Activities

chinsinsi:

• digiri ya mavuto: zosavuta , sing'anga modzipereka Modzipereka kwambiri
• amafuna masamu ( )
• amafuna wolemba pulogalamu ( )
• zosonkhanitsira deta ( )
• okondedwa anga ( )

1. [ , ] Berinsky ndi anzake (2012) amayankha Mawotchi Turk mbali ndi kugawikana atatu tingachipeze powerenga zatsopano. Motsanzira tingachipeze powerenga Asian Disease nkhanza kuyesera mwa Tversky and Kahneman (1981) . Kodi zotsatira machesi Tversky ndi Kahneman chiyani? Kodi zotsatira machesi Berinsky ndi anzake? Kodi ngati kanthu kodi zimenezi zikutiphunzitsa chiyani za ntchito Mawotchi Turk kwa zatsopano kafukufuku?

2. [ , ] Mu penapake lilime-mu-tsaya pepala lotchedwa "Tili Chibwenzi," Dokotala chikhalidwe Robert Cialdini, mmodzi wa olemba a Schultz et al. (2007) , analemba kuti retiring oyambirira ntchito monga pulofesa, mu gawo chifukwa cha mavuto amene anakumana akuchita zatsopano kumunda chilango (kuwerenga maganizo) kuti makamaka amachititsa zatsopano labu (Cialdini 2009) . Werengani Cialdini ndi pepala, ndi kulemba iye imelo akumupempha kusintha wake yopuma-mu kuwala kwa mwayi wa zatsopano digito. Ntchito zitsanzo za kafukufuku kuti muthetse ake.

3. [ ] Pofuna kuona ngati yaing'ono kupambana koyamba logwirana-kapena mphamvu, van de Rijt ndipo ndi anzake (2014) linalowererapo mu machitidwe osiyana anayi popatsa bwino pa ophunzira osankhidwa mwachisawawa, ndipo anapitiriza kuyeza zotsatira yaitali bwino zimenezi umasinthasintha. Kodi mungaganizire kachitidwe zina zimene mukhoza kuthamanga zatsopano ofanana? Amayang'anitsitsa kachitidwe mawu a nkhani za phindu sayansi, algorithmic kuthetsa nzeru (onani Mutu 2), ndi chikhalidwe.

4. [ , ] Zotsatira za kafukufuku wokhala mutha kumudalira ophunzira. Pangani kuyesera ndiyeno izo pa Amazon Mawotchi Turk (MTurk) pogwiritsa ntchito njira ziwiri zosiyana asilikali. Yesani kucosa kuyesera ndi asilikali njira kotero kuti zotsatira kukhala osiyana ngati n'kotheka. Mwachitsanzo, njira zanu asilikali angakhale yosankha ophunzira m'mawa ndi madzulo kapena azilipira ophunzira ndi malipiro mkulu ndi otsika. Izi mitundu ya kusiyana strategy asilikali zingachititse kuti maiwe osiyanasiyana ophunzira zakambidwa osiyana experimental. Kodi zosiyana Kodi zotsatira zinamuyendera? Kodi zimenezi zimasonyeza za kuthamanga zatsopano pa MTurk?

5. [ , , , ] Tangoganizani kuti kukonzekera ndi maganizo kufalikira phunziro (Kramer, Guillory, and Hancock 2014) . Ntchito zotsatira kuchokera kuphunzira kale taona ndi Kramer (2012) kusankha chiwerengero cha ophunzira aliyense chikhalidwe. Maphunziro awa awiri sizikugwirizana mwangwiro choncho onetsetsani motsimikizira lembani mfundo zonse zomwe mungapereke kuti:

   1. Kuthamanga kayeseleledwe kuti adzaweruza bwanji ophunzira ambiri akhala akufunika kudziwa gwero lalikulu monga zotsatira mu Kramer (2012) ndi \ (\ alpha = 0,05 \) ndi \ (1 - \ beta = 0,8 \).
   2. Kuchita mawerengedwe chomwecho analytically.
   3. Popeza zotsatira Kramer (2012) anali Maganizo kufalikira (Kramer, Guillory, and Hancock 2014) pa zoyendetsedwa (ie, bwanji ophunzira kuposa anafunika)?
   4. Za maganizo amene munapanga, amene akhudza kwambiri mawerengedwe wanu?

6. [ , , , ] Yankhani funso pamwamba, koma osati ntchito phunziro kale taona ndi Kramer (2012) ntchito zotsatira kuchokera kale kuyesera zachilengedwe Coviello et al. (2014) .

7. [ ] Both Rijt et al. (2014) ndi Margetts et al. (2011) zonse kuchita nkhaniyi kuphunzira ndondomeko ya anthu kusainira pempho. Yerekezerani ndi akusiyanitsa kapangidwe ndi anapeza maphunziro amenewa.

8. [ ] Dwyer, Maki, and Rothman (2015) imachitika zatsopano munda awiri pa ubale malamulo chikhalidwe ndi khalidwe proenvironmental. Apa pali umboni wa pepala awo:

   "Kodi sayansi maganizo zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kulimbikitsa khalidwe proenvironmental? Mu maphunziro awiri, zikunena umalimbana kulimbikitsa mphamvu zachilengedwe khalidwe mu zimbudzi pagulu kufufuza zinthu za malamulo ofotokoza ndi udindo. M'Phunziro 1, udindo kuwala (ie, kapena kuvula) anali sanam'kakamize winawake anakalowa ulesi bafa anthu, kusonyeza za ponseponse ofotokoza kolowera kuti. Ophunzira anali kwambiri zambiri kutembenukira magetsi ngati iwo anali pa atalowa. Phunziro 2, mkhalidwe zina anali m'gulu limene ponseponse wa kuzimitsa kuunika zinasonyeza chitaganya, koma ophunzira sanali okha udindo kutembenukira izo. udindo moderated zochita za malamulo chikhalidwe pa makhalidwe; pamene ophunzira analibe udindo kwa kutembenukira getsi, zochita za mwakale anali ochepa. Zotsatira mmene ofotokoza malamulo ndi udindo mwina zonse mphamvu ya zikunena proenvironmental. "

   Werengani pepala awo ndi kupanga kugawanika phunziro 1.

9. [ , ] Kumanga pa funso m'mbuyomu, panopa kuchita kulengedwa kwanu.

   1. Kodi zotsatira yerekezerani?
   2. Kodi mukhoza kufotokoza kusiyana?

10. [ ] Pakhala pali mtsutso yokulirapo za zatsopano ntchito ophunzira alemba ntchito ku Amazon Mawotchi Turk. Mu yomweyi, apo wakhala mtsutso yokulirapo za zatsopano ntchito ophunzira alemba ntchito kwa anthu maphunziro a digiri yoyamba wophunzira. Lembani awiri tsamba memo kuyerekeza ndi zosiyana ndi Turkers ndi undergraduates monga akatswiri ophunzira. Poyerekeza wanu pazikhalanso kukambirana nkhani sayansi ndiponso panali.

11. [ Buku] Jim Manzi a mosaganiza (2012) ndi mawu odabwitsa mu mphamvu ya kuyesera malonda. Mu buku iye wawauza cidapi ici:

    "Ine poyamba ndinali mu msonkhano ndi wowona ntchito namatetule, ndi kudzikonda anapanga billionaire amene anali kwambiri, mwachilengedwe understating wa mphamvu ya zatsopano. kampaniyo anawononga chuma kwambiri kuyesera kulenga lalikulu kusonyezedwa sitolo window kuti kodi kukopa ogula ndi kumakula malonda, monga nzeru ochiritsira linanena kuti azitero. Akatswiri mosamala anayesedwa kapangidwe pambuyo kapangidwe, ndi magawo munthu mayeso review pa nyengo ya zaka kumusonyeza palibe causal kwambiri zotsatira za aliyense anasonyeza kapangidwe atsopano pa malonda. Senior malonda ndi MALONDA mabwana anakumana ndi CEO kuti tikambirane Zotsatira mbiri mayeso toto. Pambuyo kupereka zonse kwa deta experimental, anazindikira kuti nzeru ochiritsira zinali zolakwika kuti window Matebulo musati kuyendetsa malonda. zochita zawo analimbikitsa anali kuchepetsa ndalama ndi khama limeneli. Izi kwambiri anasonyeza luso kuyesera kugwetsa nzeru wamba. yankho CEO linali losavuta: "chimaliziro changa ndicho kuti okonza si zabwino kwambiri. ' Yankho lake linali kuwonjezera khama mu sitolo anasonyeza kapangidwe, ndi kupeza anthu kwa izo. " (Manzi 2012, 158–9)

    Amene mtundu wa n'loonadi ndi kuganizira CEO wa?

12. [ ] Kumanga pa funso yapita, tiyerekeze kuti munali pa msonkhano kumene zotsatira za zatsopano kukambirana. ndi mafunso anayi amene mungafunse, mmodzi pa mtundu wa n'loonadi (zowerengera, kumanga, mkati ndi kunja) chiyani?

13. [ ] Bernedo, Ferraro, and Price (2014) Maphunziro a zisanu ndi ziwiri zotsatira za madzi kupulumutsiramo phukusi anafotokoza mu Ferraro, Miranda, and Price (2011) (Onani chithunzi 4.10). Mu pepala ili, Bernedo ndi anzake komanso kumvetsa limagwirira kumbuyo mmene poyerekezera khalidwe la mabanja amene ali ndi osasunthika mankhwala anakamba. Ndiko kuti, ziri, iwo yesetsani kuona ngati mankhwala inagunda nyumba kapena homeowner.

    1. Werengani pepala, fotokozani zinalengedwera, ndi chifupikitso anapeza. b) Kodi anapeza zimakhudzira mmene awunike mtengo-mphamvu ya njira zofanana? Ngati ndi choncho, n'chifukwa chiyani? Ngati siziri choncho, bwanji?

14. [ ] Mu wotsatira Schultz et al. (2007) , Schultz ndi anzake kuchita mndandanda wa zinthu zatsopano zitatu zotsatira za malamulo ofotokoza ndi injunctive pa makhalidwe osiyana chilengedwe (chopukutira zigwiritsidwenso) zizichitika awiri (a hotel ndi timeshare Nyumba zophatikizana) (Schultz, Khazian, and Zaleski 2008) .

    1. Chifupikitso cha kamangidwe ndi anapeza zatsopano awa atatu.
    2. Momwe, ngati pa zonse, kusintha kutanthauzira wanu Schultz et al. (2007) ?

15. [ ] Poyankha Schultz et al. (2007) , Canfield, Bruin, and Wong-Parodi (2016) anathamanga mndandanda wa zinthu zatsopano labu ngati kuphunzira kamangidwe ka ngongole za magetsi. Apa mmene amafotokoza izo chabe:

    "Mu kafukufuku kafukufuku ofotokoza, aliyense anaona ndalama zikhoza magetsi banja ndi ntchito ndi mkulu magetsi, kuphimba zokhudza (a) ntchito mbiri (b) kufananitsa anansi, ndi (c) ntchito mbiri ndi chiwiya chilichonse chamagetsi kuwonongedwa. Ophunzira anaona mitundu yonse munawerenga atatu akamagwiritsa kuphatikizapo (a) matebulo, (b) kapamwamba chintchito, ndi (c) chintchito mafano. Ife lipoti zimene anapeza zitatu. Choyamba, ogula anamvetsa mtundu uliwonse wa magetsi ntchito mfundo kwambiri pamene inali kuperekedwa ku gome, mwina chifukwa magome atsogolere yosavuta mfundo kuwerenga. Chachiwiri, zokonda komanso zolinga kupulumutsa magetsi anali kwambiri mbiri ntchito mfundo popanda mtundu. Chachitatu, anthu kuchepetsa kulemba mphamvu kumva zazing'ono. "

    Mosiyana ndi ena kupitiriza maphunziro, zotsatira opatsa chidwi mu Canfield, Bruin, and Wong-Parodi (2016) Akuti khalidwe osati makhalidwe enieni. ndi mphamvu komanso zofooka za mtundu uwu akuphunzira kafukufuku pulogalamu timapangira kulimbikitsa ndalama mphamvu chiyani?

16. [ , ] Smith and Pell (2003) ndi satirical pambuyo-kusanthula maphunziro kuwonetsera mphamvu ya idakali m'mwamba aja. Iwo anazindikira kuti:

    "Monga zikunena ambiri anafuna kuteteza matenda, mphamvu ya idakali m'mwamba aja alibe zagonjetsedwa kwa kuwunika mwakhama pogwiritsa ntchito osapanganika mayesero ankalamulira. Kumbali ya mankhwala umboni zochokera akhala akudzudzula kukhazikitsidwa kwa zikunena ayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito deta okha taona. Timaganiza kuti aliyense apindule ngati amene atchulidwa kwambiri kwakukulu mankhwala umboni zochokera bungwe ndi nawo ndi akhungu awiri, osapanganika, placebo ankalamulira, kusinthanitsidwa mlandu wa parachuti lapansi. "

    Alembe uthenga ulalikidwa-dwa oyenera nyuzipepala ambiri amaŵerenga, monga The Times New York, ankatsutsana ndi a fetishization umboni experimental. Kupereka enieni, zitsanzo konkire. Zokuthandizani: Onani, Bothwell et al. (2016) ndi Deaton (2010)

17. [ , , ] Kusiyana-mu-kusiyana estimators mmene mankhwala akhoza lachindunji kuposa kusiyana-mu-zikutanthauza estimators. Lembani memo kwa katswiri kuyang'anira A / B kuyezetsa pa chikhalidwe TV kampani chiyambi-mmwamba kufotokoza kufunika kusiyana-mu-kusiyana njira kwa kuthamanga pa Intaneti kuyesera. The memo pazikhalanso mawu vutolo, ena yodziŵiratu zinthu pasadakhale za mikhalidwe imene kusiyana-mu-kusiyana estimator adzakhala amakhoza bwino kuposa kusiyana-mu-zikutanthauza estimator, ndi kuphunzira yosavuta kayeseleledwe.

18. [ , ] Gary Loveman anali pulofesa Harvard Business School asanakhale ndi CEO wa Harrah, mmodzi mwa makampani waukulu kasino dziko. Pamene anasamukira Harrah a Loveman osandulika kampani ndi pafupipafupi flier ngati kukhulupirika pulogalamu kuti anasonkhana ndalama kwambiri zokhudza khalidwe makasitomala. Pamwamba pa dongosolo nthawi zonse pa muyeso, kampani anayamba kuthamanga zatsopano. Mwachitsanzo, iwo akhoza kuthamanga kuyesera kufufuza zotsatira za coupon kwa ufulu hotel usiku kwa makasitomala ndi enieni njuga chitsanzo. Apa mmene Loveman anafotokoza kufunika kuyesera miyambo Harrah tsiku ndi tsiku malonda:

    "Ziri ngati mulibe kuzunza akazi, inu Usabe, ndipo inu mukuyenera kukhala ndi gulu kulamulira. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zimene mungathe kuchotsedwa ntchito chifukwa Harrah's osati akuthamanga gulu ulamuliro. " (Manzi 2012, 146)

    Kulemba imelo kwa munthu wogwira ntchito yatsopano kufotokoza chifukwa Loveman kuganiza kuti ndi kofunika kwambiri ndi gulu kulamulira. Inu ayenera kuyesetsa monga chitsanzo, kaya weniweni kapena kuphunzila mfundo zanu.

19. [ , ] A kuyesera latsopano Cholinga amati zotsatira za kulandira zikumbutso meseji pa katemera kutengedwa. 150 zipatala, aliyense ndi odwala 600 woyenera, akufunitsitsa nawo. Pali kuliika ndalama zokwana madola 100 aliyense chipatala mukufuna ntchito, ndipo ndalama 1 dollar aliyense meseji mukufuna kutumiza. Komanso, zipatala chilichonse chimene mukuchita nalo kudzayesedwa zotsatira (ngati munthu analandira katemera) kwaulere. Kuganiza kuti muli ndi bajeti ya madola 1000.

    1. Kodi zinthu zingakhale bwino kuganizira zinthu yanu ochepa zipatala ndipo kodi zinthu zingakhale bwino kufalitsa zambiri ndipo anthu ambiri?
    2. Kodi zinthu kodi kudziwa zing'onozing'ono zotsatira kukula kuti athe molondola kudziwa ndi bajeti?
    3. Lembani memo kufotokoza izi malonda-offs ndi funder angathe.

20. [ , ] A vuto lalikulu ndi maphunziro Intaneti attrition; ophunzira ambiri amayamba maphunziro kukathera kugwera kunja. Tayerekezani kuti ntchito pa Intaneti maphunziro nsanja, ndi mlengi pa nsanja analenga ndi zithunzi patsogolo kapamwamba kuti iye amaganiza zingathandize kuletsa ophunzira ku sukulu chifukwa cha maphunzirowa. Mukufuna kuyesa zotsatira patsogolo kapamwamba ophunzira lalikulu zowerengera Inde sayansi chikhalidwe. Pambuyo pothetsa nkhani koyenela kuti lingakhalepo mu kuyesera, inu ndi anzake anu nkhawa kuti zochita ikhoza kukhala ophunzira zokwanira molondola kudziwa zotsatira za patsogolo bar. Mu kuwerengetsera m'munsimu mukhoza kuganiza kuti theka la ophunzira adzalandira patsogolo kapamwamba ndi theka ayi. Komanso, inu mukhoza kuganiza kuti palibe kusokonezedwa. M'mawu ena, mungathe kuganiza kuti ophunzira okha anakhudzidwa ndi ngati iwo analandira chithandizo kapena kulamulira; iwo kunatheka chifukwa ngati anthu ena analandira chithandizo kapena kulamulira (kwa tanthauzo kwambiri ofunda, onani Gerber and Green (2012) , Ch. 8). Chonde mungawononge mfundo zoonjezera kuti apange.

    1. Tangoyeserani mtanda patsogolo chikuyembekezeka kuonjezera chiwerengero cha ophunzira amene amaliza kalasi ndi 1 kuchuluka mfundo, kodi chitsanzo kukula anafunika molondola kudziwa mmene?
    2. Tangoyeserani mtanda patsogolo chikuyembekezeka kuonjezera chiwerengero cha ophunzira amene amaliza kalasi ndi mfundo kuchuluka 10, kodi chitsanzo kukula anafunika molondola kudziwa mmene?
    3. Tiyerekezenso kuti kuthamanga pochita ndi ophunzira amene amaliza zipangizo zonse Inde akhala kulemba mayeso omaliza. Pamene inu anayerekezera mayeso ambiri chomaliza cha ophunzira amene analandira patsogolo omwera iwo sanali, mungapeze zambiri anadabwa wanu, kuti ophunzira amene sanalandire patsogolo kapamwamba kwenikweni yagoletsa apamwamba. Kodi zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti patsogolo kapamwamba anachititsa ophunzira kuphunzira zochepa? Kodi tikuphunzira chiyani pa deta ichi n'chiyani? (Zokuthandizani: Onani Gerber and Green (2012) , Ch 7.)

21. [ , ] Mu pepala wokondedwa, Lewis and Rao (2015) momveka bwino zikusonyeza lofunika zowerengera malire a zatsopano ngakhale chachikulu. Pepala-amene poyamba anali ndi udindo zotenga "Pa Near-chosatheka Kuyeza umabwerera kwa Malonda" -shows n'kovuta kuyeza kubwerera pa titherepo malonda online, ngakhale zatsopano digito zokhudza mamiliyoni makasitomala. More zambiri, pepala chimasonyeza kuti n'zovuta amati zotsatira yaing'ono mankhwala pakati deta phokoso zotsatira. Kapena anati diffently, pepala zikusonyeza kuti pafupifupi mankhwala zotsatira adzakhala ndi intervals lalikulu chidaliro pamene muyezo-kupatuka amadza ndi (\ (\ frac {\ ankadziwana \ kapamwamba {Y}} {\ Sigma} \)) chiŵerengero n'chochepa. Zofunika ambiri phunziro kuchokera pa pepala ili kuti zotsatira zatsopano ndi yaing'ono amadza ndi muyezo-kupatuka chiŵerengero (mwachitsanzo, ROI makampeni malonda) adzakhala onena. Vuto lanu lidzakhala kulemba memo munthu dipatimenti malonda a gulu lako evaluting kafukufuku anakonza kuyeza ROI a malonda ndawala. memo anu ayenera amapereka ndi chintchito wa zotsatira za zoyeserera kompyuta.

    Apa nkhaniyo kuti mungafunikire. Onse mfundo izi n'zosangalatsa kumva zikusonyeza zatsopano weniweni lipoti mu Lewis and Rao (2015) :

    • ROI, ndi chinkafunika kwambiri kwa misonkhano Intaneti malonda, amati msika khoka ku msonkhano (zotuluka kuchokera kampeni opanda mtengo wa ndawala) kugawidwa ndi mtengo wa msonkhano. Mwachitsanzo ndawala kuti analibe mphamvu pa malonda adzakhala ndi ROI wa -100% ndi ndawala komwe phindu kwaiye anali wofanana ndi mtengo adzakhala ndi ROI 0.

    • malonda zikutanthauza pa kasitomala ndi $ 7 ndi muyezo kupatuka a $ 75.

    • kampeni chikuyembekezeka kuwonjezera malonda ndi $ 0,35 pa kasitomala Chofanana ndi kuwonjezeka mu msika wa $ 0,175 pa makasitomala. M'mawu ena, mphepete aakulu ndi 50%.

    • munakonza kukula kwa kuyesera ndi anthu 200,000, theka mu gulu mankhwala ndi theka ku gulu kulamulira.

    • mtengo wa anthuwa ndi $ 0,14 pa ophunzira.

    Lembani memo evaluting kuyesera. Kodi inu amalangiza kukulozani kuyesera momwe munakonzera? Ngati ndi choncho, n'chifukwa chiyani? Ngati ayi, kodi kusintha inuyo amalangiza?

    A memo wabwino iyankha Pankhaniyi enieni; ndi memo mudzasankha zambiri pa chitsanzo ichi mu njira imodzi (mwachitsanzo, timamva kuti kusintha zochita ngati ntchito ya chiŵerengero amadza ndi muyezo-kupatuka); ndi memo chachikulu azipereka chifukwa mokwanira zowombetsa mkota.

22. [ , ] Chitani chimodzimodzi monga funso m'mbuyomu, koma osati kayeseleledwe muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zotsatira analytic.

23. [ , , ] Chitani chimodzimodzi monga funso m'mbuyomu, koma kugwiritsa ntchito kayeseleledwe ndi zotsatira analytic.

24. [ , , ] Tangoganizani kuti analemba memo tafotokozazi-pogwiritsa ntchito kayeseleledwe, zotsatira analytic, kapena zonse ziwiri ndipo wina ku dipatimenti malonda amalimbikitsa ntchito kusiyana-mu-kusiyana estimator osati kusiyana njira estimator (onani gawo 4.6.2) . Lembani latsopano wamfupi memo kufotokoza mmene 0.4 malumikizanidwe pakati pa malonda pamaso kuyesera ndi malonda pambuyo kuyesera amakhoza kusintha mawu omaliza.

25. [ , ] Pofuna kufufuza mphamvu ya yatsopano ukonde ofotokoza utumiki ntchito, ntchito yunivesite ntchito ofesi anachita osapanganika ulamuliro mlandu pakati pa ophunzira 10,000 kulowa chaka chomaliza cha sukulu. A muzimvetsera ufulu ndi wapadera chipika-mfundo anatumizidwa mwa basi imelo kuitana 5,000 ophunzira osankhidwa mwachisawawa, pamene ena ophunzira 5,000 ali mu gulu kulamulira ndipo mulibe muzimvetsera. Miyezi khumi ndi iwiri kenako, wotsatira kafukufuku (popanda sanali response) limasonyeza kuti magulu onse mankhwala ndi ulamuliro, 70% ya ophunzira kuti wotetezedwa wanthawi zonse ntchito m'munda wawo (Table 4.5). Choncho, zikuoneka kuti utumiki ukonde ofotokoza analibe mphamvu.

    Koma deta wochenjera sayansi ku yunivesite anayang'ana pa deta pang'ono kwambiri ndipo anapeza kuti 20% ya ophunzira mu gulu mankhwala konse adakhala ndi nkhani atalandira email. Komanso, ndipo penapake n'zosadabwitsa, mwa iwo amene adakhala ku webusaiti okha 60% anali wotetezedwa wanthawi zonse ntchito m'munda wawo, amene anali poyerekeza mlingo anthu amene sanali fufuzani ndi poyerekeza mlingo kwa anthu mkhalidwe ulamuliro (Table 4.6).

    1. Momveka kuti mwina zinachitika.
    2. Kodi ndi njira ziwiri zosiyana kuwerengetsa mphamvu ya mankhwala mu kuyesera?
    3. Popeza chifukwa ichi, ayenera yunivesite ntchito utumiki kupereka izi ukonde ofotokoza utumiki ntchito kwa ophunzira onse? Kungokhala bwino, izi si funso ndi yankho losavuta.
    4. ayenera kuchita chiyani m'nkhani yotsatira?

    Zokuthandizani: Funso kosaoneka zinthu zili mutu uwu, koma akulankhula nkhani wamba mu zatsopano. Mtundu wa kapangidwe experimental limatchedwa pulani kuwalimbikitsa ophunzira akulimbikitsidwa kuchita mankhwala. Vuto limeneli ndi chitsanzo cha zimene anaitana mmodzi amaganiza sanali kugwilizana (onani Gerber and Green (2012) , Ch. 5)

26. [ ] Pambuyo mofatsa ulosi, likukhalira kuti kuyesa anafotokoza mu funso m'mbuyomu anali ngakhale zovuta. Likukhalira kuti 10% ya anthu mu gulu ulamuliro analipira kupeza utumiki, ndipo inatha ndi mlingo ndi ntchito 65% (Table 4.7).

    1. Kulemba imelo mwachidule zimene mukuganiza zikuchitika ndipo analimbikitsa zochita.

    Zokuthandizani: Funso kosaoneka zinthu zili mutu uwu, koma akulankhula nkhani wamba mu zatsopano. Vuto limeneli chitsanzo cha zimene amatchedwa awiri amaganiza sanali kugwilizana (onani Gerber and Green (2012) , Ch. 6)