6.1 Kuyamba

Mumachaputala oyambirira asonyeza kuti m'badwo digito amalenga mwayi kwa kusonkhanitsa ndi kusanthula deta chikhalidwe. M'badwo digito nayenso analenga mavuto atsopano abwino. Cholinga chaputala ichi ndi kukupatsani zipangizo kuti muyenera kuthetsa mavuto amenewa abwino.

Awo panopa ndi nkhawa ndi kusagwirizana za khalidwe loyenera la kafukufuku digito m'badwo chikhalidwe. njakata Izi zachititsa kuti mavuto ziwiri, mmodzi amene walandira chidwi kwambiri kuposa ena. Pa dzanja limodzi, ena ofufuza mlandu chophwanya zachinsinsi anthu kapena kulembetsa ophunzira mu zatsopano kuba. Izi milandu imene ine kulongosola mutu-akhala nkhani kutsutsana kwambiri ndi kukambirana. Komano kumachitika zikuyenela nayenso anakhudzidwa maganizo chifukwa tangoganizirani, kuteteza kafukufuku chikumbumtima ndi zofunika zisachitike; mfundo imene ine ndikuganiza ali kuli anayamikira. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2014 Ebola mliri, akuluakulu a zaumoyo ankafuna nkhani za zoyendayenda ya anthu m'mayiko ambiri kwambiri kachilombo kuti kuchepetsa inayamba. Mobile makampani foni anali zofunikila mbiri kuitana kuti akanatha anapereka mfundo imeneyi. Komabe, nkhawa chikumbumtima ndi malamulo bogged pansi ankafuna ofufuza 'yosanthula deta (Wesolowski et al. 2014) . Ngati ife tingakhoze kukhala malamulo ndi mfundo zimene nawo ndi ofufuza ndiponso zikuyenela anthu, ndipo ine ndikuganiza tingachitire zimenezi, ndiye ife tikhoza kuimika mphamvu ya m'badwo digito m'njira udindo ndi opindulitsa kwa anthu.

Pali kusiyana zofunika pakati momwe chikhalidwe asayansi ndi deta asayansi kufikako chikhalidwe kafukufuku. Akatswiri a sayansi chikhalidwe, kuganizira makhalidwe chimakhala chogwidwa ndi mabungwe Review matabwa (IRBs) ndi malangizo amene ali tasked ndi kutsatira. Ndipotu, njira yokha yomwe ambiri wazotsatira asayansi chikhalidwe kuona mtsutso zikuyenela ndi kupirira malamulo a review IRB. Data asayansi, Komano, alibe chokumana mwadongosolo ndi chikhalidwe kafukufuku chifukwa Anthu ambiri ayankhidwa mu sayansi kompyuta ndi zomangamanga. Kapena njira ameneŵa-njira malamulo ofotokoza za asayansi chikhalidwe kapena njira malonda-hoc deta asayansi-chiliri kafukufuku chikhalidwe mu m'badwo digito. M'malomwake, ine ndikukhulupirira kuti ife monga ngati dera patsogolo ngati ife Kutenga mfundo zofotokoza njira. Ndiko kuti, ofufuza ayenera kuunikira kafukufuku wawo kudzera alipo malamulo ndidzachotsa amapereka ndi kuganiza ayenera followed- ndi mwa more ambiri kutsatira mfundo zabwino. Izi mfundo zofotokoza njira zipangitsa kuti akatswiri zochita wololera za kafukufuku amene malamulo sizinachitike olembedwa ndipo ife tikhoza kulankhula maganizo athu ndi akatswiri ena ndi anthu.

Mfundo ofotokoza njira kuti ine kulimbikitsa si chatsopano; imathandiza pa zaka zambiri maganizo m'mbuyomu. Monga mudzaona, nthawi zina njira mfundo zofotokoza kumabweretsa kuyera, actionable njira. Ndipo, pamene izo sichichititsa njira zimenezi, anawauza mosapita malonda-offs nawo, amene ali ovuta kukantha ndi bwino yoyenera komanso kutha kufotokoza maganizo anu kwa akatswiri ena ndi anthu. Komanso, monga mudzaona, kutenga njira mfundo zofotokoza sikutanthauza anawononga pa nthawi imaeneyi. Mukakhala kuphunzira mfundo, mungathe kugwiritsa ntchito iwo mwamsanga ndi efficiently kukambirana za osiyanasiyana mavuto. Pomaliza, kufupi mfundo zofotokoza ndi mokwanira ambiri amene ndimayembekezera kuti tiziganizira kulikonse kumene kufufuza kwanu zichitike kapena malo ogwirira ntchito (mwachitsanzo, yunivesite boma, NGO, kapena kampani).

mutu lalembedwa kuthandiza bwino kutanthauza kafukufuku payekha. Kodi mukuganiza za chikhalidwe cha ntchito yanu? Kodi mungatani kuti ntchito zanu zikuyenela kwambiri? M'gawo 6.2, ine pofotokoza atatu digito m'badwo ntchito kafukufuku amene kwaiye mtsutso abwino. Ndiye, mu Gawo 6.3, ine umboni pa zitsanzo anthu enieni kufotokoza zimene ine ndikuganiza ndi chifukwa chachikulu chimene njakata zikuyenela: chikuwonjezereka mphamvu kwa akatswiri kusunga ndi kuyesa anthu popanda chilolezo awo kapena kuzindikira. maluso awa kusintha mofulumira kuposa malamulo athu, malamulo, ndipo malamulo. Kenako, mu Gawo 6.4, ine pofotokoza mfundo zinayi zomwe angathe kutsogolera maganizo anu: Kulemekeza Anthu, Beneficence, Justice, ndipo Kulemekeza Chilamulo ndi Public Chidwi. Ndiye, mu Gawo 6.5, ine mwachidule awiri yotakata zikuyenela frameworks-consequentalism ndi deontology-amene angakuthandizeni kuganiza mmodzi wa mavuto kuya kuti mungakumane nawo: pamene n'koyenera inu kutenga njira ethically zokayikitsa kuti tikwaniritse ndi ethically yoyenera mapeto. Mfundo ndi frameworks zikuyenela ingakuthandizeni kusuntha yoposa moganizira zomwe adzaloledwa ndi malamulo alipo komanso kulimbikitsa luso lanu kulankhula maganizo anu ndi akatswiri ena ndi anthu (Chithunzi 6.1). Ndi maziko kuti, mu Gawo 6,6, I tiona zinthu zina zinayi zimene amavutika kwambiri digito m'badwo ofufuza okhudzidwa: kuuzidwa chilolezo (Ndime 6.6.1), luntha ndi kusamalira nkhani chiopsezo (Ndime 6.6.2), chinsinsi (Ndime 6.6.3 ), ndi zochita zikuyenela mu nkhope njakata (Ndime 6.6.4). Pomaliza, mu Gawo 6.7, pomalizira nsonga zitatu zimene kugwira ntchito m'dera ndi chikhalidwe kudzasokonezeka. Mu Mbiri Zakumapeto, ine pofotokoza zamoyo wa dongosolo la kafukufuku chikhalidwe woyang'anira mu United States kuphatikizapo Tuskegee chindoko Phunziro Report ndi Belmont, Lamulo Common, ndi Report ndi Menlo.

Chithunzi 6.1: The malamulo kafukufuku zichokera kwa mfundo womwe zichokera kwa frameworks abwino. Mtsutso waukulu chaputala ichi kuti akatswiri ayenera kuunikira kafukufuku wawo kudzera malamulo alipo ndidzachotsa amapereka ndi kuganiza ayenera followed- ndi mwa more ambiri kutsatira mfundo zabwino. Lamulo Common ndi ya malamulo panopa lolamulira kwambiri federally akusukulu yapansi ulele kafukufuku mu United States (mudziwe zambiri, onani Historical Zakumapeto). The mfundo zinayi amachokera awiri mulitali buluu riboni kuti asankha kupereka malangizo zikuyenela ofufuza: Report The Belmont ndi Report ndi Menlo (mudziwe zambiri, onani Historical Zakumapeto). Pomaliza, consequentialism ndi deontology ndi frameworks koyenela kuti yapangidwa ndi anzeru kwa mazana a zaka. A njira yachidule ndi zopanda kusiyanitsa zofunikira ziwiri kuti consequentialists kuganizira malekezero ndi deontologists kuganizira njira.