3.1 Introduction

Vatsvakurudzi vanoongorora ma dolphin havakwanise kuvabvunza mibvunzo uye saka vanomanikidzwa kuedza kudzidza nezvema dolphins nekucherechedza maitiro avo. Vanotsvakurudza vanoongorora vanhu, kune rumwe rutivi, vanoita kuti zvive nyore: avo vanopindura vanogona kutaura. Kutaura nevanhu kwaive chikamu chinokosha chekutsvakurudza kwevanhu munharaunda yakapfuura, uye ndinotarisira kuti ichava mune ramangwana zvakare.

Mukutsvakurudza munzanga, kutaurirana nevanhu kunowanzoita maitiro maviri: kuongororwa uye inobvunzurudzwa zvakadzama. Zvinenge zvichitaura, kutsvakurudza kushandiswa kweongororo kunosanganisira kuongororwa kushandiswa kwenhamba zhinji dzevatori vechikamu, mibvunzo yakanyatsogadziriswa, uye kushandiswa kwenhamba nzira dzokugadzirisa kubva kune vatori vechikamu kusvika kuhuwandu hwevanhu. Kutsvakurudza kushandisa zvakanyanyisa kubvunzurudza, kune rumwe rutivi, zvinowanzobatanidza nhamba shoma yevatori vechikamu, kukurukurirana kwakagadzirirwa, uye zvinoguma mukurondedzerwa kwakapfuma, kwehutano hwevatori vechikamu. Ongororo uye inopindurirwa zvakanyanyisa mabvunzurudzo zvose zviri zviviri zvine simba, asi kuongororwa kunonyanya kuchinjwa nekushandura kubva kune analog kusvika kune rimwe dijitori. Nokudaro, muchitsauko chino, ndichaisa pfungwa pakutsvakurudza kwekuongorora.

Sezvandicharatidza muchitsauko chino, makore ekudhindwa anogadzira mikana yakawanda inonakidza yekuongorora vatsvakurudzi kuunganidza dhifiti nokukurumidza uye zvisingabatsiri, kukumbira marudzi akasiyana emibvunzo, uye kukudza kukosha kwekutsvaga dheta nemashoko makuru ezvinyorwa. Pfungwa yokuti kutsvakurudza kutsvakurudza kunogona kuchinjwa nekushandura kwekombiji hakusi itsva, zvakadaro. Munenge muna 1970, kuchinja kwakafanana kwaive kuchiendeswa kunotungamirirwa nekombiyano yekutaurirana yakasiyana: foni. Nenzira yakanaka, kunzwisisa kuti foni yakashandura kutsvakurudza kutsvakurudza kunogona kutibatsira kufungidzira kuti makore echidimbu achachinja tsvakurudzo yekuongorora.

Ongororo yekutsvakurudza, sezvatinoziva nhasi, yakatanga muma1930. Munguva yekutanga yekutsvaga tsvakurudzo, vatsvakurudzi vaizoenda kune dzimwe nzvimbo nzvimbo dzakadai (sedzivheji dzemaguta) uye vozoenda kunharaunda idzi kuitira kuti vataure chiso nechiso nevevanhu mumhuri dzakasarudzwa. Zvadaro, kufambira mberi kwehutoriki-kupararira kwemafoni ekumusoro munyika dzakapfuma-pakupedzisira kwakatungamirira panguva yechipiri yekutsvakurudza tsvakurudzo. Iyi nguva yechipiri yakasiyana-siyana mumatongerwo akaita vanhu uye mukutaurirana kwakaitika sei. Munguva yechipiri, panzvimbo yekuenzanisa mhuri munzvimbo, vatsvakurudzi vakatsinhanisa nhamba dzenhare mune imwe nzira inonzi random-digit dialing . Uye panzvimbo yekufambisa kutaura nevanhu kutarisana nechiso, vatsvakurudzi panzvimbo pacho vakavadana pafoni. Izvi zvingaratidzika kunge shanduko shomanana dzekuchinja, asi dzakagadzira tsvakurudzo yekutsvaga nokukurumidza, inodhura, uye yakawandisa. Mukuwedzera pakupa simba, kuchinja uku kwaivawo kukakavadzana nekuti vaongorori vakawanda vaifunga kuti izvi zvitsva uye nzira yekubvunzurudza zvingagona kutaurira zvakasiyana-siyana. Asi pakupedzisira, mushure mekuwanda kwebasa, vatsvakurudzi vakafungidzira kuti vangatora sei dhiyabhorosi vachishandisa kudhinda-madijita uye kuongororwa kwefoni. Nokudaro, nokuongorora nzira yekubudirira kuburikidza nehupfumi hwehupfumi hwevanhu, vatsvakurudzi vakakwanisa kugadzirisa maitiro avakaita tsvakurudzo yekuongorora.

Iye zvino, chimwe chiitiko chekugadzira-chizvarwa chemajeri-chichapedzisira chatitisvitsa ku nguva yechitatu yekutsvakurudza tsvakurudzo. Iyi shanduko iri kushandiswa muchidimbu nekuora kwekupedzisira kwemazuva ekupedzisira (BD Meyer, Mok, and Sullivan 2015) . Semuenzaniso, nokuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana zvekombiki uye zvepamagariro evanhu, zvisingatenderwi-izvozvi, chiyero chevanhu vashoma vasingabatanidzi muongororo-chave chichiwedzera kwemakore akawanda (National Research Council 2013) . Aya maitiro ekugara kwenguva refu anoreva kuti zvisingabatsiri zvingave zvino zvinodarika 90% muhuwandu hwekuongororwa kwefoni (Kohut et al. 2012) .

Kune rumwe rutivi, kuchinja kusvika panguva yechitatu kuri kuendeswa mberi muchikamu nematambudziko matsva anofadza, mamwe ayo andicharondedzera muchitsauko chino. Kunyange zvazvo zvinhu zvisati zvagadziriswa, ndinotarisira kuti nguva yechitatu yekutsvaga tsvakurudzo ichave yakasarudzwa nezvisingabviri kutaridzika, kuongororwa kwekombiyuta-kutarisirwa, nekubatanidza kweongororo kune guru dhiyabhorosi (tafura 3.1).

Kuchinja pakati pechipiri uye chechitatu chekutsvakurudza kwekutsvakurudza hakuna kumbove kwakanyatsonaka, uye pane nhaurirano dzinotyisa pamusoro pekuti vatsvakurudzi vanofanira kupfuurira sei. Ndichitarisa kumashure kwekushanduka pakati pekutanga uye yechipiri, ndinofunga kune imwe yeruzivo rukuru kwatiri kwatiri ikozvino: kutanga hakusi kuguma . Ikokuti, pakutanga maitiro mazhinji echipiri-foni-based based methods aive adhoc uye haana kushanda zvakanaka kwazvo. Asi, kuburikidza nebasa rakaoma, vatsvakurudzi vakagadzirisa matambudziko aya. Semuenzaniso, vatsvakurudzi vakanga vachiita kudhinda-diydial dial kwemakore akawanda Warren Mitofsky naJoseph Waksberg vakagadzira nzira yekutengesa mairi-sampling nzira yaive yakanaka uye inofanirwa kugadzirwa (Waksberg 1978; ??? ) . Nokudaro, isu hatifaniri kukanganisa huripo huno hwemakore ekutanga matambudziko nemagumisiro avo ekupedzisira.

Nhoroondo yekutsvaga tsvakurudzo inoratidza kuti munda unovandudza, unotungamirirwa nekushandurwa kwekombiyuta uye sangano. Hapana nzira yokumisa kuti kushanduka. Pane kudaro, tinofanira kuigamuchira, tichienderera mberi kuwana huchenjeri kubva pamaawa apfuura, uye iyo ndiyo nzira yandinozotora muchitsauko ichi. Kutanga, ndichapopotera kuti makuru makuru emitemo haazopinduri kutsvakurudza uye kuti huwandu hwemashoko makuru ezvinyorwa hunowedzera-kwete kuderedza-kukosha kweongororo (chikamu 3.2). Ndichipa chikonzero ichocho, ndichapfupisa muongorori wekuongorora kukanganisa (chikamu 3.3) icho chakagadzirwa mukati mekutanga kwekuongorora kwekuongorora. Izvi zvinoita kuti tikwanise kunzwisisa nzira itsva dzekumiririra-kunyanya, zvisingabviri zvishoma (chikamu 3.4)-uye nzira itsva dzekuyera-kunyanya, nzira itsva dzekubvunza mibvunzo kune avo vanopindura (chikamu 3.5). Pakupedzisira, ini ndichatsanangura mazamu maviri ekutsvakurudza ekubatanidza dheta rekutsvaga kune makuru makuru emvura (chikamu 3.6).