4.5.1.1 mapangidwe Ntchito alipo

Mukhoza kuthamanga zatsopano mkati mapangidwe alipo, nthawi zambiri popanda 'kala' ikusonyeza kapena mgwirizano.

Logistically, chophweka njira kuchita zatsopano digito ndi anakuta kuyesera anu pamwamba pa malo alipo, kuwapangitsa kuthamanga ndi digito munda kuyesera. Zimene zikhoza kuthamanga pa sikelo chake chachikulu ndipo popanda mgwirizano ndi kampani kapena mapulogalamu kwambiri chitukuko.

Mwachitsanzo, Jennifer Doleac ndi Luke Stein (2013) anagwiritsira ntchito ya pamsika Intaneti (mwachitsanzo, craigslist) kuthamanga kuyesera kuti anayeza tsankho. Doleac ndi Stein afalitse zikwi iPods, ndi mwadongosolo osiyanasiyana makhalidwe a wogulitsa, adakhoza kuphunzira zotsatira za mpikisano pa wotuluka zachuma. Komanso, Doleac ndi Stein ntchito sikelo ya kafukufuku wawo kuti amanena pamene mmene wamkulu (heterogeneity wa zotsatira chithandizo) ndi kupereka mfundo za chifukwa mmene zingachitike (njira).

Isanafike kuphunzira Doleac ndi Stein, panali njira ziwiri zazikulu kuti experimentally kuyeza tsankho. M'makalata maphunziro ofufuza kulenga tikupitiriza anthu chabe a mafuko osiyana ndi ntchito tikupitiriza iyi Mwachitsanzo, kufunsira ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Bertrand ndi Mullainathan a (2004) pepala ndi mutu losaiwalika "Kodi Emily ndi Greg More Employable Than Lakisha ndi Jamal? A Field Kuyesera pa Labor Market Tsankho "ndi fanizo zodabwitsa kuphunzira makalata. Makalata maphunziro ndi mtengo wotsika pa kuonerera, chomwe chimathandiza wofufuza single kusonkhanitsa zikwi kuzipenya mu phunziro lililonse. Koma, makalata maphunziro a tsankho akhala adamfunsa chifukwa maina zingakhale chizindikiro zinthu zambiri kuwonjezera pa mpikisano wa pempholo za. Amene maina monga Greg, Emily, Lakisha, ndi Jamal mwina chizindikiro kukhala apamwamba kuwonjezera ungakopeke. Choncho, kusiyana kulikonse mu mankhwala tikupitiriza wa Greg ndi Jamal zingakhale chifukwa kuposa zowauza mtundu kusiyana ntchito ya. Maphunziro kafukufuku, Komano, munthu wolembedwa ntchito yakulipidwa zisudzo a mafuko osiyana kutsatira munthu ntchito. Ngakhale maphunziro kafukufuku kupereka mbendera ya mtundu wodandaulayu, ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri pa kuonerera, kutanthauza kuti ambiri kokha mazana kuzipenya.

Mu kafukufuku wawo digito kumunda, Doleac ndi Stein anatha kulenga hybrid wokongola. Anatha kusonkhanitsa deta pa mtengo wotsika pa kuonerera-chifukwa mu zikwi panali (as kuphunzira makalata) -ndipo adakhoza chizindikiro mpikisano ntchito zithunzi-chifukwa mu bwino uncounfounded chizindikiro cha mtundu (monga kuphunzira ndi kafukufuku ). Choncho, malo Intaneti zina chimathandiza ofufuza kulenga mankhwala atsopano katundu amene ali olimba kumanga ayi.

The iPod malonda a Doleac ndi Stein zosiyanasiyana pamodzi miyeso itatu chachikulu. Choyamba, iwo zosiyanasiyana maonekedwe a wogulitsa, amene chizindikiro mwa dzanja kujambulidwa akugwira iPod [woyera, wakuda, woyera ndi zizindikiro] (Chithunzi 4.12). Chachiwiri, iwo zosiyanasiyana mtengo kupempha [$ 90, $ 110, $ 130]. Chachitatu, iwo zosiyanasiyana khalidwe la Giliyadi lemba [apamwamba ndi otsika kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, zolakwa cApitalization ndi zolakwa spelin)]. Choncho, olemba anali ndi 3 X 3 X 2 mamangidwe amene anali kufalitsidwa kudutsa misika zoposa 300 m'dera kuyambira midzi (mwachitsanzo, Kokomo, ndi North Platte, NE) kuti Mega-mizinda (mwachitsanzo, New York ndi Los Angeles).

Kuzilingalira 4,12: Manja ntchito kuyesa kwa Doleac and Stein (2013) . iPods anagulitsidwa ndi ogulitsa ndi makhalidwe osiyana kuyeza tsankho mu msika Intaneti.

Pakuchitika kudutsa zinthu zonse, zakambidwa ndi kwabwino kwa wogulitsa woyera kuposa wakuda wogulitsa, ndi zizindikirozo wogulitsa zotsatirapo wapakatikati. Mwachitsanzo, woyera ogulitsa analandira umafuna zambiri ndipo anali apamwamba chomaliza mitengo zogulitsa. Beyond zotsatira ambiri, Doleac ndi Stein akuti ndi heterogeneity za kuipa. Mwachitsanzo, ulosi wina ku chiphunzitso kale kuti tsankho kukhoza kukhala kosavuta m'misika kuti ndi mpikisano kwambiri. Ntchito chiwerengero cha umafuna analandira monga tidzakulowereni pa mpikisano msika, olemba anapeza kuti wakuda ogulitsa Zoonadi kulandira umafuna woipa m'misika ndi digiri otsika mpikisano. Komanso, poyerekezera zakambidwa kwa malonda ndi apamwamba ndi otsika khalidwe lemba, Doleac ndi Stein anapeza kuti khalidwe malonda si kusintha mu sangathe anakumana ndi ogulitsa wakuda ndi zizindikirozo. Pomaliza, masuku pamutu chakuti malonda anaiika misika 300 olemba tikupeza kuti wakuda ogulitsa ovutika kwambiri m'mizinda ndi umbava ndi ziwawa ndi mkulu tsankho zogona. Palibe zotsatira zimatithandiza kumvetsa ndendende basi chifukwa wakuda ogulitsa anali zakambidwa woipa, koma, pamene pamodzi ndi zotsatira za maphunziro ena, angayambe kuuza mfundo za zimayambitsa tsankho mu osiyanasiyana wotuluka zachuma.

Chitsanzo china chimene chikusonyeza luso ofufuza kuchita digito zatsopano kumunda kachitidwe alipo ndi kafukufuku ndi Arnout van de Rijt ndi anzake (2014) pa mafungulo bwino. Mu khalidwe, anthu ooneka ngati ofanana sapeza zakambidwa osiyana kwambiri. Mafotokozedwe wina zotheka chitsanzo ichi kuti chaching'ono kwenikweni mwachisawawa-ubwino mukhoza logwirana-ndi kukula nthawi, ntchito zimene ofufuza kuitana mwayi chokhala. Pofuna kudziwa ngati yaing'ono kupambana koyamba logwirana-kapena mphamvu, van de Rijt ndi anzake (2014) linalowererapo mu machitidwe osiyana anayi popatsa bwino pa ophunzira osankhidwa mwachisawawa, ndipo anapitiriza kuyeza zotsatira yaitali bwino zimenezi umasinthasintha.

Komanso mwapadera, van de Rijt ndi anzake 1) alonjeza ndalama osankhidwa mwachisawawa ntchito pa kickstarter.com , webusaiti crowdfunding; 2) ndithu adavotera ndemanga osankhidwa mwachisawawa pa webusaiti epinions ; 3) anapereka mphoto kwa mosintha osankhidwa zothandizira kuti Wikipedia ; and 4) anasaina osankhidwa mwachisawawa mapemphero pa change.org . Akatswiriwo apeza zotsatira zofanana kwambiri kudutsa machitidwe onse anayi: lililonse, ophunzira amene mosintha apatsidwe bwino oyambirira anapitiriza zambiri wotsatira bwino kuposa anzawo mwinamwake kwathunthu osiyana (Chithunzi 4.13). chakuti chitsanzo anaonekera mu kachitidwe ambiri kumawonjezera n'loonadi kunja zotsatira chifukwa kumachepetsa mpata kuti chitsanzo ichi ndi chinthu chakale cha dongosolo iliyonse.

Kuzilingalira 4,13: zisinthe kupambana mosintha kuyikidwa mu kachitidwe anayi osiyanasiyana. Arnout van de Rijt ndi anzake (2014) 1) alonjeza ndalama osankhidwa mwachisawawa ntchito pa kickstarter.com , webusaiti crowdfunding; 2) ndithu adavotera ndemanga osankhidwa mwachisawawa pa webusaiti epinions ; 3) anapereka mphoto kwa mosintha osankhidwa zothandizira kuti Wikipedia ; and 4) anasaina osankhidwa mwachisawawa mapemphero pa change.org .

Pamodzi, zitsanzo ziwirizi zikusonyeza kuti akatswiri akhoza kuchititsa digito zatsopano munda popanda kufunika kwa okondedwa ndi makampani kapena pofuna kumanga kachitidwe zovuta digito. Komanso, Table 4.2 limapereka zitsanzo zambiri zosonyeza osiyanasiyana zomwe n'zotheka pamene ofufuza ntchito zomangamanga kachitidwe alipo kupulumutsa mankhwala ndi / kapena muyezo zakambidwa. Zimene awa ndi otsika ku ofufuza ndipo amapatsa digiri yapamwamba ya Kuzindikira. Koma, kuyesa izi kupereka ofufuza ulamuliro zochepa pa gulu, mankhwala zakambidwa kuti idzitha kuyezeka. Komanso, chifukwa zatsopano zikuchitika mu kachitidwe kamodzi kokha, ofufuza ayenera kuganizira kuti zotsatira akhoza lotengeka ndi mphamvu dongosolo pokha (mwachitsanzo, mmene Kickstarter tithe ntchito kapena mmene change.org tithe mapemphero; mudziwe zambiri, onani kukambirana za kuthetsa nzeru algorithmic mu Chapter 2). Potsiriza, pamene ofufuza alowerere kachitidwe ntchito mafunso lachinyengo zikuyenela kutuluka za mavuto amene ophunzira, sanali ophunzira, ndi kachitidwe. Tikambirana funso awa zikuyenela mwatsatanetsatane mu Chapter 6, ndipo pali zokambirana kwambiri a iwo mu kumapeto a van de Rijt (2014) . The malonda-offs kuti abwere ndi ntchito mu dongosolo alipo si abwino aliyense polojekiti, ndi chifukwa chake ena ofufuza kumanga chitetezo chawo experimental, mutu wa gawo la pafupi.