[ , ] Muchitsauko, ndaive nemafungiro akanaka pamusoro pekunyora-stratification. Zvisinei, izvi hazviiti nguva dzose kuwedzera huwandu hwekufungidzirwa. Ita mamiriro ezvinhu apo kushambadzira kwemashure kunogona kuderedza kunaka kwehuwandu. (Kuti uone, ona Thomsen (1973) .)
[ , , ] Kugadzira uye kutungamira tsvakurudzo isingaoneki kuAmerican Mechanical Turk kubvunza pamusoro pomuti wehuti uye mafungiro nezvekutonga kwepfuti. Nokudaro kuti iwe unogona kuenzanidza nekufungidzira kwako kune avo vanobva pane zvingave zvichienzaniswa, tapota kopota mubvunzo wemubvunzo uye zvingasarudzwa zvinobva pakutsvakurudza kwepamusoro kwakafanana neaya inotungamirirwa nePew Research Center.
[ , , ] Goel nevamwe vashandi (2016) vakatungamirira mibvunzo 49 yekufunga-sarudzo dzakawanda inobva kuGeneral Social Survey (GSS) uye sarudza tsvakurudzo nePew Research Centre kune zvisingabviri muenzaniso wevakabvunzwa kubva kuAmerican Mechanical Turk. Vakabva vashandura kuti vasati vamiririri ve data vachishandisa mienzaniso-based post-stratification uye vachienzanisa kuenzanisa kwavo kwakagadziriswa nevaya vanobva ku-probable-based GSS uye Pew ongororo. Ita shanduko imweyo pa Amazon Mechanical Turk uye edza kudzokorora chimiro chechipiri uye chikamu 2b nekuenzanisa kuongororwa kwako kwakagadziriswa neanotariswa kubva kumapotende emangwana emaGSS uye Pew tsvakurudzo. (Ona appendix tafura A2 pane mhinduro yemibvunzo 49.)
[ , , ] Zviongorori zvakawanda zvinoshandisa kuzviratidza zviyero zvekushandisa foni. Iyi inzvimbo inonakidza iyo vatsvakurudzi vanogona kuenzanisa unhu hunozivikanwa nehutano hwakanaka (ona, Boase and Ling (2013) ). Zviito zviviri zvakajairika zvekubvunza pamusoro pekudana uye kutumira mameseji, uye mafaira maviri anozivikanwa e "zuro" uye "muvhiki yapfuura."
[ , ] Schuman uye Presser (1996) inotaura kuti mubvunzo wekuraira unenge uchitarisirwa kune mibvunzo miviri yemibvunzo: chikamu-chikamu mibvunzo apo mibvunzo miviri iri pane imwechete yehutano (semuenzaniso, kuongororwa kwevatungamiri vaviri vehurumende); uye chikamu-mibvunzo yose iyo mubvunzo mukuru unotevera mushure mimwe mubvunzo chaiyo (semuenzaniso, kubvunza "Unogutsikana sei nebasa rako?" rakateverwa ne "Unogutsikana sei iwe nehupenyu hwako?").
Vanoramba vachiratidza maitiro maviri emubvunzo wekubvunza mubvunzo: kusagadzikana kunokonzerwa kana apo mhinduro kumubvunzo wekupedzisira dzinoswededzwa pedyo (kupfuura ivo vangadai vari) kune avo vakapiwa mubvunzo wepakutanga; Kusiyana kwemigumisiro kunowanikwa apo kune misiyano yakakura pakati pemhinduro kumibvunzo miviri.
[ , ] Kuvaka pabasa re Schuman uye Presser, Moore (2002) rinotsanangura chimiro chakasiyana chekutsvaga kwemubvunzo: kuwedzera uye kushandura migumisiro. Kunyange zvazvo kuenzanisa nekugadzirisa zvinokonzerwa zvinogadzirwa sechikonzero chevakapindura 'kuongorora kwezvinhu zviviri zvichienderana kune mumwe nemumwe, kuwedzerwa uye kubvisa zvinokonzerwa zvinokonzerwa apo vanopindura vanoita kuti vanyatsonzwisisa hurongwa hukuru mune iyo mibvunzo inobvunzwa. Verenga Moore (2002) , uye shandisai kuongorora maTurk kuti uratidze kuwedzera kana kugadzirisa migumisiro.
[ , ] Christopher Antoun uye vashandi pamwe chete navo (2015) vakaita chidzidzo vachifananidza zvinyorwa zvinoshandiswa kubva kune zvakasiyana zvakasiyana siyana zvekutsvaga mutsamba: MTurk, Craigslist, Google AdWords uye Facebook. Gadzira sarudzo yakajeka uye kuunganidza vatori vechikamu kuburikidza nemamwe maviri akasiyana ekutsvaga mishonga (izvi zvinogona kuve zvakasiyana nemichina inoshandiswa Antoun et al. (2015) ).
[ ] Mukuedza kufanotaura zviitiko zve 2016 EU Referendum (kureva, Brexit), IweGov-yeInternet-based market inotsvakurudza-yakagadziriswa purogiramu yepepanhau revanhu vanenge 800 000 vakapindura muUnited Kingdom.
Tsanangudzo yakajeka yeYouGov yeanhamba yemhando inogona kuwanikwa pa https://yougov.co.uk/news/2016/06/21/yougov-referendum-model/. Zvichida kutaura, IweGov yakaparadzanisa vhoti mumhando yakabva musarudzo yegore re2015 sarudzo yevosarudzo, makore, zvikwereti, zvepabonde, uye zuva rekubvunzurudzwa, uyewo nzvimbo yavanogara. Kutanga, vakashandisa data yakabatanidzwa kubva kuIyouGov panelists kuti vaenzanise, pakati pevaya vakavhota, chiyero chevanhu vemutauro wega wega wega wekuvhota. Vaifungidzira kuchinja kwechikwata choga choga chokutora kuburikidza kushandisa 2015 British Election Study (BES), mushure mekutsvaga musarudzo-chiso nechiso, izvo zvakagadzirisa kubva pakusarudzwa kwemasarudzo. Pakupedzisira, vakafungidzira kuti vanhu vangani varipo kune imwe neimwe yevhoti muvasarudzo, zvichienderana neCens Recent and Annual Population Survey (pamwe nekuwedzera mamwe mashoko kubva kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzekushandisa).
Mazuva matatu vasati vatoti, IweGov akaratidza mutungamiri wepeji mbiri yeKuenda. Mumazuva ekuvhota, sarudzo yakaratidza kuti chigumisiro chacho chakanga chiri pedyo nekushevedza (49/51 Rambai). Chidzidzo chekupedzisira pa-zuva-zuva chakafanotaura 48/52 muchida Kuramba (https://yougov.co.uk/news/2016/06/23/yougov-day-poll/). Kutaura zvazviri, kuongororwa uku kwakashaya chigumisiro chekupedzisira (52/48 Kusiya) neine mazana mapeji.
[ , ] Nyora kuenzanisa kuti uenzanise imwe neimwe yezvikanganiso zvinomiririra mumufananidzo 3.2.
[ , ] Tsvakurudzo yaBlumenstock nevamwe vashandi (2015) yaibatanidza kuvaka chigadziro chemhando yekushandisa iyo inogona kushandisa dhidhiyo yekutsvaga kuti inofanotaura kupindura kweongororo. Iye zvino, iwe uri kuenda kuedza chinhu chimwechete ne dataset yakasiyana. Kosinski, Stillwell, and Graepel (2013) vakaona kuti Facebook rudo inogona kufanotaura humwe hutsika nemafungiro. Zvinotoshamisa kuti izvi zvichange zvichinyatsojeka kudarika zvevamwe shamwari neshamwari (Youyou, Kosinski, and Stillwell 2015) .
[ ] Toole et al. (2015) yakashandisa nhepfenyuro yakadhindwa zvinyorwa (CDRs) kubva kune foni kuti ifanotaurira kusagadzikana kwemabasa.