faamatalaga gata i

Ua fuafuaina o lenei fuaiupu e tatau ona faaaogaina e avea o se faasinomaga, nai lo le tatau ona faitauina o se tala faamatala.

• Faatomuaga (Fuaiupu 2.1)

O se tasi o ituaiga o le matauina e le o aofia ai i lenei mataupu o ethnography. Mo nisi faamatalaga i ethnography i avanoa faafuainumera vaai Boellstorff et al. (2012) , ma mo le sili atu i ethnography i fefiloi avanoa faafuainumera ma le faaletino vaai Lane (2016) .

• Faamatalaga Big (Fuaiupu 2.2)

Pe ae repurposing faamatalaga, e lua togafiti o le mafaufau e mafai ona fesoasoani ia te oe ia malamalama i le faafitauli e mafai e te ono fetaiai. Muamua, e mafai ona e taumafai e vaai faalemafaufau i le dataset lelei mo lou faafitauli ma le faatusatusa lea i le dataset lena o loo e faaaogaina. E faapefea ona tutusa ma e faapefea ona eseese? Afai e te leʻi aoina lau faamatalaga ia te oe lava, e ono avea ma eseesega i le va o mea e te manao ma mea e te maua. Ae, e tatau ona e filifili pe nei eseesega e laiti po o le tetele.

Lua, ia manatua na faia se tasi ma aoina lau faamatalaga mo nisi mafuaaga. E tatau ona e taumafai e malamalama i lo latou manatu. O lenei ituaiga o le faafeagai-inisinia e mafai ona fesoasoani ia te oe e faailoa mafai faafitauli ma faaituau i lou faamatalaga repurposed.

E leai se tasi faamatalaga lautele o le "faamatalaga tele", ae o le tele o faamatalaga e foliga mai e taulai atu i le 3 Vs: (eg, tusi, eseese, ma le saoasaoa Japec et al. (2015) ). Nai lo le taulai atu i le uiga o le faamatalaga, o loo taulai atu i ai aʻu faamatalaga i le mafuaaga na foafoaina ai le faamatalaga.

O loʻu aofia ai o le Malo o faamatalaga tau pulega i totonu o le vaega o faamatalaga tele o se vaega ese. I isi oe na faia lenei tulaga, e aofia ai Legewie (2015) , Connelly et al. (2016) , ma Einav and Levin (2014) . Mo nisi e uiga i le taua o le malo o faamatalaga tau pulega mo suesuega, tagai Card et al. (2010) , Taskforce (2012) , ma Grusky, Smeeding, and Snipp (2015) .

Mo se vaaiga o suesuega tau pulega mai i totonu o le faiga faafuainumera le Malo, aemaise le Ofisa o Tusigaigoa US, tagai Jarmin and O'Hara (2016) . Mo se togafitiga umi tusi o le suesuega faamaumauga tau pulega i Statistics Suetena, tagai Wallgren and Wallgren (2007) .

I le mataupu, ou te puupuu faatusatusa se suesuega masani e pei o le Fuagafanua Aoao Social (GSS) i se puna o faamatalaga o faasalalauga faaagafesootai e pei o le Twitter. Mo se faatusatusaga maeʻaeʻa ma le faaeteete i le va masani suesuega ma faamatalaga o faasalalauga faaagafesootai, tagai Schober et al. (2016) .

• Uiga masani o faamatalaga tele (Fuaiupu 2.3)

O nei le 10 uiga o faamatalaga tele ua faamatalaina i le tele o auala eseese e ala i le a eseese a tusitala eseese. Tusitusiga e aafia loʻu mafaufau i luga o nei mataupu e aofia ai: Lazer et al. (2009) , Groves (2011) , Howison, Wiggins, and Crowston (2011) , boyd and Crawford (2012) , Taylor (2013) , Mayer-Schönberger and Cukier (2013) , Golder and Macy (2014) , Ruths and Pfeffer (2014) , Tufekci (2014) , Sampson and Small (2015) , Lewis (2015) , Lazer (2015) , Horton and Tambe (2015) , Japec et al. (2015) , ma Goldstone and Lupyan (2016) .

I lenei mataupu, ua ou faaaogaina le upu e sailia faafuainumera, lea ou te manatu o le matua le mautonu. Se isi vaitaimi e lauiloa mo sailia faafuainumera o tulagavae faafuainumera (Golder and Macy 2014) , ae o Hal Abelson, Ken Ledeen, ma Harry Lewis (2008) faailoa atu, atonu o se vaitaimi e sili atu ona talafeagai fingerprints faafuainumera. Afai e te faia tulagavae, e te iloa o mea o loo tutupu ma lou tulagavae le mafai ona e masani ona tusia ia te oe lava. e le moni le tasi mo outou sailia faafuainumera. O le mea moni, o loo e tuua e sailia mai i taimi uma e uiga i lea e te malamalama itiiti lava. Ma, e ui lava nei e sailia e le maua lou igoa i luga i latou, e mafai ona latou masani ona fesootai atu ia te outou. I se isi faaupuga, e sili atu i latou e pei o fingerprints: vaaia ma patino e iloagofie ai.

tele

Mo nisi i le mafuaaga datasets tele, tuuina atu tofotofoga faafuainumera problematic, tagai Lin, Lucas, and Shmueli (2013) ma McFarland and McFarland (2015) . O nei mataupu e tatau ona taitai suesue e taulai atu i le faatinoga taua nai lo faafuainumera taua.

I taimi uma-i luga o

Pe a iloiloina i taimi uma-i luga o faamatalaga, e taua ai le mafaufau pe o loo e faatusatusa ai le tonu lava o tagata i taimi pe o loo e faatusatusaina nisi vaega suia o tagata; tagai mo se faataitaiga, Diaz et al. (2016) .

Lē reactive

O se tusi masani i faiga lē reactive o Webb et al. (1966) . O faataitaiga i le tusi muai aso le matua komepiuta, ae ua illuminating pea. Mo faataitaiga o tagata suia a latou amioga ona o le afioaga o le mataituina vaega tele, tagai Penney (2016) ma Brayne (2014) .

lē 'uma lava

Mo nisi faamatalaga i faamaumauga sootaga, tagai Dunn (1946) ma Fellegi and Sunter (1969) (talafaasolopito) ma Larsen and Winkler (2014) (po nei). Tutusa faalatalata ua atiina ae ai foi i le saienisi komepiuta i lalo o le e igoa o faamatalaga deduplication, se faataitaiga e iloagofie ai, igoa e fetaui i ai, faaluaina mauaina, ma faaluaina faamaumauga mauaina (Elmagarmid, Ipeirotis, and Verykios 2007) . O loo i ai foi le faalauaiteleina faasaoina auala e faamaumau ai sootaga e le manaomia ai le auina atu o le faailoaina lava faamatalaga (Schnell 2013) . ua atiina ae foi Facebook a faaauau e sosoo latou faamaumauga i amioga palota; sa faia lenei mea e iloilo se faataitaiga o le a ou taʻu atu ia te oe e uiga i le Mataupu e 4 (Bond et al. 2012; Jones et al. 2013) .

Mo nisi faamatalaga i fausia aloaia, tagai Shadish, Cook, and Campbell (2001) , Mataupu 3.

saogatā

Mo nisi faamatalaga i le debacle ogalaau suesuega AOL, tagai Ohm (2010) . Ou te tuuina atu fautuaga e uiga i le faipaaga ma kamupani ma le malo i le Mataupu e 4 ina ua ou faamatalaina o suesuega. Ua faaalia e se aofaiga o tusitala popolega e uiga i le suesuega e faalagolago i faamatalaga saogatā, tagai Huberman (2012) ma boyd and Crawford (2012) .

O se tasi auala lelei mo suesue iunivesite e maua ai faamatalaga avanoa o le galulue i se kamupani e avea o se initeria po suesue asiasi. I le faaopoopo atu mafai faamatalaga avanoa, o le a fesoasoani foi lenei faagasologa o le suesue aoao atili e uiga i le auala na foafoaina ai le faamatalaga, lea e taua mo le auiliiliga.

E lē o ni sui

Lē representativeness o se faafitauli ogaoga mo suesue ma malo e fia faia ni faamatalaga e uiga i se faitau aofai atoa. e itiiti lenei o le popole mo kamupani o loo masani taulai atu i lo latou faaaogaina. Mo nisi faamatalaga i le auala e manatu Netherlands Statistics le tuuina atu o le lē representativeness o pisinisi faamatalaga tele, tagai Buelens et al. (2014) .

I le Mataupu e 3, o le a ou faamatala faataitaiga ma estimation i le tele auiliili sili atu. E tusa lava pe o faamatalaga e lē o ni sui, i lalo o tulaga faapitoa, e mafai ona latou ona weighted ina ia maua tala faatatau lelei.

tafetafea

o tafetafea System malosi e vaai mai fafo. Ae peitai, o le galuega faatino MovieLens (talanoaina atili i le Mataupu e 4) ua taufetuli mo le silia ma le 15 tausaga e ala i se vaega o suesuega o aoaoga tau tomai. O le mea lea, ua latou faamaumauina ma faasoa atu faamatalaga e uiga i le ala ua faʻapēnā le faiga o le aluga o taimi ma e faapefea ona aafia ai le iloiloga lenei (Harper and Konstan 2015) .

Ua taulai atu se numera o tagata atamamai i le o ese i le Twitter: Liu, Kliman-Silver, and Mislove (2014) ma Tufekci (2014) .

Algorithmically faafememeaiina

Ou muamua faalogo i le faaupuga "algorithmically faafememeaiina" faaaogaina e Jon Kleinberg i se lauga. O le manatu autu i tua performativity e faapea o nisi manatu faasaienisi lautele o le "afi le mea pueata" (Mackenzie 2008) . O lona uiga, latou moni faafuaitino ai le lalolagi nai lo le na puʻe ai.

eleʻelea

Lala sooupu faafuainumera Malo valaau faamatalaga faamamaina, faasaʻoina o faamatalaga faafuainumera. De Waal, Puts, and Daas (2014) faamatala metotia faafuainumera faasaʻoina faamatalaga atiina ae mo faamaumauga o ni sailiiliga ma suesueina lea tulaga latou ua faatatau i punavai tele o faamatalaga, ma Puts, Daas, and Waal (2015) tuuina atu nisi o le manatu lava lea e tasi mo se aofia toatele.

Mo nisi o faataitaiga o suesuega taulai atu i spam i Twitter, Clark et al. (2016) ma Chu et al. (2012) . Mulimuli ane, Subrahmanian et al. (2016) o loo faamatala le taunuuga o le DARPA Twitter Bot Lui.

ilitata

Ohm (2015) iloiloina muamua suesuega i le manatu o le faamatalaga maʻaleʻale ma le ofoina atu o se suega vaega-eseese. O le itu e fa ia fuafua e: o le avanoa o le leaga; avanoa o le leaga; luma o se sootaga e le faalauaiteleina; ma pe o le tulaga lamatia atagia popolega majoritarian.

• Faitauina mea (Fuaiupu 2.4.1)

Sa faavae i suesuega a le Farber o taxis i Niu Ioka i luga o se suesuega muamua e Camerer et al. (1997) e faaaogaina tolu faataitaiga eseese talafeagai o malaga pepa ituaiga pepa-pepa faaaogaina e avetaavale e faamaumau taimi amataga malaga, iuga taimi, ma pasese. maua e lenei suesuega muamua avetaavale foliga mai o earners sini: latou galulue itiiti i aso na maualuga ai o latou totogi.

Kossinets and Watts (2009) na taulai atu i le amataga o homophily i fesootaiga faaagafesootai. Tagai Wimmer and Lewis (2010) mo se auala eseese i le faafitauli lava lea e faaaoga faamatalaga mai le Facebook.

I le galuega mulimuli ane ai, ua toe suesueina le Tupu ma paaga faʻasenesoga luga o le initoneti i Saina (King, Pan, and Roberts 2014; King, Pan, and Roberts 2016) . Mo se fesootai i auala e fuaina faʻasenesoga luga o le initoneti i Saina, tagai Bamman, O'Connor, and Smith (2012) . Mo nisi faamatalaga i auala faafuainumera e pei o le faaaogaina i le King, Pan, and Roberts (2013) e faatatau i le manatu o le 11 miliona pou, tagai Hopkins and King (2010) . Mo nisi faamatalaga i vaavaaia le aoaoina, tagai i le James et al. (2013) (itiiti faapitoa) ma Hastie, Tibshirani, and Friedman (2009) (sili atu faapitoa).

• Forecasting (Fuaiupu 2.4.2)

Forecasting o se vaega tele o faamatalaga tau alamanuia faasaienisi (Mayer-Schönberger and Cukier 2013; Provost and Fawcett 2013) . O se tasi o ituaiga o forecasting e masani ona faia e tagata suesue lautele e forecasting demographic, mo se faataitaiga Raftery et al. (2012) .

o le Google faiga fulū le uluai galuega e faaaoga faamatalaga suesuega e nowcast taatele fulū. O le mea moni, suesue i le Iunaite Setete (Polgreen et al. 2008; Ginsberg et al. 2009) ma Suetena (Hulth, Rydevik, and Linde 2009) ua maua e tuutuuga nisi suesuega (eg, "fulū") valoia e mataituina ai le soifua maloloina o tagata lautele o le atunuu sa faamaloloina faamatalaga luma. Mulimuli ane e tele, le tele o isi galuega faatino ua taumafai e faaaoga faamatalaga Lolomi faafuainumera mo faamaʻi mauaina mataituina, tagai Althouse et al. (2015) mo se toe iloiloga.

I le faaopoopo atu i le faaaogaina o faamatalaga Lolomi faafuainumera e valoia taunuuga o le soifua maloloina, ua i ai foi se aofaiga tele o galuega e faaaoga ai faamatalaga Twitter e valoia taunuuga faiga palota; mo iloiloga vaai Gayo-Avello (2011) , Gayo-Avello (2013) , Jungherr (2015) (Ch. 7), ma Huberty (2015) .

O le faaaogaina o suesuega faamatalaga e valoia fulū taatele ma le faaaogaina o faamatalaga Twitter e valoia faiga palota o ni faataitaiga o le faaaogaina o se ituaiga o Lolomi faafuainumera e valoia nisi ituaiga o mea na tupu i le lalolagi. O loo i ai se aofaiga tele o suesuega e maua ai lenei faatulagaga aoao. Lisi 2.5 e aofia ai ni nai isi faataitaiga.

• Suesuega Approximating (Fuaiupu 2.4.3)

Sa i ai le tusi o talaaga SALA faaupufai Saienisi a symposium i faamatalaga tele, faaiuga causal, ma teori aloaia, ma Clark and Golder (2015) otooto saofaga taitasi. Sa i ai le tusi talaaga o Taualumaga a le National Academy o le faasaienisi o le Iunaite Setete o Amerika a symposium i faaiuga causal ma faamatalaga tele, ma Shiffrin (2016) otooto saofaga taitasi.

I le tulaga o suesuega faalenatura, Dunning (2012) e maua ai se togafitiga umi tusi sili ona lelei. Mo nisi faamatalaga i le faaaogaina o le Lotto ata faataitai o Viatename e avea o se faataitaiga o le lalolagi, tagai Berinsky and Chatfield (2015) . Mo auala e aoao ai masini e taumafai e otometi lava ona iloa o suesuega faalenatura i totonu o le punavai tele o faamatalaga, tagai Jensen et al. (2008) ma Sharma, Hofman, and Watts (2015) .

I tulaga o le tutusa, mo se toe iloiloga mautinoa, tagai Stuart (2010) , ma mo se toe iloiloga pessimistic vaai Sekhon (2009) . Mo nisi faamatalaga i tutusa o se ituaiga o teuga, tagai Ho et al. (2007) . Mo tusi e maua togafitiga lelei o fetaui, tagai Rosenbaum (2002) , Rosenbaum (2009) , Morgan and Winship (2014) , ma Imbens and Rubin (2015) .