4.3 awiri kutalika kwa zatsopano: labu munda ndi analogi-digito

Zimene labu kupereka ulamuliro, zatsopano m'munda kupereka Kuzindikira, ndipo digito munda zatsopano kuphatikiza kulamulira ndi Kuzindikira pa sikelo.

Zimene kubwera akalumikidzidwa zosiyanasiyana ndi kukula kwake. Koma, ngakhale kuti kusiyana kumeneku, ofufuza aona kuti bungwe zatsopano pamodzi ndi popitilira pakati zatsopano labu ndi zatsopano kumunda. Panopa, akatswiri ayenera kukonza zatsopano pamodzi ndi popitilira pakati zatsopano analogi ndi zatsopano digito. Izi awiri N'kwapafupi zedi kapangidwe danga adzakuthandizani kumvetsa mphamvu komanso zofooka za njira zosiyanasiyana asankhepo m'madera mwayi kwambiri (Chithunzi 4.1).

Chithunzi 4.1: zojambula za kamangidwe malo zatsopano. Kale, zatsopano zosiyanasiyana pamodzi ndi gawo labu munda. Tsopano, iwo zosiyanasiyana pa gawo analogi-digito. Mu lingaliro langa, dera mwayi kwambiri ndi digito munda zatsopano.

Kale, njira zazikulu zimene akatswiri bungwe zatsopano anali pamodzi ndi gawo labu munda. The ambiri zatsopano mu sayansi ndi chikhalidwe ndi zatsopano labu kumene maphunziro a digiri yoyamba ophunzira kugwira ntchito zachilendo mu labu ndi maphunziro ngongole. Mtundu wa kuyesera limalamulira kafukufuku kuwerenga maganizo chifukwa chimathandiza ofufuza kulenga mankhwala enieni kwambiri cholinga choyesa mfundo chindunji za khalidwe chikhalidwe. Mavuto ena Komabe, chinachake amaona zosamveka za kuwalingalira amphamvu za khalidwe la anthu kuchokera kwa anthu otere zachilendo kuchita ntchito zina zachilendo mu zoterezi kolowera zachilendo. Izi zinachititsa kuti gulu kwa zatsopano kumunda. Field zatsopano kuphatikiza pulani amphamvu zatsopano osapanganika kulamulira ndi magulu kwambiri woimira ophunzira, kuchita ntchito wamba, zoikamo zambirimbiri.

Ngakhale kuti anthu ena amaganiza za labu ndi munda zatsopano monga kupikisana njira, ndi bwino kuganizira iwo monga njira wowonjezera mphamvu zosiyana ndi zofooka. Mwachitsanzo, Correll, Benard, and Paik (2007) ntchito zonse kafukufuku labu ndi kafukufuku wa m'munda pofuna kupeza magwero a "chilango mayi." Mu United States, amayi ndalama zosakwana akazi opanda ana, ngakhale pamene azimayi ndi luso lofanana ntchito mu ntchito zofanana. Pali ambiri mafotokozedwe zotheka chitsanzo ichi, ndipo wina ali kuti mabwana ndi odana motsutsana amayi. (N'zochititsa chidwi zosiyana zikuoneka kuti ndi zoona kwa makolo: iwo amakonda ndalama zambiri kuposa wopanda mwana anthu ofanana). Kuti kuwunika zotheka kukondera motsutsana amayi, Correll ndi anzake anathamanga zatsopano awiri: mmodzi mu labu ndi mmodzi mmunda.

Choyamba, kuyesera ndi labu Correll ndi anzake anamuuza ophunzira, amene anali undergraduates koleji, kuti California ofotokoza chiyambi-mmwamba aya kampani anali kuchititsa kusaka ndi ntchito kwa munthu kutsogolera latsopano East Coast malonda dipatimenti. Ophunzira anauzidwa kuti kampani anafuna thandizo ku ndondomeko yolemba ntchito ndi anafunsidwa kuti tikambirane tikupitiriza ofuna angapo tingathere ndi timakondanso ofuna angapo miyeso monga nzeru zawo, chikondi, ndi kudzipereka ntchito. Komanso, ophunzira anafunsidwa ngati angafune kuti zichitike wolembedwa ntchito yakulipidwa wodandaulayu ndi zomwe angafune kuti zichitike monga malipiro kuyamba. Mosadziwa ophunzira Komabe, tikupitiriza anali makamaka anamanga kukhala ofanana koma chinthu chimodzi: ena tikupitiriza ndi chizindikiro mayi (by kulemba okhudzidwa ndi makolo ndi aphunzitsi kucheza) ndi ena sanatero. Correll anapeza kuti ophunzira anali zokayikitsa umboni wolembedwa ntchito yakulipidwa amayi ndi kuwalonjeza m'munsi poyambira malipiro. Komanso, mwa kusanthula zowerengera ya mavoti onse ndi zigamulo yolemba ntchito zokhudzana, Correll anapeza kuti azimayi 'kuipa makamaka anafotokoza chifukwa chakuti amayi anali adavotera m'munsi mwa mawu a yamtunduwu ndi kudzipereka. M'mawu ena, Correll ananena kuti makhalidwe amenewa ndi limagwirira mwa zomwe amayi ovutika. Choncho, kuyesera labu analola Correll ndi anzake anayeza mtsinjewo causal kwenikweni ndi kupereka malongosoledwe ndi zotheka mmene.

Kumene, wina akhoza kukhala owona za pogamula msika lonse US ntchito potengera zochita za undergraduates mazana angapo amene mwina konse mokwanira ntchito, samathanso ganyu anthu. Choncho, Correll ndi anzake komanso anachita wowonjezera munda kuyesera. Akatswiri anamvetsera mazana mipata ntchito malonda ndi kutumiza makalata yabodza chivundikirocho ndi tikupitiriza. Similar zipangizo zasonyezedwa kuti undergraduates, ena tikupitiriza chizindikiro umayi ndi ena sanatero. Correll ndi anzake anapeza kuti azimayi anali zokayikitsa kuti ayitanidwa kuchokera pa zoyankhulana kuposa akazi mofanana oyenerera ana. M'mawu ena, olemba ntchito kwenikweni zochita pamapeto pa malo achilengedwe zinthu zambiri monga undergraduates lapansi. Kodi iwo kusankha ofanana chifukwa chomwechi? Mwatsoka, ife sitikudziwa. Akatswiriwo sanali kufunsa owalemba ntchito timakondanso ofuna kapena kufotokoza maganizo awo.

Izi awiri zatsopano limasonyeza kwambiri za labu ndi munda zatsopano ambiri. Zimene labu kupereka ofufuza pafupi ulamuliro okwana chilengedwe zimene ophunzira zochita. Choncho, mwachitsanzo, mu kuyesera pa labu, Correll anatha kuonetsetsa kuti tikupitiriza onse kuwerenga pamalo opanda phokoso; mu kafukufuku wa kumunda, ena tikupitiriza ndi mwina ngakhale kuwerenga. Komanso, chifukwa ophunzira pokhazikitsa labu mukudziwa kuti akuphunziridwa, ofufuza nthawi zambiri amatha kusonkhanitsa deta zina zimene zingawathandize kumvetsa chifukwa ophunzira zochita zawo. Mwachitsanzo, Correll anafunsa ophunzira mu kafukufuku wa labu kuti timakondanso ofuna pa miyeso zosiyana. Mtundu uwu deta ndondomeko akhoza kuthandiza ofufuza kumvetsa njira kumbuyo kusiyana bwanji ophunzira kuchitira tikupitiriza.

Komano, awa enieni makhalidwe omwewo kuti ine monga ubwino zinalongosoledwa nthawi zina ankaona kuipa. Akatswiri amene amakonda zatsopano munda amati ophunzira mu zatsopano labu akanakhoza kumachita mosiyana pamene iwo akumva kwambiri anaona. Mwachitsanzo, mu labu kafukufuku ophunzira mwina anaganiza cholinga cha kafukufuku ndipo anasintha khalidwe lawo kuti kuonekera okondera. Komanso, akatswiri amene amakonda zatsopano munda anganene kuti kusiyana ang'onoang'ono tikupitiriza zitha kuoneka mu woyera kwambiri, wosabala chilengedwe labu, motero kuyesera labu adzakhala pa wokha zotsatira za mayi pa zochita weniweni yolemba ntchito. Pomaliza, amalimbikitsa ambiri zatsopano munda kutsutsa zatsopano labu kudalira ophunzira lodabwitsa: makamaka ophunzira ku Western, ophunzira, olemera, Olemera ndi mayiko Democratic (Henrich, Heine, and Norenzayan 2010) . The zatsopano ndi Correll ndi anzake (2007) zikusonyeza mbali ziwiri pa popitilira labu munda. Pakati pa malire awiriwa pali machenjerero hybrid kuphatikizapo njira ngati wachereza sanali ophunzira mu labu kapena kupita kumunda koma ali ophunzira kuchita ntchito zachilendo.

Kuwonjezera pa gawo labu munda umene wakhala kale, m'badwo digito zikutanthauza kuti tsopano ofufuza ndi wachiwiri yaikulu gawo limodzi limene zatsopano siyana: analogi-digito. Monga momwe pali koyera zatsopano labu, zatsopano koyera kumunda, ndipo zosiyanasiyana hybrids pakati, pali koyera analogi zatsopano, koyera zatsopano digito, ndipo zosiyanasiyana hybrids. Ndi zovuta kuti apereke tanthauzo mwamwambo chabe gawo ili, koma kothandiza ntchito tanthauzo kuti zatsopano bwino digito ndi nkhaniyi ntchito zomangamanga digito yosankha ophunzira, randomize, kupulumutsa mankhwala, nuyese zakambidwa. Mwachitsanzo, Restivo ndi van de Rijt a (2012) Kuphunzira barnstars ndi Wikipedia anali kuyesera bwino digito chifukwa ntchito machitidwe digito onse anayi mwa njirazi. Chimodzimodzinso bwino zatsopano analogi ndi nkhaniyi musati ntchito zomangamanga digito aliyense mwa njirazi anayi. Ambiri zatsopano tingachipeze powerenga mu kuwerenga maganizo ndi analogi zatsopano. Pakati pa malire awiriwa pali pang'ono digito nkhaniyi ntchito osakaniza kachitidwe analogi ndi digito mapazi anayi.

Otsutsa, Mwai kuthamanga zatsopano digito si Intaneti. Akatswiri akhoza kuthamanga zatsopano pang'ono digito pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo digito mu dziko thupi kuti apulumutse mankhwala kapena kuyeza zakambidwa. Mwachitsanzo, ofufuza anaugwiritsa ntchito mafoni anzeru kupulumutsa mankhwala kapena masensa mu malo anamanga kuyeza zakambidwa. Ndipotu, monga tionere kutsogoloku, mu chaputala ichi, ofufuza kale ntchito mamita kunyumba mphamvu kuyeza zakambidwa mu zatsopano za malamulo chikhalidwe ndi mowa mphamvu yokhudza okwana 8.5 miliyoni a nyumba (Allcott 2015) . Monga zipangizo digito kwambiri Integrated mu miyoyo ya abale ndi masensa amakhala Integrated mu malo anamanga, mwayi umenewu kuthamanga zatsopano pang'ono digito mu dziko thupi kuonjezera kwambiri. M'mawu ena, zatsopano digito si Intaneti zatsopano.

kachitidwe Intaneti kulenga njira zatsopano kwa zatsopano kulikonse pamodzi popitilira labu munda. Mu zatsopano koyera labu Mwachitsanzo, ofufuza angagwiritse ntchito machitidwe digito kwa bwino muyeso wa khalidwe ophunzira; chitsanzo cha mtundu wa bwino muyeso ndi maso kutsatira zipangizo amene amapereka miyeso yeniyeni ndi yopitirira wa maso malo. M'badwo digito komanso amalenga n'zotheka kuthamanga zatsopano labu ngati Intaneti. Mwachitsanzo, ofufuza mofulumira anatengera Amazon Mawotchi Turk (MTurk) yosankha ophunzira chifukwa zatsopano Intaneti (Chithunzi 4.2). MTurk likufanana "mabwana" amene ntchito zimene ayenera kutha ndi "antchito" amene mukufuna kumaliza ntchito anthu ndalama. Mosiyana ndi misika chikhalidwe ntchito Komabe, ntchito nawo kawirikawiri yekha amafuna maminiti pang'ono kumaliza ndi anzake lonse pakati pa bwana ndi wantchito ndi pafupifupi. Chifukwa MTurk otsanzira mbali ya zatsopano za malipiro chikhalidwe labu anthu kumaliza ntchito kuti iwo sakanati achite kwaulere icho mwachibadwa yosayenera mitundu ina ya zatsopano. Kwenikweni, MTurk adalenga zomangamanga kuchepetsa dziwe la ophunzira-usilikali ndipo malipiro anthu ndi ofufuza agwiritsa ntchito zomangamanga kuti ndikupeza dziwe nthawi zonse zilipo za ophunzira.

Chithunzi 4.2: mapepala lofalitsidwa ntchito deta ku Amazon Mawotchi Turk (MTurk) (Bohannon 2016) . MTurk ndi ena misika Intaneti ntchito kupereka ofufuza njira yabwino yosankha ophunzira chifukwa zatsopano.

Intaneti zatsopano kulenga mwayi zambiri zatsopano kumunda ngati. Intaneti munda zatsopano angapereke zolimba kulamulira ndi ndondomeko deta kumvetsa zotheka njira (ngati zatsopano labu) ndi ophunzira kwambiri osiyanasiyana zochita kwenikweni mu chilengedwe (ngati zatsopano munda). Kuwonjezera kuphatikiza makhalidwe abwino a zatsopano kale, digito munda zatsopano komanso kupereka mwayi atatu anali zovuta analogi labu ndi munda zatsopano.

Choyamba, koma ambiri analogi labu ndi munda zatsopano ndi mazana a ophunzira, digito munda zatsopano akhoza anthu mamiliyoni ophunzira. kusintha utatavu ndi chifukwa ena zatsopano digito zingabweretse Deta zero mtengo variable. Ndiko kuti, kamodzi ofufuza analenga zomangamanga experimental, kuwonjezera chiwerengero cha ophunzira ambiri alibe kuonjezera ndalama. Kuwonjezera chiwerengero cha ophunzira ndi chinthu cha 100 kapena kuposa si kusintha kachulukidwe, ndi kusintha Mkhalidwe, chifukwa chimathandiza ofufuza kuphunzira zinthu zosiyana zatsopano (mwachitsanzo, heterogeneity wa zotsatira chithandizo) ndi kuthamanga ziwembu zosiyana experimental ( mwachitsanzo, lalikulu gulu zatsopano). Mfundo zimenezi ndi zofunika, ine kwa izo kutha kwa mutu pamene ine ndikupereka malangizo za kulenga zatsopano digito.

Chachiwiri, koma ambiri analogi labu ndi munda zatsopano kuchitira ophunzira ngati osiyana zida, digito munda zatsopano zambiri ntchito nkhaniyo za ophunzira mu kapangidwe ndi kusanthula magawo a kafukufuku. Mfundozi maziko, wotchedwa mudziwe chisanadze mankhwala, ndi zambiri likupezeka zatsopano digito chifukwa chichitike mu mapangidwe mokwanira kuyeza. Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku pa Facebook ali zambiri chisanadze mankhwala zambiri kuposa katswiriyu angagwiritse muyezo labu kafukufuku ndi undergraduates. Nkhani ili chisanadze mankhwala chimathandiza ofufuza kusuntha yoposa kuchitira ophunzira zida monga osiyana. Komanso mwapadera, chisanadze mankhwala mudziwe chimathandiza zosavuta experimental zochita monga kutsekereza (Higgins, Sävje, and Sekhon 2016) ndi akulimbana asilikali a ophunzira (Eckles, Kizilcec, and Bakshy 2016) -ndipo kusanthula-amenewa more anzeru monga chiwerengero cha heterogeneity za zotsatira mankhwala (Athey and Imbens 2016a) ndi covariate kusintha kwa bwino mogometsa (Bloniarz et al. 2016) .

Chachitatu, pamene ambiri analogi labu ndi munda zatsopano kupulumutsa mankhwala zakambidwa muyeso mu mlingo wothinikizidwa nthawi, ena digito munda zatsopano kumatanthauza mankhwala amene angathe kuperekedwa nthawi ndi zotsatira nawonso anayeza nthawi. Mwachitsanzo, Restivo ndi van de Rijt ndi kuyesera ali zotsatira anayeza tsiku kwa masiku 90, ndi wina wa zatsopano Ine ndikuuzani inu za kenako mu mutu (Ferraro, Miranda, and Price 2011) amalondola zakambidwa pa zaka 3 kwenikweni palibe mtengo. Atatuwa mwayi waukulu, uthenga chisanadze mankhwala, ndipo chithandizo kotenga zotsatira data-Ambiri pamene zatsopano ndi kuthamanga pamwamba pa zonse pa miyezo kachitidwe (onani Mutu 2 zambiri pa nthawi pa kachitidwe muyeso).

Pamene digito munda zatsopano kupereka mwayi ambiri, nawonso zofooka zina ndi onse labu analogi ndi zatsopano kumunda. Mwachitsanzo, zatsopano sangathe ntchito kuphunzira kale, ndipo iwo akhoza wokha amati zotsatira za mankhwala zimene zawo. Ngakhale zatsopano ndi Mosakayikira zothandiza kutsogolera malamulo, malangizo yeniyeni angapereke ndi wochepa chifukwa cha mavuto monga kudalira chilengedwe, mavuto kugwilizana ndi zotsatira mgwirizano (Banerjee and Duflo 2009; Deaton 2010) . Pomaliza, digito munda zatsopano kukuza maganizo zikuyenela analenga kuyesa kumunda. Amalimbikitsa zatsopano munda kulengeza luso lawo unobtrusively ndi mosintha kuthandizapo kupanga zisankho pamapeto opangidwa ndi anthu ambirimbiri. zinthu izi kupereka ubwino sayansi, koma iwo akhoza kupanga zatsopano munda ethically zovuta (kuganiza za izo monga ofufuza zinthu ndi anthu ngati "makoswe labu" pamlingo waukulu). Komanso, kuwonjezera mopweteka zotheka kuti ophunzira, digito munda zatsopano, chifukwa cha sikelo yawo, angathe kunena nkhawa za kusokoneza ntchito likuyendetsera (mwachitsanzo, nkhawa kusokoneza mphoto dongosolo Wikipedia ngati Restivo ndi Van der Rijt anapereka barnstars zambiri) .