4.4 Kupita kuseri zatsopano yosavuta

Tiyeni kusuntha yoposa zatsopano yosavuta. Mfundo zitatu ndi wofunika kwa zatsopano wolemera: n'loonadi, heterogeneity za kuipa mankhwala, ndipo limagwirira.

Akatswiri amene zatsopano zatsopano amangofuna chapadera kwambiri, funso chopapatiza; achita chithandizo "ntchito"? Mwachitsanzo, kodi foni kuchokera mongodzipereka kulimbikitsa munthu kuvota? Kodi kusintha webusaiti batani kwa buluu ndi wobiriwira kuwonjezeka pitani mwa mlingo? Mwatsoka, lotayirira phrasing zimene "ntchito" silingamveke chakuti pang'ono maganizo zatsopano kwenikweni inu ngati mankhwala "ntchito" mu tinganene. M'malo mwake, pang'onong'ono maganizo zatsopano tiyankhe funso zambiri kutchula: kodi zotsatira pafupifupi mankhwala enieni ndi kukhazikitsa zimenezi enieni anthu ili la ophunzira pa nthawi ino? Ndiyimbanso nkhaniyi kuganizira zimenezi yopapatiza funso zatsopano yosavuta.

Simple zatsopano angapereke mfundo zothandiza, koma iwo amalephera kuyankha mafunso ambiri amene ali zonse zofunika ndi chidwi monga: kodi pali anthu amene mankhwala anali ndi akuluakulu kapena ang'onoang'ono zotsatira ?; pali mankhwala ena kuti adzakhala aluso ?; nanga kuyesera ikukhudzana bwanji ndi mfundo timapangira chikhalidwe?

Kuti zikusonyeza kufunika kusuntha yoposa zatsopano wophweka, tiyeni tiganizirane wina wa ankakonda zatsopano wanga analogi kumunda, kuphunzira ndi P. Wesley Schultz ndi anzake pa ubale malamulo chikhalidwe ndi mowa mphamvu (Schultz et al. 2007) . Schultz ndi anzake anapachikidwa doorhangers pa mabanja 300 San Marcos, California, ndi doorhangers izi mauthenga osiyanasiyana cholinga kulimbikitsa kusamala mphamvu. Ndiye, Schultz ndi anzake anayeza mmene mauthenga awa pa mowa magetsi, onse sabata imodzi ndipo masabata atatu; onani Chithunzi 4.3 kuti nkhani zambiri za kamangidwe experimental.

Chithunzi 4.3: zojambula za kamangidwe ku Schultz et al. (2007) . The kuyesera munda tinkayendera pafupifupi 300 mabanja ku San Marcos, California kasanu pa nthawi sabata zisanu ndi zitatu. Pa ulendo uliwonse akatswiri a pamanja anatenga kuwerenga kuchokera nyumba ndi mphamvu mita. Awiri amabwerera ofufuza anaika doorhangers pa nyumba kupereka zina zokhudza wakagwiritsidwe awo mphamvu. Funso kafukufuku mmene zili mauthenga awa akanati zimakhudzira ntchito mphamvu.

kuyesera anali ziwiri. Mu chikhalidwe choyamba, mabanja analandira ambiri mphamvu zopulumutsa nsonga (mwachitsanzo, ntchito mafani m'malo conditioners mpweya) ndi zokhudza wakagwiritsidwe mphamvu banja lawo poyerekeza ndi ambiri a wakagwiritsidwe mphamvu m'dera lawo. Schultz ndi anzake wotchedwa zimenezi ofotokoza chikhalidwe normative chifukwa zokhudza ntchito mphamvu m'dera lawo mfundo za khalidwe lililonse (ie, munthu ofotokoza ponseponse). Pamene Schultz ndi anzake anayang'ana pa chifukwa wakagwiritsidwe mphamvu gulu, mankhwala anaonekera kwa ziribe mphamvu, kaya ndi yochepa kapena yaitali; mwa kulankhula kwina, mankhwala ankaoneka ngati "ntchito" (Chithunzi 4.4).

Koma mwamwayi, Schultz et al. (2007) Kodi kukhazikika pa kusanthula izi simplistic. Pamaso kuyesera anayamba ankaganiza kuti owerenga katundu wa magetsi, anthu pamwamba pa zikutanthauza angathe kuchepetsa mowa awo, ndi kuti owerenga kuwala kwa magetsi anthu pansipa zikutanthauza-zikhoza kuwonjezera mowa wawo. Pamene iwo anayang'ana pa deta, ndizo ndendende zimene apeza (Chithunzi 4.4). Choncho, yooneka ngati mankhwala anali kukhala zopanda phindu kwenikweni unali mankhwala kuti anali offsetting zotsatira ziwiri. Ofufuza lotchedwa ichi kuchuluka potsimikizira-zipatso pakati owerenga kuwala zotsatira boomerang.

Chithunzi 4.4: Results ku Schultz et al. (2007) . The gulu loyamba limasonyeza kuti ofotokoza ponseponse mankhwala ali pafupifupi zero ambiri mankhwala zotsatira. Koma gulu lachiwiri umasonyeza kuti pafupifupi mankhwala zotsatira kwenikweni lopangidwa zotsatira awiri offsetting. Kwa anthu olemera, mankhwala utachepa wakagwiritsidwe koma owerenga kuwala, mankhwala kuchuluka ntchito. Pomaliza, gulu lachitatu limasonyeza kuti mankhwala wachiwiri, amene anali malamulo ofotokoza ndi injunctive, anali ziri kwenikweni chomwecho pa Intaneti lolemera koma mitigated zotsatira boomerang pa Intaneti kuwala.

Komanso, Schultz ndi anzake mwachidwi, kuti zimenezi, ndipo mu chikhalidwe lachiwiri, kufalitsidwa mankhwala yosiyaniranapo, mmodzi momveka cholinga kuthetsa zotsatira boomerang. Mabanja mu chikhalidwe wachiwiri analandira chimodzimodzi mankhwala wamkulu nsonga mphamvu zopulumutsa ndi mfundo za wakagwiritsidwe mphamvu banja lawo poyerekeza ndi oyandikana ndi zochita zawo Komanso mmodzi ting'onoting'ono: pakuti anthu ndi mowa sinagwe ofufuza anawonjezera :) ndi anthu ndi katundu pamwamba amakhala iwo anawonjezera :(. emoticons awa anakonzedwa kuti hule zimene ofufuza lotchedwa malamulo injunctive. malamulo Injunctive amanena kuti zonena za zimene ambiri anavomereza (ndi wosayenera) pamene malamulo ofotokoza amanena kuti zonena za zimene ambiri anachita (Reno, Cialdini, and Kallgren 1993) .

Powonjezera uyu emoticon ting'onoting'ono ofufuza kwambiri yafupika zotsatira boomerang (Chithunzi 4.4). Choncho, mwa kukonzanso uyu losavuta kusintha-kusintha kuti ankawalangiza chifukwa umboni chikhalidwe chiphunzitso maganizo (Cialdini, Kallgren, and Reno 1991) ofufuza kutanthauza anatha kutembenukira pulogalamu munthu wina amene ankaoneka ngati ntchito mu umodzi kuti ntchito, ndipo imodzi, anatha kupereka kwa kamvedwe anthu za mmene malamulo chikhalidwe bwanji khalidwe la munthu.

Pa nthawi ino, mungaone kuti chinachake pang'ono osiyana kuyesera. Makamaka, kuyesa kwa Schultz ndi anzake sanali ndi gulu kulamulira mu njira yomweyo imene osapanganika ankalamulira zatsopano kuchita. Kufanana pakati pa mamangidwe ndi kamangidwe ka Restivo ndi van de Rijt zikusonyeza kusiyana mapangidwe awiri aakulu ntchito ndi akatswiri. Pakati-nkhani ziwembu, monga Restivo ndi van de Rijt, pali mankhwala gulu ndi gulu kulamulira, ndipo mkati-nkhani mapulani khalidwe la ophunzira akuwafanizira pamaso ndipo pambuyo mankhwala (Greenwald 1976; Charness, Gneezy, and Kuhn 2012) . Mu kafukufuku wa mkati-nkhani zimakhala ngati aliyense amachita monga kulamulira gulu wake. Mphamvu ya pakati-kulamulidwa zojambula ndi kuti chimateteza ku confounders (monga ine anafotokoza kale), ndipo mphamvu za mkati-nkhani zatsopano ndi kuchuluka mogometsa mu amanenera. Pamene aliyense amachita monga ulamuliro wawo, pakati-ophunzira kusintha likuchotsedwa (onani zaumisiri Zakumapeto). Kuti zinkaimira kuti adzabwera pambuyo pake pamene ine ndikupereka malangizo okhudza kapangidwe ka zinthu zatsopano digito, pali kapangidwe chomaliza, wotchedwa kapangidwe wosanganiza, kuti Chili mwandondomeko bwino machenjerero mwake nkhani ndi chitetezo kuthetsa nzeru za pakati-nkhani kutisokoneza.

Chithunzi 4.5: atatu experimental kutisokoneza. Standard osapanganika zatsopano ntchito pakati-kulamulidwa kutisokoneza. Chitsanzo cha pakati-nkhani mamangidwe Restivo ndi van de Rijt a (2012) kuyesera pa barnstars ndi zopereka Wikipedia: ofufuza mosintha anagawa ophunzira m'magulu mankhwala ndi ulamuliro, anapatsa ophunzira mu gulu mankhwala barnstar, ndipo poyerekeza zakambidwa pa awiri magulu. A mtundu wachiwiri wa mamangidwe mkati-nkhani kamangidwe. The zatsopano ziwiri Schultz ndi mnzake ndi (2007) phunziro pa malamulo chikhalidwe ndi ntchito mphamvu zikusonyeza ndi kapangidwe mwake nzika: ofufuza poyerekeza ntchito magetsi a ophunzira pamaso ndipo nditalandira mankhwala. Mkati-nkhani machenjerero kupereka bwino zowerengera mwandondomeko kuchotsa pakati pa nkhani kusiyanitsa (onani zaumisiri Zakumapeto), koma lotseguka kwa confounders kotheka (mwachitsanzo, kusintha nyengo pakati pa chisanadze mankhwala ndi mankhwala nthawi) (Greenwald 1976; Charness, Gneezy, and Kuhn 2012) . Mkati-nkhani kutisokoneza komanso amatchedwa mobwerezabwereza miyeso kutisokoneza. Pomaliza, zochita wosakaniza kuphatikiza ndi yolinganizika bwino za mkati-kulamulidwa mapangidwe ndi chitetezo kuthetsa nzeru za pakati-nkhani kutisokoneza. Zomangidwa losakanizika, katswiriyu akuyerekeza kusintha zakambidwa anthu mu magulu mankhwala ndi ulamuliro. Pamene ofufuza kale zomwe chisanadze mankhwala, monga mmene zimakhalira mu zatsopano zambiri digito, zochita wosanganiza ndi bwino pakati-nkhani machenjerero chifukwa cha kupindula mu mogometsa (onani zaumisiri Zakumapeto).

Cacikulu, kapangidwe ndi zotsatira za Schultz et al. (2007) zikusonyeza kufunika kusuntha yoposa zatsopano yosavuta. Mwamwayi, simuyenera kukhala wanzeru kulenga zatsopano monga chonchi. Asayansi Social apanga mfundo zitatu zimene adzatsogolera inu kwa zatsopano waphindu ndi kulenga: 1) n'loonadi, 2) heterogeneity za kuipa mankhwala, ndi 3) njira. Ndiko kuti, ngati mudzasunga mfundo zitatu izi mu malingaliro pamene inu angagwiritse kuyesera anu, mwachibadwa kulenga zatsopano zambiri zochititsa chidwi ndi zothandiza. Kuti timvetse mfundo zitatu izi mu kuchitapo, ine pofotokoza angapo yotsatira zatsopano pang'ono digito mundawo anamanga pa kapangidwe kaso ndi zotsatira zosangalatsa mu Schultz et al. (2007) . Monga mudzaona, mwa kapangidwe mosamala kwambiri, kukhazikitsa, kusanthula ndi kutanthawuzira, inunso mutha kusuntha yoposa zatsopano yosavuta.