Mu mutu waukulu, I takambirana kupanga zonena causal pazimene sanali experimental ntchito zatsopano zachilengedwe ndi yofananira. Kumapeto izi, ine aitane zakambidwa angathe chitsanzo, ndi kutifotokozera yeniyeni zinthu zimene zimafunika kuti causal kumasulira kwa deta taona. Mutu uwu adzayandikira pa Morgan and Winship (2014) ndi Imbens and Rubin (2015) .