanzobatanidza kuongororwa kweongororo kune zvisikwa zvemashoko emasikati emhando isingazivikanwi. Pasinei nematambudziko aya, zvisinei, kubudirira kubvunza kunogona kushandiswa kuitisa tsvakurudzo inokosha, sezvakaratidzwa naStefano Ansolabehere naEitan Hersh (2012) mukutsvakurudza kwavo pamitemo yekuvhota muUnited States.
Kubhadharira kwave kuve nyaya yekutsvakurudza kwakawanda mune zvematongerwe enyika, uye, munguva yakapfuura, kunzwisisa kwevatsvakurudzi kwevhoti uye nei zvakawanzove zvichibva pakuongorora tsvakurudzo yedata. Kuvhota muUnited States, zvisinei, unhu husina kujairika pakuti hurumende inonyora kana hurumende imwe yakavhota (zvechokwadi, hurumende haina kunyora kuti vagari vemo vanovhota). Kwemakore akawanda, marekodhi aya ehurumende aivhota aivepo pamapepa emapepa, akapararira mumahofisi ehurumende akasiyana-siyana enyika. Izvi zvakaita kuti zvive zvakaoma kwazvo, asi hazvisakwanisi, kuti masayendisiti ezvematongerwe enyika ave nemifananidzo yakazara yevasororati uye kuenzanisa izvo vanhu vanoti muongororo pamusoro pekuvhota nemafambiro avo ekuvhota (Ansolabehere and Hersh 2012) .
Asi zvinyorwa izvi zvekuvhota zvino zvakagadziridzwa, uye dzimwe makambani ega ega akaunganidza zvakagadziriswa uye akazvibatanidza kuti dzigadzire zvakakwana mafaira ekuvhota ane mufambiro wekuvhota wevaAmerica vose. Ansolabehere naHersh vakaparadzana nemumwe wemakambani aya-Catalist LCC-kuitira kuti vashandise tenzi wavo wekuvhota kuti vabatsire kukura mufananidzo wakanaka wevasarudzo. Uyezve, nokuti kudzidza kwavo kwakavimbika pamakoropota edijitori akaunganidzwa uye akarongedzwa nekambani yakange iine mari yakawanda yekuunganidza deta uye kuwirirana, yakapa huwandu hwezvakanaka pamusoro pezvaiitwa kare zvainge zvamboitwa pasina rubatsiro rwekambani uye nekushandisa zvinyorwa zveanalogog.
Kufanana nemamwe makuru makuru ezvinyorwa muchitsauko 2, chiCatalist master file haina kubatanidza zvizhinji zvehuwandu hwevanhu, maitiro, uye maitiro aAnsolabehere neHersh aidiwa. Zvechokwadi, ivo vainyanya kufarira kuenzanisa maitiro ekuvhota akabudiswa muongororo nemitoo yakagadziridzwa yokuvhota (kureva, ruzivo mune database yeCatalist). Nokudaro Ansolabehere naHersh vakaunganidza dhaka ravaida sekuongorora kukuru kwevanhu, CCES, yataurwa kare muchitsauko chino. Zvadaro vakapa data yavo kuCatalist, uye chiCatalist chakavapa zvakare faira deta faira yaisanganisira maitiro akavhenekera ekuvhota (kubva kuCatalist), maitiro ezvokuvhota akazviti (kubva kuCCES) uye maitiro uye mafungiro evakabvunzwa (kubva kuCCES) (chimiro 3.13). Mune mamwe mazwi, Ansolabehere neHersh vakabatanidza zvinyorwa zvekuvhota dheta nedzimwe tsvakurudzo yekuita kuti tsvakurudzo yakanga isingagoneki kana imwe nzvimbo yezvinyorwa.
Mufananidzo 3.13: Chirongwa chekudzidza Ansolabehere and Hersh (2012) . Kugadzira tenzi datafile, chiCatalist chinobatanidza nekubatanidza mashoko kubva kune zvakasiyana siyana. Iyi nzira yekubatanidza, zvisinei kuti ingwarira sei, ichaparadzira zvikanganiso mumashoko ekutanga ezvinyorwa uye ichajekesa mapoka matsva. Chinhu chechipiri chekukanganisa ndechekubatanidza rekodhi pakati pekuongorora deta uye master datafile. Kana munhu wese aine shongwe, yeruzivo yakasiyana-siyana mune zvose zvinyorwa zvemashoko, ipapo kubatana kwaizova kwakashata. Asi, chiCatalist chaifanira kuita kubatanidza uchishandisa zvisikwa zvisina kukwana, munyaya iyi zita, gender, gore rekuberekwa, uye kero yepamusha. Zvinosuruvarisa, pamatambudziko mazhinji panogona kunge isina ruzivo rwakakwana kana ruzivo rwakakwana; muvhoti anonzi Homer Simpson angangoita seHomer Jay Simpson, Homie J Simpson, kana Homer Sampsin. Pasinei nekukanganiswa kwezvikanganiso muCatalist master datafile uye zvikanganiso muhutano hwekunyoresa, Ansolabehere neHersh vakakwanisa kuvaka chivimbo mumatanho avo kuburikidza nemhando dzakasiyana siyana dzekuongorora.
Nefaira ravo rekuunganidza, Ansolabehere neHersh vakasvika kune zvitatu zvakakosha. Kutanga, kunyora-pamusoro kwekuvhota kwakapararira: inenge hafu yevasiri vhoti yakashuma vhoti, uye kana mumwe munhu akarovera kuvhota, kune huwandu huwandu hwe80% hwekuti ivo vakatovhota. Chechipiri, kunyanya kuzivikanwa hakusi kungoerekana kwaitika: kunyora-kudarika kunowanzoonekwa kune vakawanda vane mari yakawanda, vakadzidza zvikuru, vatsigiri vanobatanidzwa munhau dzevanhu. Mune mamwe mazwi, vanhu vanowanzovhota vanowanzoreva nhema pamusoro pekuvhota. Chechitatu, uye inonyanya kukosha, nekuda kwekugadzirisa kwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwekuzivisa, kupesana kwechokwadi pakati pevhoti nevasina vheti vashoma kudarika ivo vanoonekwa kubva pakutsvakurudza. Semuenzaniso, avo vane bhigiriydi yechirungu vane 22 peresenti yepamusoro inowanzoita kuti varatidze kuvhota, asi vane 10 peresenti chete inowanzoita kuti vhoti. Izvo zvinosvika, zvichida hazvishamisi, kuti pane zviripo-mazano ezvokuvhota zviri nani zvikuru pakufanotaura kuti ndiani achazoti vhoti (iyo ndiyo data iyo vatsvakurudzi vakashandisa munguva yakapfuura) kupfuura ivo vari pakufanotaura kuti ndiani chaiyo vhoti. Nokudaro, kutsvaga Ansolabehere and Hersh (2012) kunodana mazano matsva kuti vanzwisise uye Ansolabehere and Hersh (2012) vhoti.
Asi tinofanira kutarisira zvakadini izvi? Yeuka, zvigumisiro izvi zvinoenderana nekukanganisa-kunowanzobatanidza kudivi rebhokisi-bhokisi nemari isingazivikanwe yekanganiso. Kunyanya zvakanyanya, mitsva yacho inowanikwa pamatanho maviri: (1) kukwanisa kweCatalist kusanganisa zvinhu zvakawanda zvakasiyana-siyana zvemashoko kubudisa yakarurama master datafile uye (2) kukwanisa kweCatalist kubatanidza dheta rekutsvaga kune deta datafile yayo. Chimwe nechimwe chezviito izvi chakaoma, uye kukanganisa mune imwe nhanho kunogona kutungamirira vatsvakurudzi kune mhedzisiro isiri iyo. Zvisinei, zvose kushandiswa kwedhesi nekubatanidza zvakakosha kuenderera mberi kwekuvapo kweCatalist sekambani, saka inogona kuisa mari yekugadzirisa matambudziko aya, kazhinji pamwero uyo pasina muongorori wechikoro angakwanisa. Mune pepa ravo, Ansolabehere naHersh vanofamba nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana kuti vaongorore migumisiro yematanho maviri aya-kunyange zvazvo vamwe vavo vane dzimba-uye izvi zvingangove zvichibatsira kune vamwe vatsvakurudzi vanoda kubatanidza dhevhizheni kudhesi-bhokisi huru zvitubu.
Ndezvipi zvidzidzo zvese zvinotsvakurudzwa nevatsvakurudzi vanogona kubva kubva muchidzidzo ichi? Kutanga, pane kukosha kukuru kubva pakuvandudza mazita makuru ekutsvaga nenyaya yekuongorora uye kubva pakuwedzera tsvakurudzo dheta nemakuru makuru ezvinyorwa (unogona kuona ichi chidzidzo kana nzira). Nokubatanidza idzi mbiri dzinotora data, vatsvakurudzi vakakwanisa kuita chimwe chinhu chakanga chisingaiti kana mumwe nomumwe. Chechipiri chidzidzo chikuru ndechekuti kunyange zvazvo yakawanda, zvigadzirwa zvemabhizimisi zvinyorwa, zvakadai semashoko kubva kuCatalist, hazvifaniri kuonekwa se "chokwadi chevhu," mune dzimwe nguva, dzinogona kubatsira. Vanyengeri dzimwe nguva vanofananidza izvi zvakasanganiswa, zvekutengeserana zvinyorwa zvinyorwa neChokwadi chaicho uye kuratidza kuti izvi zvinyorwa zvese zvinopera. Zvisinei, munyaya iyi, vanyengeri vari kuita kuenzanisa kwakashata: data yose inotsvakurudzwa nevatsvakurudzi kusinganzwisisi chokwadi chaicho. Panzvimbo pezvo, zviri nani kuenzanisa zvikwata zvakasiyana-siyana zvekutengeserana nedzimwe nzvimbo dzinowanika dhiyabhorosi (semuenzaniso, mararamiro ezvokuzvitsanangura), izvo zvinowanzove nezvikanganiso zvakare. Pakupedzisira, chidzidzo chechitatu chechipiri cheAnsolabehere uye Hersh chidzidzo ndechokuti mune dzimwe mamiriro ezvinhu, vatsvakurudzi vanogona kubatsirwa nemari yakawanda iyo makambani akawanda ega ari kuita mukuunganidza uye kuwirirana zvakaoma zvekugarisa data data.
