5.2.2 Khamu-'kala' ikusonyeza wa manifestos andale

Wolemba pulogalamu manifestos ndale, chinachake ambiri anachita ndi akatswiri, angathe kuchitidwa ndi munthu masovedwe ntchito chifukwa mu reproducibility kwambiri ndi kusinthasintha.

Similar kuti Way Zoo, pali zinthu zambiri pamene ofufuza chikhalidwe ndikufuna code, m'kagulu, kapena amanena fano kapena chidutswa lemba. Chitsanzo cha mtundu uwu wa kufufuza ndi 'kala' ikusonyeza wa manifestos ndale. Pa chisankho, zipani kubala manifestos kufotokoza malo awo ndondomeko ndi kulondolera nzeru. Mwachitsanzo, apa ndi chidutswa cha Ndondomeko ya Labor Party mu Great Britain kuyambira 2010:

"Anthu mamiliyoni ambiri akugwira ntchito mu misonkhano yathu kutchula makhalidwe abwino a Britain, kuthandiza mphamvu anthu kuti kwambiri moyo wawo pamene kuwateteza ku ngozi iwo sayenera kutenga paokha. Monga tiyenera kukhala bolder za ntchito ya boma kupanga misika ntchito mwachilungamo, ifenso tiyenera kukhala olimba mtima okonzanso a boma. "

manifestos awa ali deta lofunika asayansi ndale, makamaka amene chisankho kuphunzira ndi mphamvu Kutsutsana policy. Kuti mwadongosolo kuchotsa mfundo manifestos izi, ofufuza analenga The Project Manifesto , umene bungwe asayansi ndale malamulo 4,000 manifestos pafupifupi 1,000 maphwando m'mayiko 50. Chiganizo aliyense Ndondomeko wakhala yosiyanasiyana ndi katswiri ntchito 56 m'gulu chiwembu. The Chifukwa cha khama limeneli migwirizano ndi gulu lazidziwitso chachikulu mwachidule mfundo anapatsa manifestos izi, ndi gulu lazidziwitso ili lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito zoposa 200 zokhudza sayansi.

Kenneth Benoit ndi anzake (2015) anaganiza mfundo za wolemba pulogalamu ntchito amene kale anachita ndi akatswiri ndi kutembenukira kukhala masovedwe ntchito anthu. Chifukwa, iwo analenga 'kala' ikusonyeza zimachitika kwambiri reproducible ndi zambiri kusintha, osanenapo mtengo ndipo mofulumira.

Kugwira ntchito ndi manifestos 18 kwaiye pa chisankho asanu posachedwapa ku UK, Benoit ndi anzake anagwiritsa ntchito kugawanika-kuwagwiritsa ntchito-kuphatikiza strategy ndi antchito ku msika ntchito yaying'ono-ntchito (Amazon Mawotchi Turk ndi CrowdFlower zitsanzo za misika ntchito yaying'ono-ntchito; zambiri pa misika ntchito yaying'ono-ntchito, onani Mutu 4). Akatswiriwo aliyense anatenga Ndondomeko nazigawa mu ziganizo. Kenako, mlingo anthu ntchito ndi chiganizo. Makamaka ngati chiganizo nawo mawu policy, izo yosiyanasiyana pamodzi miyeso iwiri: zachuma (kuchokera kwambiri kumanzere kwambiri) ndi chikhalidwe (kuchokera owolowa manja kwa ndiwofatsa) (Chithunzi 5.5). Chiganizo anali yosiyanasiyana ndi anthu osiyanasiyana pafupifupi 5. Pomaliza, mavoti amenewa pamodzi ntchito zowerengera chitsanzo kuti nkhani zonse zotsatira munthu rater ndi vuto la zotsatira chiweruzo. Mu zonse, Benoit ndi anzake anasonkhana mlingo 200,000 pa ntchito pafupifupi 1,500.

Chithunzi 5.5: wolemba pulogalamu chiwembu ku Benoit et al. (2015) (mkuyu 1).

Kuti awunike khalidwe la khamu 'kala' ikusonyeza, Benoit ndi anzake analinso 10 akatswiri, aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira maphunziro mu Political Science-mlingo wa manifestos chomwecho ntchito njira zofanana. Ngakhale mavoti kwa anthu a khamu la anthulo variable kuposa mlingo wa ochokera kwa akatswiri, ofanana khamu mlingo anali pangano chidwi ndi ofanana katswiri mlingo (Chithunzi 5.6). fanizoli zimasonyeza kuti, ngati Way Zoo, anthu ntchito masovedwe zingabweretse zotsatira mkulu khalidwe.

Chithunzi 5.6: Katswiri ziwerengero (x-olamulira) ndi ziwerengero khamu (Y-olamulira) anali mu mgwirizano chidwi pamene wolemba pulogalamu 18 manifestos chipani ku Great Britain (Benoit et al. 2015) . The manifestos yosiyanasiyana anali ku zipani zitatu ndale (ndiwofatsa, Labour Court, owolowa manja Democrats) ndi chisankho asanu (1987, 1992, 1997, 2001, 2005, 2010).

Kumanga pa chifukwa ichi, Benoit ndi anzake ntchito khamu-wolemba pulogalamu dongosolo lawo lochita kafukufuku kuti kunali kosatheka ndi Manifesto Project. Mwachitsanzo, Manifesto Project sanali malamulowa manifestos pa nkhani ya m'dziko chifukwa chakuti sanali ndi mutu salient pamene chiwembu 'kala' ikusonyeza anayamba kupanga m'ma 1980s. Ndipo pa mfundo imeneyi, ndi logistically infeasible kwa Manifesto Project kubwerera ndi kukonzanso malamulo manifestos awo kugwila zimenezi. Choncho, zikuoneka kuti akatswiri chidwi kuphunzira ndale za m'dziko ziri zonse. Komabe, Benoit ndi anzake ankatha kugwiritsa ntchito dongosolo lawo masovedwe anthu kuchita zimenezi 'kala' ikusonyeza-makonda kuti kafukufuku wawo mafunso mwamsanga ndipo mosavuta.

Pofuna kuphunzira mfundo m'dziko, iwo yosiyanasiyana ya manifestos choti eyiti mu 2010 chisankho mu Great Britain. Chiganizo aliyense Ndondomeko anali wachinsinsi ngati zochitikazo m'dziko, ndipo ngati ndi choncho, kaya ovomereza-m'dziko, ndale, kapena odana m'dziko. Patangotha ​​maola 5 kukulozani ntchito zawo zotsatira zake zinali. Iwo anasonkhana mayankho oposa 22,000 pa mtengo okwana $ 360. Komanso akuti alipo m'khamulo anasonyeza pangano chidwi ndi kafukufuku oyambirira a akatswiri. Ndiye, ngati mayesero omaliza, patapita miyezi iwiri ofufuza chinaonekeranso awo khamu-'kala' ikusonyeza. Patangopita maola ochepa, iwo anali pakhale khamu yosiyanasiyana gulu lazidziwitso pafupi chikufanana original khamu yosiyanasiyana deta zawo. M'mawu ena, masovedwe anthu chinawathandiza kuti kupanga 'kala' ikusonyeza malemba andale amene anagwirizana ndi katswiri mawunikidwe ndipo anali reproducible. Komanso, chifukwa masovedwe anthu sanachedwe ndi wotsika mtengo, zophweka kuti iwo mogwirizana zosonkhanitsira awo deta ndi kafukufuku funso zenizeni za m'dziko.