ndemanga zina

Chigawo lakonzedwa kuti ntchito buku, osati muwerenge ngati mafotokozedwe.

• Chiyambi (Ndime 5.1)

Misa mgwirizano zikulumikizana nzeru kwa nzika sayansi, crowdsourcing, ndi nzeru gulu. Nzika sayansi kawirikawiri amatanthauza zokhudza "nzika" (ie, si asayansi) mu ndondomeko sayansi (Crain, Cooper, and Dickinson 2014) . Crowdsourcing zambiri kumatanthauza vuto zambiri kuthetsedwa mwa bungwe ndipo mmalo kupeza ntchito zina kunja kwa khamu (Howe 2009) . Gulu nzeru zambiri amatanthauza magulu a anthu akuchita pamodzi mu njira zimene zikuoneka wanzeru (Malone and Bernstein 2015) . Nielsen (2012) ndi zodabwitsa buku kutalika oyamba mu mphamvu ya mgwirizano waukulu kuti kafukufuku wa sayansi.

Pali mitundu yambiri ya mgwirizano waukulu kuti sizikugwirizana mwaukhondo m'magulu atatu kuti ine akufuna, ndipo ine ndikuganiza zitatu zifunikira mwapadera chifukwa zingakhale zothandiza kafukufuku choti ina. Chitsanzo chimodzi misika kuneneratu, pamene ophunzira kugula ndi mapangano malonda amene kuwomboledwa zochokera zakambidwa zimene zikuchitika m'dzikoli (Wolfers and Zitzewitz 2004; Arrow et al. 2008) . Akuneneratu misika zambiri ntchito Makampani ndi maboma chifukwa kulosera, ndi kunenera za misika akhala ntchito ndi akatswiri chikhalidwe kulosera za replicability maphunziro m'magazini kuwerenga maganizo (Dreber et al. 2015) .

Chitsanzo chachiwiri si woyenera bwino mu magulu chiwembu wanga ndi ntchito PolyMath, pamene ofufuza zinkagwira ntchito amakhala ndi wikis kutsimikizira theorems latsopano masamu (Gowers and Nielsen 2009; Cranshaw and Kittur 2011; Nielsen 2012; Kloumann et al. 2016) . The ntchito PolyMath uli mu njira zofanana ndi Netflix Prize, koma ophunzira PolyMath ntchito kumufotokozera anamanga pa mavuto a tsankho ena.

Chitsanzo chachitatu chimene si woyenera bwino mu magulu chiwembu wanga Kulimbikitsa Madera kutenga mbali nthawi amadalira monga Kuteteza mwaukadauloZida Research Ntchito Agency (DARPA) Network Challenge (ie, ndi Red zibaluni Challenge). Kwambiri pa nthawi imeneyi Kulimbikitsa Madera kutenga mbali tcheru kuona Pickard et al. (2011) , Tang et al. (2011) , ndipo Rutherford et al. (2013) .

• Human masovedwe (Ndime 5.2)

Mawu akuti "anthu masovedwe" kuchokera akugwira ntchito asayansi computer, ndi kumvetsa nkhani kumbuyo kafukufuku adzasintha luso lanu kutolapo mavuto amene angakhale amenable kwa izo. Pakuti ntchito zina, makompyuta ndi amazipanga amphamvu ndi mphamvu kwambiri choposa anthu ngakhale katswiri. Mwachitsanzo, mu Chess, makompyuta akhoza kumenya ngakhale yabwino ambuye chachikulu. Koma ndi izi zochepa bwino waife chikhalidwe asayansi chifukwa ntchito zina, makompyuta kwenikweni woipa kuposa anthu. M'mawu ena, tsopano inu aposa ngakhale kompyuta yotha kwambiri pa ntchito zina zokhudza processing wa images, video, wailesi, ndi lemba. Choncho, ngati Chitsanzo pa nkhaniyi ndi zodabwitsa XKCD zojambula-pali ntchito kuti n'zosavuta kwa makompyuta komanso yovuta kwa anthu, koma pali ntchito zimene zolimba makompyuta mosavuta anthu (Chithunzi 5.13). Kompyuta asayansi ntchito zinthu zovuta chifukwa makompyuta-yosavuta kwa munthu ntchito, kotero, anazindikira kuti mukhoza kukhala anthu mu ndondomeko yawo zowerengera. Apa mmene Luis Von Ahn (2005) anafotokoza masovedwe anthu pamene anapanga mawu akuti mu zolemba pamaphunziro ake: ". Munthu mawonedwe kuti kugwiritsa ntchito processing mphamvu za anthu kuthetsa mavuto makompyuta sangathe koma kuthetsa"

Kuzilingalira 5,13: Pakuti ena ntchito makompyuta ndi zodabwitsa, luso akatswiri anthu kwakukulukulu. Koma ntchito zina, anthu wamba akhoza amakhoza bwino kuposa makompyuta ngakhale chipangizo kachitidwe. mavuto Large lonse zimawachitikira ntchito kuti ndi ovuta kwa makompyuta mosavuta anthu zogwirizana kwambiri masovedwe anthu. Ntchito mogwirizana ndi mawu amene akutchulidwa pano: http://xkcd.com/license.html

Ndi tanthauzo limeneli FoldIt zomwe ine anafotokoza mu gawo pa lotseguka mafoni-zikhoza kuganiziridwa munthu masovedwe polojekiti. Komabe, Ndasankha Ikani FoldIt ngati kuitana lotseguka chifukwa pamafunika luso lapadera ndipo zimatengera yabwino yothetsera anathandiza osati ntchito kugawanika-ntchito-kuphatikiza strategy.

Pakuti kwambiri buku kutalika mankhwalawa masovedwe anthu, mu mphamvu kwambiri ambiri akuti, onani Law and Ahn (2011) . Chapter 3 of Law and Ahn (2011) ali ndi kukambirana kosangalatsa njira zovuta kwambiri kuphatikiza kuposa anthu mu chaputala ichi.

Mawu akuti "kugawanika-ntchito-kuphatikiza" anamugwiritsa ntchito Wickham (2011) pofotokoza strategy kwa kompyuta zowerengera, koma mwangwiro likuthandiza ndondomeko ya ntchito zambiri masovedwe anthu. The kugawanika-ntchito-kuphatikiza njira akufanana ndi MapReduce chimango anayamba pa Google (Dean and Ghemawat 2004; Dean and Ghemawat 2008) .

Awiri wochenjera anthu masovedwe ntchito kuti ine analibe malo kukambirana ndi ESP Game (Ahn and Dabbish 2004) ndi reCAPTCHA (Ahn et al. 2008) . Onse a ntchito imeneyi anapeza njira kulenga kulimbikitsa ophunzira kupereka zolemba pa mafano. Komabe, ntchito iwonso mafunso zikuyenela chifukwa, mosiyana Way Zoo, gulu ESP Game ndi reCAPTCHA sankadziwa mmene deta wawo ntchito (Lung 2012; Zittrain 2008) .

Anauziridwa ndi ESP Game, akatswiri ambiri amene amafuna kukhala anthu "masewera ndi cholinga" (Ahn and Dabbish 2008) (ie, "anthu ofotokoza masovedwe masewera" (Pe-Than, Goh, and Lee 2015) ) kuti kungakhale ntchito pothetsa mavuto osiyanasiyana zina. Kodi izi "masewera ndi cholinga" ndi ofanana ndi amene amayesa kuti ntchito nawo masovedwe anthu yosangalatsa. Choncho, pamene ESP Game amauza chomwecho kugawanika-ntchito-kuphatikiza dongosolo ndi Way Zoo, kumasiyana mmene ophunzira chimalimbikitsa kusangalala vs. kuthandiza sayansi.

Mafotokozedwe wanga wa Way Zoo tifotokoza Nielsen (2012) , Adams (2012) , Clery (2011) , ndi Hand (2010) , ndi ulaliki wanga wa zolinga za kafukufuku wa Way Zoo anali m'Chingelezi chosavuta. Kwambiri pa mbiri ya Way gulu mu zakuthambo ndi mmene Way Zoo akupitiriza miyambo imeneyi, onani Masters (2012) ndi Marshall, Lintott, and Fletcher (2015) . Kumanga pa Way Zoo ofufuza anamaliza Way Zoo 2 anasonkhana oposa 60 miliyoni zambiri zovuta classifications morphological ku odzipereka (Masters et al. 2011) . Kuwonjezera apo, nthambi mu mavuto kunja kwa Way kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe kuphatikizapo akuyendayenda pamwamba pa mwezi, kufunafuna mlengalenga, ndi transcribing zolemba zakale. Panopa, ntchito zawo zonse anasonkhana pa www.zooniverse.org (Cox et al. 2015) . Chimodzi mwa zinthu zakale-chithunzithunzi Serengeti umboni kuti Way Zoo-mtundu chifaniziro gulu ntchito angathe kuchitidwa kufufuza chilengedwe (Swanson et al. 2016) .

Pakuti ofufuza akukonzekera ntchito yaying'ono-ntchito ntchito msika (mwachitsanzo, Amazon Mawotchi Turk) kwa masovedwe ntchito anthu, Chandler, Paolacci, and Mueller (2013) ndi Wang, Ipeirotis, and Provost (2015) kupereka malangizo abwino pa ntchito yokonza ndi zina zokhudza.

Akatswiri chidwi polenga zimene Ine ndaitana m'badwo wachiwiri masovedwe anthu kachitidwe (mwachitsanzo, kachitidwe kuti ntchito zolemba anthu kuphunzitsa makina kuphunzira chitsanzo) akufuna Shamir et al. (2014) (chitsanzo ntchito CD) ndi Cheng and Bernstein (2015) . Komanso, ntchito imeneyi tingachite ndi kuyitana lotseguka, limene ofufuza kupikisana kulenga zitsanzo makina maphunziro ndi ntchito kwambiri predictive. Mwachitsanzo, gulu Way Zoo anathamanga kuitana wotseguka ndipo anapeza njira zatsopano kuti outperformed amene anayamba mu Banerji et al. (2010) ; onani Dieleman, Willett, and Dambre (2015) mwatsatanetsatane.

• Kuyitana Open (Ndime 5.3)

kuyitana Open si chatsopano. Ndipotu a mafoni ambiri odziwika bwino lotseguka kunayamba 1714 pamene yamalamulo Britain adalengedwa The Longitude Prize Aliyense amene akhoza kukhazikitsa njira kudziwa longitude wa ngalawa panyanja. Vuto kakasi ambiri asayansi aakulu a masiku, kuphatikizapo Isaac Newton, ndi njira kuwina kenako umene ingapangidwire kuchokera kumidzi amene anapita vuto mosiyana asayansi amene anali pa njira kuti kodi mwanjira kumatanthauza zakuthambo (Sobel 1996) . Chitsanzo chimenechi chikusonyeza kuti chifukwa umalengeza poyera akuganiziridwa kuti ntchito bwino ndi kuti imapatsa anthu ndi malingaliro osiyana ndi luso (Boudreau and Lakhani 2013) . Onani Hong and Page (2004) ndi Page (2008) kwambiri pa ubwino kuchuluka kuthetsa mavuto.

Aliyense wa milandu kuitana lotseguka mu chaputala pamafunika pang'ono kufotokoza china chake adzaupereka mu gulu ili. Choyamba, njira imodzi imene ine kusiyanitsa masovedwe anthu ndi ntchito lotseguka kuitana ngati linanena bungwe ndi pafupifupi njira yonse (masovedwe anthu) kapena njira yabwino (poyera kuitana). The Netflix Prize penapake lachinyengo pankhaniyi chifukwa yabwino yothetsera kunapezeka kuti ndi ambiri chipangizo njira payekha, ndi anayandikira kutchedwa njira gulu loyimba (Bell, Koren, and Volinsky 2010; Feuerverger, He, and Khatri 2012) . Pa kaonedwe ka Netflix Komabe, onse anali kuchita kunyamula yabwino yothetsera.

Chachiwiri, ndi ena matanthauzo a masovedwe anthu (mwachitsanzo, Von Ahn (2005) ), FoldIt lilembe munthu masovedwe polojekiti. Komabe, Ndasankha Ikani FoldIt ngati kuitana lotseguka chifukwa pamafunika luso lapadera ndipo zimatengera yabwino yothetsera anathandiza, osati ntchito kugawanika-ntchito-kuphatikiza strategy.

Pomaliza, amene anganyoze kuti Zochita ndi Maluso ndi chitsanzo chopereka anagawira deta. Ndasankha monga ngati kuitana lotseguka chifukwa dongosolo Mpikisanowo ngati yekha zopereka bwino ntchito (koma ndi kusonkhanitsa anagawira deta, lingaliro la zopereka zabwino ndi zoipa sichidziwika bwino).

Zambiri pa Netflix Prize, onani Bennett and Lanning (2007) , Thompson (2008) , Bell, Koren, and Volinsky (2010) , ndipo Feuerverger, He, and Khatri (2012) . Zambiri pa FoldIt onani, Cooper et al. (2010) , Andersen et al. (2012) , ndipo Khatib et al. (2011) ; mafotokozedwe wanga wa FoldIt tifotokoza mafotokozedwe mu Nielsen (2012) , Bohannon (2009) , ndi Hand (2010) . Zambiri pa Zochita ndi Maluso, onani Noveck (2006) , Bestor and Hamp (2010) , Ledford (2007) , ndipo Noveck (2009) .

Similar zotsatira za Glaeser et al. (2016) , Mayer-Schönberger and Cukier (2013) , Chapter 10 malipoti akupeza ikuluikulu ya zokolola za anthu ochita chipikisheni nyumba ku New York City pamene chavuta amakhala ndi zitsanzo predictive. Ku New York City, zitsanzo izi predictive adamangidwa antchito mzinda, koma nthawi zina, amene akanakhoza kuti iwo akanakhoza kulengedwa kapena bwino ndi kuyitana poyera (mwachitsanzo, Glaeser et al. (2016) ). Koma, nkhawa yaikulu ndi zitsanzo predictive ntchito kuonetsetsa kuti chuma ndiye kuti zitsanzo ali lingathe kulimbikitsa biases alipo. Akatswiri ambiri akuzidziwa "zinyalala mu, zinyalala kunja", ndipo ndi zitsanzo predictive zingakhale "kukondera pa, kukondera kunja." Mwaona Barocas and Selbst (2016) ndi O'Neil (2016) zambiri pa mavuto a zanyengo predictive anamanga deta nkani maphunziro.

vuto amene angalepheretse maboma ntchito mipikisano poyera kuti pamafunika deta kumasulidwa, amene zingachititse munthu kuswa zachinsinsi. Zambiri za chinsinsi ndi deta kumasulidwa ku kuyitana lotseguka kuona Narayanan, Huey, and Felten (2016) ndi zokambirana mu Chapter 6.

• Anagawira zosonkhanitsira deta (Ndime 5.4)

Mafotokozedwe wanga wa eBird tifotokoza mafotokozedwe mu Bhattacharjee (2005) ndi Robbins (2013) . Kwambiri mmene ofufuza ntchito zitsanzo zowerengera yosanthula deta eBird kuona Hurlbert and Liang (2012) ndi Fink et al. (2010) . Kwambiri pa mbiri ya nzika sayansi ornothology, onani Greenwood (2007) .

Zambiri pa Malawi Magazini Project, onani Watkins and Swidler (2009) ndi Kaler, Watkins, and Angotti (2015) . Ndi zina pa polojekiti ina ku South Africa, onani Angotti and Sennott (2015) . Zitsanzo zambiri za kafukufuku ntchito deta ku Malawi Magazini Project kuona Kaler (2004) ndi Angotti et al. (2014) .

• Angagwiritse anu (Ndime 5.5)

njira yanga kupereka kapangidwe malangizo anali inductive, zochokera zitsanzo za bwino ndipo analephera ntchito misa mgwirizano kuti ine ndamva za. Palinso mtsinje wa kafukufuku akufuna ntchito zambiri ambiri chikhalidwe mfundo maganizo kwa angagwiritse m'madera Intaneti zogwirizana ndi kamangidwe ka ntchito misa mgwirizano, onani, mwachitsanzo, Kraut et al. (2012) .

Ponena olimbikitsa ophunzira, ndi makamaka ndithu lachinyengo kulingalira ndendende chifukwa anthu amagwira nawo ntchito misa mgwirizano (Nov, Arazy, and Anderson 2011; Cooper et al. 2010, Raddick et al. (2013) ; Tuite et al. 2011; Preist, Massung, and Coyle 2014) . Ngati mukufuna kulimbikitsa ophunzira ndi malipiro pa msika ntchito yaying'ono-ntchito (mwachitsanzo, Amazon Mawotchi Turk) Kittur et al. (2013) amapereka malangizo.

Ponena kuwapangitsa anadabwa, chifukwa zitsanzo zina za anatulukira mwadzidzidzi akutuluka ntchito Zoouniverse, onani Marshall, Lintott, and Fletcher (2015) .

Ponena za kukhala zachinyengo, ena zabwino oyamba onse kuti zifukwa zake ndi Gilbert (2015) , Salehi et al. (2015) , Schmidt (2013) , Williamson (2016) , Resnik, Elliott, and Miller (2015) , ndipo Zittrain (2008) . Nkhani mwachindunji zokhudzana ndi nkhani zamalamulo ndi antchito khamu, onani Felstiner (2011) . O'Connor (2013) akulankhula mafunso okhudza woyang'anira zikuyenela kafukufuku pamene udindo wa akatswiri ndi ophunzira blur. Pakuti zokhudza nawo deta n'kuteteza participats mu nzika ntchito sayansi, onani Bowser et al. (2014) . Onse Purdam (2014) ndi Windt and Humphreys (2016) ndi zina zokambirana zikuyenela mu deta anagawira deta. Pomaliza, ntchito ambiri amavomereza zopereka koma musataye analembadi ngongole kwa ophunzira. Mu Foldit, osewera Foldit nthawi zambiri m'gulu wolemba ndi (Cooper et al. 2010; Khatib et al. 2011) . POMANGA ena panja kuitana, ndi gawo lochititsa kuwina zambiri kulemba kufotokoza njira yawo (mwachitsanzo, Bell, Koren, and Volinsky (2010) ndi Dieleman, Willett, and Dambre (2015) ). Mu Way Zoo banja la ntchito, zothandizira yogwira kwambiri ndi zofunika zina anaitanidwa kuti co-olemba pa mapepala. Mwachitsanzo, Ivan Terentev ndi Tim Matorny, awiri Radio Way Zoo ophunzira ku Russia, anali co-olemba pa limodzi la mapepala amene anauka kwa polojekiti kuti (Banfield et al. 2016; Galaxy Zoo 2016) .