Zvaunofanira kuverenga zvinotevera

• Nhanganyaya (chikamu 3.1)

Zvinyorwa zvakawanda zviri muchitsauko ichi zvakanyatsotaridzirwa mumakambani echangobva kutungamirirwa neAmerican Association of Public Opinion Research (AAPOR), yakadai seaya Dillman (2002) , Newport (2011) , Santos (2014) , uye Link (2015) .

Nokuda kwekusiyana pakati pekutsvakurudza kwekutsvaga nekupindurwa kwakadzika, ona Small (2009) . Maererano nehurukuro-yakanyatsobvunzurudzwa ndeye mhuri yemagariro anonzi ethnography. Mukutsvakurudza kwevanhu, vatsvakurudzi kazhinji vanopedza nguva yakawanda pamwe nevatori vechikamu munzvimbo yavo yepanyika. Kune zvakawanda pamusoro pekusiyana pakati peongorography uye zvakanyanyisa kubvunzurudzwa, ona Jerolmack and Khan (2014) . Kana uchida zvakawanda pamusoro pehuwandu hwema digital, ona Pink et al. (2015) .

Kutsanangurwa kwandinoita kwenhoroondo yekutsvakurudza kutsvakurudza kunopfupisa zvikuru kusanganisira zvizhinji zvezviitiko zvinonakidza zvakaitika. Nokuda kwezvakaitika kare, ona Smith (1976) , Converse (1987) , uye Igo (2008) . Kune zvakawanda pamusoro pemafungiro matatu ekutsvakurudza kuongororwa, ona Groves (2011) Dillman, Smyth, and Christian (2008) (iyo inoparadzanisa ma matatu matatu zvakasiyana zvakasiyana).

Groves and Kahn (1979) vanopa peek mukati mekushanduka kubva kubva kunekutanga kusvika kune yechipiri munguva yekutsvakurudza kwekuongorora nekuita zvakadzama musoro-ku-musoro kuenzanisa pakati pechiso nechiso nekuongororwa kwefoni. ( ??? ) tarisa kumashure pakushambadzirwa kwezvakaitika zvemajeri-dial-dialing sampling methods.

Nokuda kwekuti kutsvakurudza kwekutsvakurudza kwakashanduka sei munguva yakapfuura mukupindura kuchinja munzanga, ona Tourangeau (2004) , ( ??? ) , uye Couper (2011) .

• Kubvunza maererano nekucherechedza (chikamu 3.2)

Simba uye utera hwekukumbira nokucherechedza zvakakwikwidzana nevanodzidza nezvepfungwa (semuenzaniso, Baumeister, Vohs, and Funder (2007) ) uye Jerolmack and Khan (2014) (eg, Jerolmack and Khan (2014) , Maynard (2014) , Cerulo (2014) Vaisey (2014) Jerolmack and Khan (2014) ] Kusiyana pakati pekukumbira nekucherechedza kunowanzobva mune zvehupfumi, apo vatsvakurudzi vanotaura pamusoro pezvakataurwa uye zvakaratidzwa zvavanoda.Semuenzaniso, mumwe mutsvakurudzi angabvunza vaverengi kana vachida kudya ice cream kana kuenda kumitambo (inofanirwa kutarisirwa), kana kutarisa kuti vanhu vanodya ice cream kakawanda sei uye vanoenda kumitambo yekuzvidzivirira (izvo zvinoratidzwa zvinodiwa). Pane kunetseka kwakadzama pamusoro pemamwe marudzi ezvinyorwa zvinotarisirwa muhupfumi sezvinotsanangurwa Hausman (2012) .

Nheyo huru kubva kune idzi nhaurirano ndeyekuti unhu hwakataurwa huri nguva dzose hwakarurama. Asi, sezvazvakatsanangurwa muchitsauko 2, hurukuro huru yedhesi inogona kunge isiri yakarurama, inogona kunge isina kuunganidzwa pamuenzaniso wekufarira, uye inogona kusakwanika kune vatsvakurudzi. Nokudaro, ndinofunga kuti, mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, unhu hunove hunogona kuva hunobatsira. Uyezve, chikamu chikuru chechipiri kubva pamakakatanwa ndechekuti mitsara pamusoro pemanzwiro, ruzivo, zvinotarisirwa, uye maonero hazvisi nguva dzakarurama. Asi, kana ruzivo pamusoro pezvinhu izvi zviri mukati hunodikanwa nevatsvakurudzi-kana kuti kubatsira kubatsira kutsanangura humwe hutano kana kuti chinhu icho chinotsanangurwa-ipapo kubvunza kungave kwakakodzera. Ichokwadi kuti kudzidza pamusoro pezvematongerwo enyika kuburikidza nekubvunza mibvunzo kunogona kuva dambudziko nekuti pane dzimwe nguva vanozvida ivo pachavo havazivi nezvemamiriro avo (Nisbett and Wilson 1977) .

• Pose kukanganisa kuongorora (chikamu 3.3)

Chitsauko 1 Groves (2004) chinoita basa rakanaka kwazvo kuyananidza izwi risingapindirani rinowanzoshandiswa nevatsvakurudzi veongororo kurondedzera kuongororwa kwenzira yekuongororwa. Nokuda kwebhuku-kureba kurapwa kwehuwandu hwekuongororwa kwekangororo, ona Groves et al. (2009) , uye nokuda kwezvakaitika kare, ona Groves and Lyberg (2010) .

Pfungwa yekukanganisa kukanganisa mukushamwaridzana nekusiyana-siyana inouya zvakare mumakadziriro ekudzidza; ona, somuenzaniso, chikamu 7.3 Hastie, Tibshirani, and Friedman (2009) . Izvi zvinowanzoita kuti vatsvakurudzi vataure pamusoro pe "bias-variance" yekutengeserana.

Mukutaura kwekumiridzirwa, sumo huru kune nyaya dzisingabatsiri uye dzisina hanya neNational Research Council mushumo Nonresponse muScience Science Surveys: A Agenda Research (2013) . Chimwe chiitiko chinonyatsobatsira chinopiwa Groves (2006) . Uyewo, nyaya dzakasiyana-siyana dze Journal of Official Statistics , Hurukuro yePublic Opinion Quarterly , uye Annals yeAmerican Academy yeZvenyika Nezvematongerwo Enyika dzakabudiswa pamusoro penyaya yekusateerera. Pakupedzisira, kune dzimwe nzira dzakawanda dzakasiyana dzekuverenga chiyero chekupindura; idzi nzira dzinotsanangurwa zvakadzama mumushumo weAmerican Association of Public Opinion Researchers (AAPOR) ( ??? ) .

Nokuda kwezvakawanda pakutsvaga 1936 Literary Digest , ona Bryson (1976) , Squire (1988) , Cahalan (1989) , uye Lusinchi (2012) . Nokuda kwekumwe kukurukurirana kwekutsvaga uku semuenzaniso Gayo-Avello (2011) kwekuunganidza dambudziko, ona Gayo-Avello (2011) . Muna 1936, George Gallup akashandisa shanduro yakanakisisa yezvidzidzo uye akakwanisa kuenzanisa kuongororwa kwakajeka nemuenzaniso muduku. Kubudirira kwaGallup pamusoro peLitarian Digest kwaive chinhu chakakosha mukutsvakurudza kwekutsvakurudza kwekutsvaga sezvinorondedzerwa muchitsauko 3 che @ converse_survey_1987; chitsauko 4 che Ohmer (2006) ; uye chitsauko 3 che @ igo_averaged_2008.

Mukutaura kwekuyera, chinhu chikuru chekutanga chekugadzira mibvunzo ndeye Bradburn, Sudman, and Wansink (2004) . Kuti uwane mamwe maitiro ekurapa, ona Schuman and Presser (1996) , iyo inonyanya kutaura nezvemibvunzo Saris and Gallhofer (2014) , uye Saris and Gallhofer (2014) , iyo yakawanda. Nzira yakasiyana-siyana yekuenzanisa inotorwa mu psychometrics, sezvinotsanangurwa muna ( ??? ) . Zvimwe pamusoro pekufungidzira zvinowanika mu Presser and Blair (1994) , Presser et al. (2004) , uye chitsauko 8 Groves et al. (2009) . Kana uchida zvakawanda pamusoro pekuongorora kuongororwa, ona Mutz (2011) .

Maererano nemutengo, boka rekare, bhuku-urefu hwekurapa kwebhizimusi-kubva pakati pekutsvakurudza mari uye kuongororwa kwepfungwa ndiyo Groves (2004) .

• Ndiani angabvunza (chikamu 3.4)

Zvinyorwa zviviri zvebhuku-urefu remishonga yekuenzaniswa kwemaitiro akaenzana uye kuenzanisa Lohr (2009) (mamwe Särndal, Swensson, and Wretman (2003) ) uye Särndal, Swensson, and Wretman (2003) (zvakanyanya kupfuura). A classic book-length treatment ye post-stratification uye yakafanana nzira ndeye Särndal and Lundström (2005) . Mune zvimwe zvirongwa zvemajita-age, vatsvakurudzi vanoziva zvishoma nezvisingabvumirwi, izvo zvisingambowanzoitika munguva yakapfuura. Mhando dzakasiyana dzekusatendeseka kunogona kuitika apo vatsvakurudzi vane ruzivo pamusoro pevasingarevi, sezvakatsanangurwa Kalton and Flores-Cervantes (2003) na Smith (2011) .

The Xbox kudzidza na W. Wang et al. (2015) inoshandisa nzira inonzi "multilevel regression" uye "post-stratification" ("Mr. P.") inobvumira vanotsvakurudza kuverenga boka rinoreva kunyange kana pane vazhinji, mapoka mazhinji. Kunyange zvazvo kune dzimwe nharo pamusoro pehutano hwehuwandu hwemhando iyi, inoratidzika senzvimbo yakasimbiswa yekuongorora. Nzira iyi yakatanga kushandiswa Park, Gelman, and Bafumi (2004) , uye pane kushandiswa kwakatevera uye nharo (Gelman 2007; Lax and Phillips 2009; Pacheco 2011; Buttice and Highton 2013; Toshkov 2015) . Nokuda kwehutano pakati pezvimwe zviremba uye zvikwata zvezvikwata, ona Gelman (2007) .

Kune dzimwe nzira dzekuyera kuongorora kwewebhu, ona Schonlau et al. (2009) , Bethlehem (2010) , uye Valliant and Dever (2011) . Panels panhare inogona kushandisa kana zvichida sampling kana kuti isingakwanisi sampling. Kuti uwane zvakawanda pane mapurisa ari paIndaneti, ona Callegaro et al. (2014) .

Dzimwe nguva, vatsvakurudzi vakaona kuti zvinogona kuenzanisa uye zvisingaiti zvigadziro zvinokonzera kufanana kwehutano hwakafanana (Ansolabehere and Schaffner 2014) , asi mamwe maenzanisi akawana kuti zvisingabviri zvidzidzo zvinowedzera (Malhotra and Krosnick 2007; Yeager et al. 2011) . Chimwe chikonzero chinokonzera kusiyana uku ndechokuti zvisingabviri zvidzidzo zvakagadziridzwa kupfuura nguva. Nokuda kwekusava nemafungiro ekusava nemuenzaniso maitiro ekuona sangano reAAPOR Task Force pane Zvisiri-Zvichida Sampling (Baker et al. 2013) , uye iniwo ndinokurudzira kuverenga mutsara unotevera nhepfenyuro yemashoko.

• Zvaungaita (chikamu 3.5)

Conrad and Schober (2008) ihurukuro yakagadzirirwa inonzi Invisioning the Survey Hurukuro yeHamangwana , uye inopa maonero akasiyana-siyana pamusoro penguva yemberi yekubvunza mibvunzo. Couper (2011) inotaura nezvemashoko akafanana, uye Schober et al. (2015) inopa muenzaniso wakanaka wekuti nzira yekuunganidza deta yakagadzirirwa kune imwe nzvimbo inogona kuunza dhigirii yepamusoro. Schober and Conrad (2015) vanopa hurukuro yakawanda pamusoro pekuenderera mberi kugadzirisa tsananguro yekutsvaga tsvakurudzo yekufananidza kuchinja munzanga.

Tourangeau and Yan (2007) kuongorora nyaya dzehutano hwemagariro evanhu vari mumibvunzo yakaoma, uye Lind et al. (2013) inopa zvikonzero zvingaita nei vanhu vachigona kuzivisa mamwe mashoko anonzwisisika mumubvunzurudzo inotarisirwa nekombiyuta. Kune zvakawanda pamusoro pebasa revanyori vekubvunzurudza kwevanhu mukuwedzera kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwekuongorora, ona Maynard and Schaeffer (1997) , Maynard, Freese, and Schaeffer (2010) , Conrad et al. (2013) , uye Schaeffer et al. (2013) . Nokuda kwemashoko ekuvhengana-maitiro, ona Dillman, Smyth, and Christian (2014) .

Stone et al. (2007) inopa bhuku-urefu hwekurapa kwezvakatipoteredza zvekuongorora uye nguva dzakasiyana.

Kuti uwane mamwe mazano pakuita tsvakurudzo ruzivo runofadza uye ruzivo rwevatori vechikamu, ona basa pamusoro peGadziriro Yakagadzirirwa Nzira (Dillman, Smyth, and Christian 2014) . Neimwe muenzaniso inofadza yekushandisa Facebook mapurogiramu e social social survey, ona Bail (2015) .

• Ongororo dzinobatanidzwa kune makuru makuru emvura (chikamu 3.6)

Judson (2007) anorondedzera nzira yekubatanidza kutsvakurudza uye nhepfenyuro yekutonga se "kuyananisira kwemashoko" uye inokurukura zvimwe zvikomborero zveizvi, pamwe nekupa mienzaniso.

Nezvekubudirira kubvunza, kwakave kune dzakawanda zvekare zvekare kuedza kubvumidza kuvhota. Kuti uone zvakanyanya mabhuku aya, ona Belli et al. (1999) , Ansolabehere and Hersh (2012) , Hanmer, Banks, and White (2014) , uye Berent, Krosnick, and Lupia (2016) . Ona Berent, Krosnick, and Lupia (2016) nokuda Ansolabehere and Hersh (2012) kwakanyanya Ansolabehere and Hersh (2012) zvakataurwa Ansolabehere and Hersh (2012) .

Zvakakosha kuziva kuti kunyange zvazvo Ansolabehere neHersh vakakurudzirwa nehuwandu hwemashoko kubva kuCatalist, zvimwe zviongorori zvevatengesi vezvokutengeserana vanga vasinganyanyi kufarira. Pasek et al. (2014) yakawana hurombo hwakanaka apo deta kubva kuongororo yakaenzaniswa nemutengi kubva kune Marketing Marketing Group (iyo yakazvibatanidza pamwe chete data kubva kune vatatu vanoita: Acxiom, Experian, uye InfoUSA). Iko kuti, faira re data harina kufanana nemhinduro dzekutsvaga izvo vatsvakurudzi vaitarisira kuva vakarurama, iyo faira yaive yekodhi yakanga isina ruzivo rwemibvunzo yakawanda yemibvunzo, uye iyo inoshayikwa purogiramu yematare yakanga yakabatana nehuwandu hwekutsvaga kwehuwandu (mune mamwe mashoko, kusina kukwana deta yaive yakarongeka, kwete yemauto).

Kana uchida zvakawanda pamusoro pekukanganiswa kwepakati pakati peongororo nematare ehurumende, ona Sakshaug and Kreuter (2012) uye Schnell (2013) . Kana uchida zvimwe zvekubatanidza zvinyorwa zvachose, ona Dunn (1946) Fellegi and Sunter (1969) (historical) Larsen and Winkler (2014) (nhasi). Nzira dzakadaro dzakagadzirwawo mumashini epakombiyuta pasi pemazita akadai sekuregererwa kwemashoko, chiitiko chekuzivikanwa, zita (Elmagarmid, Ipeirotis, and Verykios 2007) chekucherechedza (Elmagarmid, Ipeirotis, and Verykios 2007) . Kunewo mararamiro ezvokuchengetedza-kuchengetedza nzira dzekunyoresa kuwirirana kusingadi kutumirwa kwemashoko okuzvizivisa pachako (Schnell 2013) . Vatsvakurudzi vepa Facebook vakagadzira nzira yekuita kuti zvinyorwa zvinyatsobatanidza zvinyorwa zvavo pakuvhota (Jones et al. 2013) ; kushamwaridzana uku kwakaitwa kuti kuongorore kuedza kwandichakuudza pamusoro pechitsauko 4 (Bond et al. 2012) . Nokuda kwekuwana mvumo yekubatanidza rekodha, ona Sakshaug et al. (2012) .

Chimwe chiitiko chekubatanidza kuongorora kukuru kwehupfumi kune hurumende dzehupfumi zvinyorwa kunobva kuHealth and Retirement Survey uye Social Security Administration. Nokuwedzera pane izvo zvidzidzo, kusanganisira ruzivo pamusoro pemitemo yekubvumirana, ona Olson (1996, 1999) .

Iyo nzira yekubatanidza zvinhu zvakawanda zvekutora zvinyorwa mu master datafile-iyo inoshandiswa neCatalist-inowanikwa mune mahofisi emahofisi emamwe hurumende dzehurumende. Vatsvakurudzi vaviri vanobva kuStatland Sweden vakanyora bhuku rakazara pamusoro pehurukuro (Wallgren and Wallgren 2007) . Nokuda kweizvi nzira iri mune imwe nzvimbo muUnited States (Olmstead County, Minnesota; musha weMayo Clinic), ona Sauver et al. (2011) . Nokuda kwezvikanganiso zvinogona kuonekwa mumatare ehurumende, ona Groen (2012) .

Imwe nzira iyo vatsvakurudzi vanogona kushandisa mazita makuru ekutsvakurudza kwekutsvakurudza kwakafanana sendima yevanhu vane maitiro chaiwo. Zvinosuruvarisa, nzira iyi inogona kukonzera mibvunzo yakabatana neukwanganisa (Beskow, Sandler, and Weinberger 2006) .

Nezvekukudziridza kubvunza, nzira iyi haisi itsva sezvingangoita kubva pane zvandakazvitsanangura. Inobatana zvakadzama kune zvikamu zvitatu zvakakura mumatare: muenzaniso-based post-stratification (Little 1993) , imputation (Rubin 2004) , uye kuenzanisa kwemadiki madiki (Rao and Molina 2015) . Iyo yakabatanawo nekushandiswa kwezvinyorwa zvepamusoro pakutsvakurudza kwezvokurapa (Pepe 1992) .

Kuenzanisa uye nguva uye Blumenstock, Cadamuro, and On (2015) zvinoreva zvakawanda kune zvinodhura zvinodhura-mari yeimwe tsvakurudzo-uye haisi kusanganisira mari yakasara yakadai sekubhadhara kwekuchenesa nekugadzirisa dhidhi yefoni. Pakati pese, kukurudzirwa kukumbira kunogona kunge kwakagadziriswa zvakadzama uye mari yakasiyana-siyana yakasiyana-siyana yakafanana neyedzijekiti yeruzhinji (ona chitsauko 4). Kune zvakawanda pamusoro pekufona-foni-based based surveys munyika dziri kusimukira, ona Dabalen et al. (2016) .

Kune mazano pamusoro pekuita kukurudzira kubvunza zviri nani, ndinoda kukurudzira kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pekushandiswa kwakawanda (Rubin 2004) . Uyezve, kana vanotsvakurudza vachikumbira vachikumbira kuchengetedza nezvehuwandu hwehuwandu hwezvinhu, panzvimbo yehutsika hwemunhu mumwe nomumwe, ipapo nzira dziri muna King and Lu (2008) na Hopkins and King (2010) dzinogona kubatsira. Pakupedzisira, pane zvakawanda pamusoro pemichina yekudzidza inosvika Blumenstock, Cadamuro, and On (2015) , ona James et al. (2013) (mamwe matauriro) kana Hastie, Tibshirani, and Friedman (2009) (zvakanyanya kupfuura).

Rimwe dambudziko rehutano pamusoro pekuwedzera kukumbira nderokuti rinogona kushandiswa kukanganisa maitiro asina kunaka ayo vanhu vangasasarudza kuzarura muongororo sezvinotsanangurwa Kosinski, Stillwell, and Graepel (2013) .