4.6.2 Sinthani, yeretsani, ndi Kuchepetsa

Pangani kafukufuku anu woganizira kwambiri ndi kuchotsa zatsopano ndi maphunziro si experimental, akuyenga mankhwala, ndi kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha ophunzira.

Chidutswa yachiwiri malangizo Ndikufuna kupereka za angagwiritse zatsopano digito nkhawa chikhalidwe. Monga Restivo ndi van de Rijt kuyesera pa barnstars mu Wikipedia mapulogalamu, utachepa ndalama zikutanthauza kuti makhalidwe adzakhala ndi mbali zofunika kwambiri za kamangidwe kafukufuku. Kuwonjezera frameworks Malamulo amatsogolera nzika anthu kufufuza kuti ine kulongosola Chapter 6, ofufuza angagwiritse zatsopano digito akhoza kujambula maganizo zikuyenela ku gwero lina la kutsatira mfundo zabwino anayamba kutsogolera zatsopano zokhudza nyama. Makamaka mu awo Mfundo chosaiwalika buku la uweme Experimental Kadyedwe Kake, Russell and Burch (1959) akufuna mfundo zitatu zoti kafukufuku nyama: Sinthani, yeretsani, ndi Kuchepetsa. Ndikufuna kuganiza kuti atatuwa R akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu pang'ono kusinthidwa mawonekedwe-kutsogolera kamangidwe ka zatsopano anthu. Makamaka,

• M'malo: m'malo zatsopano ndi njira zosavuta olanda ngati nkotheka
• Yeretsani: yeretsani mankhwala kuti ngati oona mtima ngati n'kotheka
• Kuchepetsa: kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha ophunzira mu kuyesera anu ngati kuli kotheka

Kukapanga konkire awa atatu R, kusonyeza mmene ikhoza kuyambitsa labwino ndiponso woganizira kapangidwe experimental, ine kufotokoza Intaneti munda kuyesera kuti kwaiye mtsutso abwino. Ndiye ine mmene atatu R akusonyeza konkire ndi zothandiza kusintha kamangidwe zimenezo.

Chimodzi mwa ethically kutsutsana zatsopano digito wakumunda "Maganizo kufalikira," amene amachititsa ndi Adam Kramer, Jamie Gillroy, ndi Jeffrey Hancock (2014) . Kuyesa zinachitika pa Facebook ndi ankawalangiza chifukwa kusokonezeka mafunso sayansi ndi zothandiza. Panthawiyo, njira lalikulu kuti owerenga alumikizirana ndi Facebook anali News Amadyetsa, ndi algorithmically curated ya udindo zosintha Facebook ndi anzake la malangizo Facebook. Ena otsutsa a Facebook ananena kuti chifukwa News Amadyetsa ali makamaka zabwino posts-anzanu mmkudzionetsera awo atsopano chiphwando akhoza kudwala owerenga chisoni chifukwa miyoyo yawo kudabwa kwambiri zosangalatsa poyerekeza. Komano, mwina tingati ndi zosemphana; mwina powona mnzanuyo kusangalala adzapanga inu wosangalala? Pofuna kuthana izi kupikisana amanena komanso kupititsa patsogolo kumvetsa kwathu mmene mtima wa munthu ali mwapeza anzake 'maganizo Kramer ndi anzake inalemba kuyesera. Akatswiri anaika pafupifupi 700,000 owerenga m'magulu anayi kwa sabata limodzi: a "negativity yafupika" gulu, amene posts ndi mawu oipa (mwachitsanzo, chisoni) anali mosintha oletsedwa kwa kuwonekera kwa News Amadyetsa; ndi "positivity yafupika" gulu amene posts ndi mawu abwino (mwachitsanzo, odala) anali mosintha oletsedwa; ndi magulu awiri kulamulira. Mu gulu kulamulira kwa "negativity yafupika" gulu, posts anali mosintha oletsedwa pa mlingo chimodzimodzi "negativity yafupika" gulu koma mosatengera kuti zili m'maganizo. Gulu kulamulira kwa "positivity yafupika" gulu inamangidwa mu kachitidwe yomweyi. Kamangidwe ka kuyesera chikusonyeza kuti yoyenera kulamulira gulu si nthawi imodzi ndi kusintha ayi. M'malomwake, nthawi zina ulamuliro gulu kulandira mankhwala kuti alenge kufanizitsa yeniyeni kuti funso kafukufuku amafuna. Nthawi zonse, posts kuti anali oletsedwa kwa News Amadyetsa akadali analipo kuti owerenga kumadera ena webusaiti Facebook.

Kramer ndi anzake kuti kwa ophunzira mu positivity yafupika chikhalidwe, kuchuluka kwa mawu abwino zosintha awo udindo utachepa ndi kuchuluka kwa mawu oipa kuchuluka. Komano, kwa gulu negativity yafupika chikhalidwe, kuchuluka kwa mawu abwino chinawonjezeka ndi kuchuluka kwa mawu oipa utachepa (Chithunzi 4.23). Komabe, zotsatira anali yaing'ono: kusiyana mawu zabwino ndi zoipa pakati mankhwala ndi amazilamulira anali pafupi 1 mawu 1,000.

Chithunzi 4,23: Umboni wa maganizo kufalikira (Kramer, Guillory, and Hancock 2014) . Kuchuluka kwa mawu abwino ndi mawu oipa ndi chikhalidwe experimental. Mipiringidzo ankaimira pafupifupi zolakwa muyezo.

Ine ndamuyika kukambirana mfundo za sayansi kuyesera mu ZOWERENGA gawo kumapeto kwa mutuwo, koma mwatsoka, kuyesera kwambiri kudziwika kwa kupoletsa mtsutso abwino. Patangotha ​​masiku pepala umenewu anasindikizidwa ku Zokambirana za Academy National wa Sciences, kunali kulira kwakukulu kwa akatswiri ndi atolankhani. Chochititsa manyazi ndi chopusa padziko pepala maganizo pa mfundo zazikulu ziwiri: 1) ophunzira sanalembemo chilolezo chilichonse muyezo Facebook mawu kwa ntchito mankhwala ena anaganiza mwina mavuto ophunzira ndi 2) Kuphunzira anali akukonza lachitatu chipani zikuyenela review (Grimmelmann 2015) . Mafunso zikuyenela anakulira mkangano anachititsa magazini mwamsanga kusindikiza osowa "mkonzi akuti nkhawa" za chikhalidwe ndi koyenela review ndondomeko kafukufuku (Verma 2014) . Mu zaka wotsatira, kuyesera lapitirizabe gwero la kutsutsana kwambiri ndi kusagwirizana, ndi kusagwirizana mwina iwo anali zotsatira posakonzekera galimoto mu mithunzi zatsopano ena ambiri kuti anachita ndi makampani (Meyer 2014) .

Popeza kuti mbiri ya kufalikira Maganizo, bwenzi pano kuti ndikusonyezeni kuti 3 R akhoza amati konkire, zinthu zothandiza kuti maphunziro weniweni (chirichonse chimene inu mungakhale payekha kuganiza za maganizo a kuyesera iyi). Woyamba R ndi M'malo: ofufuza afunefune m'malo zatsopano ndi njira zochepa olanda ndi yowopsa, ngati nkotheka. Mwachitsanzo, osati kuthamangira kuyesera ofufuza akanatha akubera kafukufuku zachilengedwe. Zalongosoledwa mu Chapter 2, zatsopano achilengedwe zochitika chinachake mu dziko kuti ukufanana ntchito mwachisawawa mankhwala (mwachitsanzo, ndi njuga ndi amene adzakhala usilikali ku usilikali). The ntchito kafukufuku wa zachilengedwe ndi kuti kafukufuku alibe kupulumutsa chithandizo; chilengedwe amachita izo kwa inu. M'mawu ena, ndi kuyesera zachilengedwe, ofufuza sibwenzi anafunika experimentally kupezerera anthu News Adyetsa.

Ndipotu, pafupifupi pamodzi ndi Maganizo kufalikira kuyesera, Coviello et al. (2014) anali masuku pamutu kodi kutchedwa Maganizo kufalikira zachilengedwe kuyesera. angalankhulire, amene amagwiritsa ntchito njira wotchedwa zoimbidwa zosintha, ndi pang'ono zovuta ngati inu simunadzionepo izo kale. Choncho, pofuna kufotokoza chifukwa chake anafunika, tiyeni timange kuti izo. Ganizo loyamba kuti ena ofufuza akhoza kuphunzira kufalikira maganizo adzakhala kuyerekeza posts anu pa masiku kumene News wanu Amadyetsa anali abwino kwambiri posts anu pa masiku kumene News wanu Amadyetsa anali oipa kwambiri. njira imeneyi zingakhale zabwino ngati cholinga basi kuneneratu zili m'maganizo mwa nsanamira anu, koma njira imeneyi ndi mabvuto ngati cholinga kuphunzira mmene causal wa News Chakudya chanu pa posts wanu. Kuona vuto ndi mamangidwe, taganizirani Kuperekamathokozo. Mu US, posts zabwino kukwera ndi posts zoipa chowongolera pa Kuperekamathokozo. Choncho, pa Kuperekamathokozo, ofufuza kuona kuti News wanu Amadyetsa anali abwino kwambiri ndiponso kuti anaika zinthu zabwino komanso. Koma, posts olimbikitsa akanatha chifukwa cha Kuthokoza osati zili News Chakudya chanu. M'malomwake, kuti amanena za causal ofufuza zotsatira chinachake kuti wasintha zili News Chakudya chanu popanda kusintha maganizo anu. Mwamwayi, pali chinachake monga choncho kuchitika nthawi zonse: nyengo.

Coviello ndi anzake anapeza kuti tsiku la mvula mu mzinda munthu adzakhala, pafupifupi kuchepa chiwerengero cha posts abwino ndi 1 kuchuluka mfundo ndi kuonjezera chiwerengero cha posts kuti zoipa pafupifupi 1 kuchuluka mfundo. Ndiye, Coviello ndi anzake akubera mfundo imeneyi kuphunzira kufalikira maganizo popanda kufunika experimentally kupezerera munthu News Amadyetsa. Kwenikweni chimene iwo anachita ndi muyeso mmene posts anu mwapeza ndi nyengo m'mizinda kumene anzanu moyo. Kuona chifukwa zimenezi n'zomveka, yerekezani kuti inuyo mumakhala mu New York City ndipo muli ndi mnzanu amene amakhala ku Seattle. Tiyerekezenso kuti tsiku lina udzayamba mvula mu Seattle. mvula iyi mu Seattle sadzakhala chimakhudza maganizo anu, koma adzachititsa News wanu Amadyetsa otsika zabwino ndi zambiri zoipa chifukwa cha posts mnzanuyo. Choncho, mvula mu Seattle mosintha manipulates News wanu Amadyetsa. Kutembenuza yodziŵiratu zinthu pasadakhale izi mu njira yodalirika zowerengera singagwire (ndi njira yeniyeni ntchito Coviello ndi anzake pang'ono sanali muyezo) kotero ine mwaika mumve zambiri mu ZOWERENGA chigawo. Chinthu chofunika kwambiri kukumbukira za Coviello ndi njira mnzake ndi kuti chinawathandiza kuphunzira kufalikira maganizo popanda kufunika kuthamanga ndi kuyesera kuti akhoza zingakhale kuvulaza ophunzira, ndipo kungakhale nkhani kuti m'malo ena ambiri mukhoza m'malo zatsopano ndi zina njira.

Wachiwiri 3 Rs ndi yeretsani: ofufuza afunefune poyenga mankhwala awo kuti chifukwa mavuto zing'onozing'ono kotheka. Mwachitsanzo, m'malo kutsekereza okhutira kuti mwina chinali zabwino kapena zoipa ofufuza akanatha ndinayamba okhutira kuti anali zabwino kapena zoipa. Izi kapangidwe kunachititsa kodi zasintha okhutira maganizo a ophunzira News wakudya, koma akanakhala analankhula wina nkhawa imene ofufuza akuti: kuti zatsopano akanatha anachititsa ophunzira kuphonya mfundo zofunika News Amadyetsa awo. Ndi kapangidwe ntchito Kramer ndi anzake, uthenga kuti n'kofunika ngati zikuoneka kuti oletsedwa monga munthu ayi. Komabe, ndi kapangidwe kunachititsa, uthenga omwe akanati anathawira adzakhala iwo amene ali kwenikweni.

Potsiriza, lachitatu R ndi Kuchepetsa: ofufuza afunefune kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha ophunzira mu kafukufuku wawo, ngati nkotheka. Kale, kuchepetsa izi zinachitika mwachibadwa chifukwa mtengo variable a zatsopano analogi anali mkulu, amene analimbikitsa kafukufuku konza zinalengedwera ndi kusanthula. Koma pamene pali zero deta variable mtengo, ofufuza satsutsidwa ndalama choletsa ndi kukula kwa kuyesera awo, ndipo izi lingathe kuyambitsa zatsopano mosaganizira lalikulu.

Mwachitsanzo, Kramer ndi anzake akanatha kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo chisanadze mankhwala za ophunzira-makhalidwe awo monga chisanadze mankhwala lolemba khalidwe-kuti zothandiza zosavuta. Komanso mwapadera, osati kuyerekeza chiwerengero cha mawu abwino pa matenda ndi ulamuliro zinthu, Kramer ndi anzake akanatha poyerekeza kusintha chiwerengero cha mawu abwino pakati pa zinthu; njira zambiri amatchedwa kusiyana-mu-kusiyana ndi amene yogwirizana ndi kapangidwe wosakaniza kuti ine yafotokozedwa koyambirira kwa mutu (Chithunzi 4.5). Amene, chifukwa aliyense ofufuza akanatha analenga kusintha mphambu (pambuyo mankhwala khalidwe - chisanadze mankhwala khalidwe) ndiyeno poyerekeza kusintha ambiri ophunzira mankhwalawa ndi kulamulira zinthu. Njira imeneyi kusiyana-mu-kusiyana ndi zosavuta powerengera, kutanthauza kuti akatswiri akhoza kukwaniritsa yemweyo chidaliro zowerengera ntchito zitsanzo laling'ono kwambiri. M'mawu ena, ndi yochitira ophunzira ngati "zida", ofufuza zambiri kutenga ziwerengero bwino.

Popanda deta yaiwisi n'zovuta kudziwa mmene zosavuta kusiyana-mu-kusiyana njira akanakhala mu nkhani iyi. Koma, Deng et al. (2013) inanena kuti kafukufuku wawo atatu Intaneti pa Bing injini kufufuza adakhoza kuchepetsa masiyanidwe a anene pafupifupi 50%, ndipo chimodzimodzi zalembedwa ena zatsopano Intaneti pa Netflix (Xie and Aurisset 2016) . Izi 50% kusiyanitsa kuchepetsa amatanthauza kuti Maganizo kufalikira ofufuza mwina atha kudula chitsanzo zawo pakati ngati iwo anagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyana pang'ono kusanthula. M'mawu ena, ndi kusintha m'thupi kuwunika, anthu 350,000 ayenera kuti anapulumuka nawo zimenezo.

Pa nthawi imeneyi inu mukhoza kudabwa chifukwa ofufuza tiyenera kusamalitsitsa ngati anthu 350,000 anali kufalikira Maganizo bwinobwino. Pali zinthu ziwiri makamaka a kufalikira Maganizo kuti apange nkhawa ndi kukula kwambiri yoyenera ndiponso zinthu izi nawo ndi ambiri digito zatsopano kumunda: 1) anthu akukayikira ngati kuyesera adzakhala mavuto ena ophunzira ndi 2) nawo sanali zaufulu. Kafukufuku wawo ndi makhalidwe awiriwa zikuoneka bwino kusunga zatsopano aang'ono ngati nkotheka.

Pomaliza, atatu R's-Sinthani, Yeretsani, ndi kuchepetsa-mfundo zimene zingathandize akatswiri kumanga chikhalidwe mu ziwembu zawo experimental. Komabe, aliyense wa kusintha zotheka kufalikira Maganizo anayambitsanso malonda-offs. Mwachitsanzo, umboni zatsopano zachilengedwe ndi nthawi woyera monga umboni ku zatsopano osapanganika ndi kunachititsa mwina kwambiri logistically zovuta kuzitsatira kuposa chipika. Kotero, cholinga cha ankatanthauza kusintha sanali wachiwiri ndikuganiza zosankha ofufuza ena. M'malo mwake, anali zikusonyeza atatu R angazigwiritse ntchito mu zinthu angakwanitse.