4.1 Kuyamba

Mu chikuyandikira anaphimba mpaka mu khalidwe buku kuona (Chapter 2) ndi kufunsa mafunso (Chapter 3) -researchers kusonkhanitsa deta zimene mwachibadwa zikuchitika m'dzikoli. Njira anaphimba mutu-kuthamanga izi zatsopano-ndi mwapadera. Pamene ofufuza kuthamanga zatsopano, iwo kanthu nthaŵi dziko kulenga deta imene oyenereradi kuyankha mafunso okhudza ubale chifukwa ndi zotsatira.

Chifukwa ndi zotsatira mafunso ali sizachilendo kafukufuku chikhalidwe, ndi zitsanzo zikuphatikizapo mafunso monga Kodi kuwonjezeka malipilo aphunzitsi kuonjezera wophunzira kuphunzira? Kodi zotsatira za malipiro osachepera pa mitengo ntchito? Kodi mpikisano ntchito ofunsira ndi mavuto mwayi wake chotenga ntchito? Kuwonjezera mafunso awa motsimikizira causal, amayambitsa ndi zotsatira mafunso ali kotheratu mafunso ambiri za maximization ena chinkafunika ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, funso "Kodi mtundu batani adzakhala azipeza zopereka pa NGO webusaiti malo?" Kwenikweni zambiri mafunso okhudza zotsatira za mitundu yosiyanasiyana batani zopereka.

Njira imodzi kuyankha mafunso chifukwa ndi zotsatira ndi kuyang'ana dongosolo mu deta zilipo panopa. Mwachitsanzo, ntchito deta pamtunda wa sukulu, inu mukhoza kupeza ophunzira kuphunzira zambiri sukulu kupereka malipilo apamwamba mphunzitsi. Koma kodi malumikizanidwe amasonyeza kuti malipilo apamwamba chifukwa ophunzira kudziwa zambiri? Inde sichoncho. Schools kumene aphunzitsi ndalama zambiri angakhale osiyana m'njira zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ophunzira m'sukulu ndi malipilo apamwamba mphunzitsi akhoza kubwera ku mabanja olemera. Choncho, zimene zikuwoneka ngati zotsatira za aphunzitsi akhoza kubwera basi poyerekezera osiyanasiyana ophunzira. Izi kusiyana unmeasured pakati pa ophunzira amatchedwa confounders, ndipo ambiri, n'zotheka confounders wreaks chisokonezo padziko luso ofufuza kuyankha mafunso chifukwa ndi zotsatira poyang'ana dongosolo mu deta zilipo panopa.

njira imodzi vuto la confounders ndi kuyesa kuyerekezera zochita chilungamo ndi kusintha kusiyana ndikuoneka pakati pa magulu. Mwachitsanzo, inu mukhoza kukopera deta msonkho katundu angapo Websites boma. Ndiye, inu chingafanane ntchito wophunzira sukulu kumene mitengo kunyumba ofanana koma malipilo mphunzitsi osiyana, ndipo inu mukhoza kupeza kuti ophunzira kuphunzira zambiri masukulu ndi mphunzitsi malipiro apamwamba. Koma, pali zotheka confounders ambiri. Mwina makolo a wophunzira awa amasiyana msinkhu wawo maphunziro kapena mwinamwake masukulu amasiyana ubwenzi wawo ndi malaibulale pagulu kapena mwinamwake masukulu ndi mphunzitsi ndalama zambiri sapeza ndalama zambiri chifukwa principals ndi malipiro yaikulu, mphunzitsi malipiro, kwenikweni zimene zikuchulukirachulukira wophunzira kuphunzira. Mukhoza kuyesa kuyeza zinthu zimenezi zinanso, koma mndandanda wa confounders zotheka makamaka wosatha. Mu zinthu zambiri, inu simungakhoze basi kuyeza ndi kusintha kwa confounders zonse zitheka. njira wenewu inu kutali.

A mavuto vuto la confounders ikutha zatsopano. Zimene athe ofufuza kusuntha yoposa malumikizanidwe mu mwachibadwa zikuchitika deta pofuna molondola kuyankha chifukwa ndi zotsatira funso. Mu m'badwo analogi, zatsopano nthawi zambiri logistically yovuta kwambiri ndi yokwera mtengo. Tsopano, mu m'badwo digito, panali zopinga pang'onopang'ono anayamba kuchepa kutali. Sikuti zosavuta kuchita zinthu zatsopano ngati akatswiri amene mwachita kale, tsopano n'zotheka kuthamanga mitundu yatsopano ya zatsopano.

Zimene ine zolembedwa mpaka ine ndakhala pang'ono lotayirira mu Chingelezi, koma ndi kofunika kusiyanitsa zinthu ziwiri zatsopano ndi osapanganika zatsopano. Mu kuyesera katswiriyu adzachitapo kanthu pa dziko ndipo amaona ndi zotsatira zake. Ndamva njira imeneyi amafotokozedwa kuti "perturb ndi kusunga." Strategy ndi amphamvu kwambiri sayansi ya zachilengedwe, koma sayansi mankhwala ndi chikhalidwe, pali njira ina yothandiza bwino. Mu osapanganika kuyesera ankalamulira katswiriyu adzachitapo kanthu kwa anthu ena osati kwa ena, ndipo otsutsa, kafukufuku wa n'kuona anthu kulandira thandizo la randomization (mwachitsanzo, tikutembenuzika ndalama). njirayi zipangitsa kuti osapanganika zatsopano kulenga kufananitsa chilungamo pakati pa magulu awiri: mmodzi amene analandira phukusi ndi amene alibe. M'mawu ena, osapanganika zatsopano ndi njira yothetsera mavuto a confounders. Ngakhale kusiyana zofunika pakati zatsopano ndi osapanganika zinthu zatsopano, ofufuza chikhalidwe zambiri ntchito mawu amenewa akhoza. Ine kutsatira msonkhano uwu, koma pa mfundo inayake, ndidzakukanthani msonkhano kutsindika ubwino osapanganika zinthu zatsopano pa zatsopano popanda randomization ndi gulu kulamulira.

Osapanganika zatsopano atsimikizira kuti ndi njira yabwino kwambiri kuphunzira za dziko chikhalidwe, ndipo m'mutu uno, ine kukuphunzitsani zambiri za mmene angadzigwiritsire ntchito izo mu ntchito yanu. M'gawo 4.2, ine zikusonyeza mfundo zikuluzikulu za kuyesera chitsanzo cha kuyesera pa Wikipedia. Ndiye, mu Gawo 4.3, ine bwanji kusiyana zatsopano labu ndi zatsopano kumunda ndiponso kusiyana zatsopano analogi ndi zatsopano digito. Komanso, ine amati digito munda zatsopano angapereke mbali yabwino ya zatsopano analogi labu (zolimba kulamulira) ndi zatsopano analogi munda (Kuzindikira), onse pa sikelo kuti sikunali kotheka kale. Kenako, mu Gawo 4.4, ine pofotokoza mfundo-n'loonadi atatu, heterogeneity za kuipa mankhwala, ndi njira, kuti ali ovuta angagwiritse zatsopano wolemera. Ndi maziko kuti, Ine pofotokoza malonda-offs nawo njira ziwiri zazikulu pochita zinthu zatsopano digito: kuchita izo nokha (Ndime 4.5.1) kapena partnering ndi amphamvu (Ndime 4.5.2). Pomaliza, pomalizira malangizo kapangidwe mmene inu tingalandire mphamvu yeniyeni ya zatsopano digito (Ndime 4.6.1) ndi kufotokozera ena za udindo umene umabwera ndi mphamvu (Ndime 4.6.2). mutu Adzaperekedwa ndi osachepera kalembedwe masamu ndi chinenero ofunda; owerenga chidwi kwambiri ofunda, njira masamu ku mayesero ayenera kuwerenga luso Zakumapeto kumapeto kwa mutuwo.