2.3.2.1 Zosamaliza

Ziribe kanthu momwe "wamkulu" chanu "deta lalikulu" mwina alibe mfundo mukufuna.

Ambiri lalikulu magwero deta ndi chosakwanira, m'njira yakuti iwo alibe mfundo zimene mufunika kufufuza wanu. Ichi ndi mbali wamba deta kuti analengedwa ntchito zina kuposa kafukufuku. Asayansi ambiri chikhalidwe kale zinakuchitikiranipo zinthu ndi incompleteness, monga kafukufuku zomwe sanapemphe funso inu ankafuna. Mwatsoka, mavuto a incompleteness amakhala kwambiri zambiri deta lalikulu. Mu zimene ndinaona, deta lalikulu amamuchititsa idzasowa mitundu itatu mfundo zothandiza kafukufuku okhudzidwa: chiwerengero khalidwe pa nsanja zina, ndipo deta operationalize yamanga ongolankhula.

Onse atatu a mitundu imeneyi ya incompleteness ndi zithunzi kuphunzira ndi Gueorgi Kossinets ndi Duncan Watts (2006) za zamoyo wa maukonde chikhalidwe ku yunivesite. Kossinets ndi Watts anayamba nkhuni imelo ku yunivesite, amene anali mudziwe yeniyeni za amene anandituma makalata amene pa nthawi (ofufuza za analibe mwayi zili makalata a). mbiri imelo zimenezi zikuoneka ngati gulu lazidziwitso zodabwitsa, koma iwo ngakhale kukula ndi granularity-wachibadidwe chosakwanira. Mwachitsanzo, mitengo imelo mulibe deta za makhalidwe zaziwerengero wa ophunzirawo, monga jenda ndi zaka. Komanso, nkhuni imelo mulibe nkhani za kulankhulana mwa zinthu zina, monga mafoni, meseji, kapena kukambirana maso ndi maso. Pomaliza, nkhuni imelo musati mwachindunji fotokozerani za maubwenzi, ndi yamanga ongolankhula mu ziphunzitso zambiri zilipo panopa. M'chaputala, pamene ine kulankhula za njira kafukufuku, inu muone Kossinets ndi Watts mavuto amenewa.

A mitundu itatu ya incompleteness, vuto la deta chosakwanira kuti operationalize yamanga ongolankhula ndi gawo lovutitsitsa kuthetsa, ndi zimene ndinaona, nthawi zambiri mwangozi amanyalanyaza deta asayansi. Ziri, yamanga ongolankhula mfundo umboni kuti asayansi chikhalidwe kuphunzira, koma, mwatsoka, yamanga amenewa nthawi zonse unambiguously kumatanthauza ndi anayeza. Mwachitsanzo, tiyeni tiyerekeze kuyesera empirically kuyesa amanena zikuoneka zophweka kuti anthu amene ali wanzeru koposa ndalama zambiri. Kuti yofufuzira zimenezi mungafunike muyeso "nzeru." Koma, kodi nzeru? Mwachitsanzo, Gardner (2011) ankanena kuti pali kwenikweni eyiti zosiyanasiyana za nzeru. Ndipo, pali njira zimene ankatha kudziwa kuyeza aliyense wa mitundu imeneyi ya nzeru? Ngakhale ndalama yaikulu kwambiri ntchito ndi akatswiri, mafunso awa akadali alibe mayankho lomveka. Choncho, ngakhale osavuta amanena anthu amene ali wanzeru koposa ndalama zambiri ndalama kungakhale kovuta kuwunika empirically chifukwa kumakhala kovuta kuti operationalize yamanga ongolankhula mu deta. Zitsanzo zina yamanga ongolankhula kuti ndi ofunika koma zovuta operationalize monga "malamulo," "likulu chikhalidwe," ndi "demokalase." Asayansi Social kuyitana machesi pakati yamanga ongolankhula ndi deta kumanga n'loonadi (Cronbach and Meehl 1955) . Ndipo, monga mndandanda wa yamanga zikusonyeza, kumanga n'loonadi ndi vuto limene asayansi chikhalidwe alimbana ndi kwa nthawi yaitali, ngakhale pamene ntchito deta ndi amene amatengedwa kuti cholinga cha kafukufuku. Pamene akugwira ntchito deta ntchito zina kuposa kafukufuku, mavuto a kumanga n'loonadi ndi zambiri zovuta (Lazer 2015) .

Pamene mukuwerenga pepala kafukufuku, njira imodzi yofulumira ndi zothandiza kuwunika nkhawa kumanga n'loonadi ndi kutenga amanena zazikulu mu pepala, amene zambiri zimaonekera mwa mawu a yamanga, ndi kukonzanso kunena mwa mawu a deta ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani maphunziro awiri zikhoza amene amanena kuti anthu wanzeru koposa ndalama zambiri:

• Phunziro 1: anthu amene mphambu bwino pa khwangwala Progressive mawerengetsedwe Mayeso-bwino kuphunzira mayeso a analytic nzeru (Carpenter, Just, and Shell 1990) -have apamwamba lipoti ndalama pa misonkho yawo
• Phunziro 2: anthu pa Twitter amene ntchito mawu yaitali m'posavuta kutchula zopangidwa mwanaalirenji

Nthawi zonse, akatswiri akhoza amanena kuti asonyeza kuti anthu ambiri anzeru ndalama zambiri. Koma, mu phunziro choyamba yamanga ongolankhula bwino operationalized ndi deta, ndi wachiwiri sali. Komanso, chitsanzo chimenechi chikusonyeza kuti deta kwambiri sizimangochitika zokha mavuto ndi kumanga unali woyenerera. Muyenera kukayikira zotsatira za Phunziro 2 kaya nawo miliyoni Tweets, ndi Tweets biliyoni, kapena Tweets zankhaninkhani. Pakuti ofufuza si bwino lingaliro la amange n'loonadi, Table 2.2 amapereka zitsanzo za maphunziro amene operationalized yamanga ongolankhula ntchito deta digito kufufuza.

Ngakhale vuto la deta chosakwanira kuti yamanga operationalizing ongolankhula ndi kovuta kuthetsa, pali njira zitatu zimene vuto la chosakwanira mudziwe zaziwerengero ndi mfundo chosakwanira pa khalidwe pa nsanja zina. Loyamba ndilochokera kwenikweni kusonkhanitsa deta muyenera; Ine ndikuuzani inu za chitsanzo kuti Chapter 3 pamene ine ndikuuzeni inu za kafukufuku. Mwatsoka, mtundu uwu zosonkhanitsira deta sizingatheke. Wachiwiri waukulu njira ndi kuchita deta asayansi kuitana wosuta-chikhumbo kumasulira ndi zimene asayansi chikhalidwe kuitana kupatsidwa. Mu njira imeneyi, ofufuza ntchito mfundo zimene ali pa anthu ena amachitsimikizira makhalidwe a anthu ena. Wachitatu zotheka vutoli fanizo la Kossinets ndi Watts-anali kuphatikiza magwero angapo deta. Zimenezi limatchedwa merging kapena mbiri Mgwirizano. Fanizo ndimaikonda kwa ndondomekoyi anali akufuna mu ndime yoyambirira ya pepala loyamba lomwe linayamba lalembedwa pa nkhani Mgwirizano (Dunn 1946) :

"Munthu aliyense mu dziko amalenga Book of Life. Bukhu ili likuyamba ndi kubadwa ndipo umatha ndi imfa. masamba ake amapangidwa ndi mbiri ya zochitika mfundo m'moyo. Mbiri Mgwirizano ndi dzina ndondomeko kusonkhana masamba a bukhu ili mu buku a. "

ndimeyi linalembedwa mu 1946, ndipo pa nthawi imeneyo, anthu anali kuganiza kuti Book of Life akanakhoza kukhala zochitika zikuluzikulu monga kubadwa, chikwati, chilekano, ndi imfa. Koma tsopano kuti mudziwe kwambiri anthu linalembedwa, Bukhu la Moyo angakhale chithunzi amazipanga mwatsatanetsatane, ngati masamba osiyana (mwachitsanzo, kuda wathu digito), akhoza kumangidwa palimodzi. Bukhu ili la Moyo angakhale gwero kwambiri ofufuza. Koma, mu Bukhu la Moyo akhoza kutchedwa Nawonso achichepere kuwonongeka (Ohm 2010) , umene ukanatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mitundu yonse ya zolinga kuba, monga afotokozera kwambiri m'munsimu pamene ine kulankhula za chikhalidwe oona za mfundo zomwe zatoleredwa ndi magwero aakulu deta m'munsimu ndi Chapter 6 (Ethics).