3.5.1 Ecological chinguva mazano
Vatsvakurudzi vanogona kukonzera hurukuro yakawanda uye kuvasasa muhupenyu hwevanhu.
Kuongorora kwemazuva ano (EMA) kunosanganisira kutora tsvakurudzo dzetsika, kuvadzvinyirira muzvidimbu, uye kuvasasa muhupenyu hwevatori vechikamu. Nokudaro, mibvunzo yekuongorora inogona kubvunzwa panguva yakakodzera uye nzvimbo, panzvimbo yevhiki dzenguva refu yekubvunzurudza pashure pezvakaitika.
EMA inoratidzwa nezvinhu zvina: (1) kuunganidza deta mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo-pasi; (2) kuongororwa kunotarisa kune vanhu vemazuva ano kana kuti zvishoma zvekare kana maitiro; (3) kuongorora kunogona kunge kuchiitika-nguva yakatarwa, nguva yakatarwa, kana kuti yakarongeka (zvichienderana nemubvunzo wekutsvakurudza); uye (4) kugadziriswa kweongororo dzakawanda munguva yakareba (Stone and Shiffman 1994) . EMA ndiyo nzira yekukumbira iyo inonyatsofambiswa nemafoni emafoni ayo vanhu vanobatanidza nguva dzose zuva rose. Uyezve, nokuti mafoni emafaira akazara nemasikirwo-akadai seGPS uye accelerometers-zviri kuwedzera zvinogona kutora zviyero zvichienderana nebasa. Somuenzaniso, smartphone inogona kurongwa kuti iite mubvunzo wokuongorora kana munhu anopomerwa achipinda mune imwe nzvimbo.
Chivimbiso cheEEM chakanyatsoratidzwa nekutsvakurudza kwakaitwa Naomi Sugie. Kubva kuma1970, United States yakakura zvikuru kuwanda kwenhamba yevanhu iyo inosungwa. Kubva muna 2005, vanenge 500 mumakumi mashanu evanhu vese veAmerica vakanga vari mujeri, chiyero chekuvharirwa mujeri kupfuura chero kupi zvako kune dzimwe nyika (Wakefield and Uggen 2010) . Kuvhiringidzika kwehuwandu hwevanhu vanopinda mujeri uye kwakabudisa kuwedzera kwechiverengero kubva musungwa; vanenge 700 000 vanhu vanobva mujeri gore roga roga (Wakefield and Uggen 2010) . Vanhu ava vanotarisana nematambudziko akaoma pavanenge vachibva mujeri, uye zvinosuruvarisa vazhinji vanopera kumashure uko. Kuti uchinzwisise uye kuderedze recidivism, masayendisiti ezvesuzhinji uye vadzidzisi vezano vanodikanwa kuti vanzwisise ruzivo rwevanhu sezvavanopinda zvakare munzanga. Zvisinei, idzi idzi dzakaoma kuunganidza pamwe nemaitiro ekuongororwa maitiro nokuti vekare vatadzi vanowanzove vakaoma kudzidza uye hupenyu hwavo hunooma zvikuru. Nzira dzekuyera dzinoshandisa kuongororwa kwemwedzi mishomanana pasina huwandu hwakawanda hwehupenyu hupenyu hwavo (Sugie 2016) .
Kuti udzidze kudzoka kwekupinda nenzira yakajeka zvakanyanya, Sugie akatora mhando yakakwana yekuenzanisira yevanhu 131 kubva muzere wakakwana wevanhu vanosiya jeri kuNewark, New Jersey. Akapa mutori wega wega nefoni, iyo yakazova mupfumi wakawanda wekuunganidza dhipatimendi, zvose zvekunyora maitiro uye nekubvunza mibvunzo. Sugie akashandisa mafoni kuti atungamirire marudzi maviri eongororo. Chokutanga, akatumira "ruzivo rwekuongorora shanduro" panguva yakasarudzwa panguva ya9 mangwanani ne6 masikati. Kubvunza vatori vechikamu nezvemabasa avo ezvino uye manzwiro avo. Chechipiri, pa7: 00 masikati, akatumira "kuongorora kwezuva nezuva" achikumbira nezvezvinhu zvose zvezuva iroro. Uyezve, kuwedzera kune mibvunzo iyi yekuongorora, foni dzakanyora nzvimbo yavo nzvimbo nguva dzose uye dzakachengetwa zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvekushevedzera uye meta-data. Kushandisa nzira iyi-iyo inobatanidza kukumbira nekucherechedza-Sugie akakwanisa kugadzira zvinyorwa, zvakadzama-maitiro zvezviitiko zvehupenyu hwevanhu ava sezvavakapinda zvakare munzanga.
Vatsvakurudzi vanotenda kuti kuwana dare rakasimba, basa rakakwirira rinobatsira vanhu kubudirira kuchinja zvakare munzanga. Zvisinei, Sugie akawana kuti, pamwero wega, maitiro ake emubatanidzwa akanga asina kujeka, kwenguva pfupi, uye zvishoma nezvishoma. Iyi tsanangudzo yehuwandu hwemuenzaniso, zvisinei, masks anokosha huterogeneity. Kunyanya, Sugie akawana zvikamu zvina zvakasiyana mukati memvura yakabatanidzwa: "kutanga kwekutanga" (avo vanotanga kutsvaga basa asi vobva vabuda mumusika wevashandi), "kutsvaga kutsvaga" (avo vanopedza nguva yakawanda vachitsvaga basa) , "Basa rinowanzoitika" (avo vanopedza nguva yakawanda yekushanda), uye "kupindura kwakaderera" (avo vasingagamuchiri kuongororo nguva dzose). Iko "kubuda kwokutanga" boka-avo vanotanga kutsvaga basa asi vasaiwana uye vanorega kutsvaga-kunonyanya kukosha nokuti boka iri haringambove rakakwanisa kubudirira zvakare kupinda.
Mumwe angafungidzira kuti kutsvaga basa mushure mokunge ari mutirongo inzira yakaoma, iyo inogona kutungamirira pakuora mwoyo uye kubva ipapo kubva pamusika wevashandi. Nokudaro, Sugie akashandisa maongorori ake kuunganidza dambudziko pamusoro pemamiriro ekufunga kwevatori vechikamu-humo hwemukati husinganzwisisike nyore kubva kune zvido zvekuita. Zvinotoshamisa kuti akawana kuti "kusununguka kwokutanga" boka harina kukwira mazinga epamusoro ekudzvinyirira kana kusagutsikana. Pane kudaro, zvakanga zvakasiyana: avo vakaramba vachitsvaga basa vakaudza mamwe manzwiro ekurwadziwa mupfungwa. Zvose izvi zvakanyatsojeka, zvakareba kwenguva refu pamusoro pemafambiro uye mafungiro evanove vatadzi vanokosha pakunzwisisa zvipingamupinyi zvavanotarisana nazvo uye kuderedza kushanduka kwavo kumashure. Zvakare, zvose izvi zvakajeka zvakanyatsorongwa zvingadai zvisina kuwanikwa muongororo yakawanda.
Kuunganidza kweDugie nedunhu rine vanhu vanotambura, zvikurukuru kuunganidza kudarika deta, kunogona kukonzera zvimwe zvinetso zvetsika. Asi Sugie aitarisira zvinetso izvi uye akazvitaurira mukugadzira kwake (Sugie 2014, 2016) . Maitiro ake akaongororwa nomumwe wechitatu-yunivhesiti ye Institutional Review Board-uye akaiteerera nemitemo yose iripo. Zvakare, zvichitevedzana nemitemo-based based approach iyo ndinotsigira muchitsauko 6, nzira yaSugie yakaenda kudarika zvaidiwa nemitemo iripo. Semuenzaniso, akagamuchira kubvumirana kwakagadziriswa kubva kune umwe neumwe mubatanidzwa, akabvumira vatori vechikamu kuti vasiye nguva yekutsvaga nzvimbo, uye akaenda kunzvimbo dzakakwirira kuti adzivirire data yaaiunganidza. Mukuwedzera pakushandisa zvakakodzera kuvharidzira uye kuchengetedza dhaka, akawanawo ChiSitifiketi cheChishopiti kubva kuhurumende yehurumende, izvo zvaireva kuti aisakwanisa kumanikidzirwa kutumira deta yake kumapurisa (Beskow, Dame, and Costello 2008) . Ndinofunga kuti nekuda kwekutarisa kwake kufunga, Sugie's project inopa muenzaniso wakanaka kuvamwe vatsvakurudzi. Kunyanya, haana kukanganisa muitiro wepamutemo, uye haana kurega kutsvakurudza kwakakosha nekuti yakanga yakanyatsonaka. Asi, akafungisisa, akatsvaka mazano akakodzera, akaremekedza vatori vechikamu, uye akatora matanho ekuvandudza panjodzi-purogiramu yekubatsira kwake.
Ndinofunga kuti pane zvidzidzo zvitatu zvakazara kubva mubasa raSugie. Chokutanga, nzira itsva dzekubvunza dzinopindirana nemaitiro ezvigadzirwa zvemuenzaniso; Yeuka kuti Sugie akatora mhando yakawanda yekuenzanisa kubva pane zvakanyatsorongedzerwa huwandu hwevanhu. Chechipiri, kukwirira-kuruka, zviyero zverefu kwenguva inogona kuve yakakosha pakudzidza zviitiko zvevanhu munharaunda izvo zvisiri izvo uye zvine simba. Chechitatu, kana kuongororwa kwemashoko kusanganiswa kunosanganiswa nemamwe makuru makuru-chimwe chinhu chandinofunga chichava chichiwedzera, sezvo ini ndichange ndapopotedzana zvakare muchitsauko chino-mamwe maitiro ehutsika anogona kubuda. Ini ndichaita maitiro ekutsvakurudza zvakadzama muchitsauko 6, asi basa raSugie rinoratidza kuti nyaya idzi dzinogadziriswa nevatsvakurudzi vehana uye vanofunga.
