ndemanga zina

Chigawo lakonzedwa kuti ntchito buku, osati muwerenge ngati mafotokozedwe.

• Chiyambi (Ndime 6.1)

Research chikhalidwe wachita kale kuphatikizanso nkhani monga chinyengo sayansi ndi Kugawilidwa kwanthaka ngongole. Nkhani zimenezi zafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane Engineering (2009) .

M'mutu uno kwambiri zooneka ndi zinthu mu United States. Zambiri pa njira zikuyenela review m'mayiko ena, onani Mutu 6, 7, 8 ndi 9 Desposato (2016b) . Chifukwa mkangano kuti Biomedical kutsatira mfundo zabwino zimene zimakhudza chaputala ichi ndi mwauchidakwa American, onani Holm (1995) . Zambiri review mbiri ya mabungwe Review matabwa mu US, onani Stark (2012) .

The Report Belmont ndi malamulo wotsatira mu US adzipangira kusiyana pakati pa kafukufuku ndi mchitidwe. Kusiyana kumeneku wakhala anadzudzula kenako (Beauchamp and Saghai 2012; boyd 2016; Metcalf and Crawford 2016; Meyer 2015) . Ine sindikufuna muzisiyanitsa ili m'mutu uno chifukwa ine ndikuganiza mfundo zabwino ndiponso frameworks ntchito ku zoikamo onse. Zambiri pa woyang'anira kafukufuku pa Facebook, onani Jackman and Kanerva (2016) . Kuti akhazikitse woyang'anira kafukufuku pa ma NGOs, onani Polonetsky, Tene, and Jerome (2015) ndi Tene and Polonetsky (2016) .

Zambiri pa nkhani ya mliri Ebola mu 2014, mukuona McDonald (2016) , ndi zambiri za kuopsa zachinsinsi deta foni, onani Mayer, Mutchler, and Mitchell (2016) . Chitsanzo cha kafukufuku mavuto obwera ntchito deta foni, onani Bengtsson et al. (2011) ndi Lu, Bengtsson, and Holme (2012) .

• Zitsanzo zitatu (Ndime 6.2)

anthu ambiri alemba za kufalikira maganizo. Magazini Research Ethics zoyenera nkhani wawo wonse mu January 2016 kukambirana kuyesera ya; onani Hunter and Evans (2016) kwa mwachidule kwambiri. The Zokambirana za ophunzira National ya Science lofalitsidwa zidutswa ziwiri za kuyesera kuti: Kahn, Vayena, and Mastroianni (2014) ndi Fiske and Hauser (2014) . Zidutswa zina za kafukufuku ndi monga: Puschmann and Bozdag (2014) ; Meyer (2014) ; Grimmelmann (2015) ; Meyer (2015) ; Selinger and Hartzog (2015) ; Kleinsman and Buckley (2015) ; Shaw (2015) ; Flick (2015) .

Zambiri pa Encore, onani Jones and Feamster (2015) .

• Intaneti ndi osiyana (Ndime 6.3)

Kumbali ya misa anaziika, overviews yotakata zafotokozedwa Mayer-Schönberger (2009) ndi Marx (2016) . Pakuti chitsanzo chenicheni cha ndalama kusintha kwa anaziika, Bankston and Soltani (2013) pafupifupi kutsatira ndi akuganiza chigawenga foni ndi za nthawi 50 mtengo kuposa ntchito anaziika thupi. Bell and Gemmell (2009) amapereka maganizo ziyenda bwino kwambiri pa odzi- anaziika. Kuwonjezera pa kukhala younikira khalidwe kuyezedwa kuti ndi boma kapena pang'ono poyera (mwachitsanzo, Kukumana, Kufanana, ndipo Time), akatswiri akhoza kwambiri amachitsimikizira zinthu zimene ophunzira ambiri amaona kuti payekha. Mwachitsanzo, Michal Kosinski ndi anzake anasonyeza kuti akhoza amachitsimikizira zachinsinsi za anthu, monga chokhudza nkhani yogonana ndi ntchito osokoneza ku zimaoneka wamba deta digito kufufuza (Facebook Likes) (Kosinski, Stillwell, and Graepel 2013) . Izi zikhoza kumveka zamatsenga, koma njira Kosinski ndi anzake ntchito, chomwe chili ndi kuda digito, kufufuza, ndi kuyang'anira kuphunzira kwenikweni chinachake chimene ine kale ndinakuuzani inu za. Kumbukirani kuti Chapter 3 (Kufunsa mafunso) ndinakuuzani mmene Josh Blumenstock ndi anzake (2015) pamodzi deta kafukufuku ndi zomwe foni chaka umphawi Rwanda. Izi chimodzimodzi njira, amene angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuti efficiently kuyeza umphawi m'dziko losauka, Angagwiritsidwenso ntchito chifukwa zingakhale zachinsinsi chophwanya inferences.

Malamulo kosagwirizana ndi malamulo kungachititse kuti kafukufuku amene salemekeza zofuna za ophunzira, ndipo kungachititse kuti "kukagula zolimbana" ndi ofufuza (Grimmelmann 2015; Nickerson and Hyde 2016) . Makamaka, ofufuza ena amene akufuna kupewa IRB woyang'anira ndi abwenzi amene si ataphimbidwa ndi IRBs (mwachitsanzo, anthu makampani kapena NGOs) kusonkhanitsa ndi de A-kuzindikira deta. Kenako ofufuza akhoza kukambirana zimenezi de A-kuzindikiridwa deta popanda woyang'anira IRB, osachepera monga ena kutanthauzira malamulo panopa. mtundu uwu kuzemba IRB zikuoneka kuti kosagwirizana ndi mfundo zofotokoza njira.

Zambiri pa mfundo kosagwirizana ndi sakanikira kuti anthu za deta thanzi, onani Fiore-Gartland and Neff (2015) . Zambiri pa mavuto amene heterogeneity amalenga kwa chikhalidwe kafukufuku zochita kuona Meyer (2013) .

Kusiyana pakati pa m'badwo analogi ndi kafukufuku digito m'badwo kuti mu m'badwo digito kafukufuku mogwirizana ndi ophunzira ndi kutali kwambiri. Mwanjira imeneyi chimachitika mwa m'khalapakati monga kampani, ndipo pali ambiri lalikulu zathupi ndi chikhalidwe mtunda pakati pa akatswiri ndi ophunzira. mogwirizana ili kutali amapanga zinthu zina zovuta kafukufuku analogi zaka zovuta kafukufuku digito m'badwo, monga kuphimba kunja ophunzira amene amafuna kuiteteza, kupeza zinthu zoipa, ndipo remediating mavuto ngati kumachitika. Mwachitsanzo, tiyeni tisiyanitse Maganizo kufalikira ndi zikhoza labu kafukufuku pa nkhaniyi chimodzimodzi. Mu kafukufuku pa labu, ofufuza akanakhoza pounika kunja aliyense amene adzafike pa labu kusonyeza zizindikiro zoonekeratu cha kuvutika maganizo. Komanso, ngati pochita labu analenga chochitika chowawa, ofufuza adzaona izo, kupereka kwa remediate mavuto, ndiyeno kusintha kwa protocol experimental kuteteza mopweteka m'tsogolo. Chikhalidwe kutali zimachitika mu leni Maganizo kufalikira kuyesera zimapangitsa aliyense njira yosavuta komanso chanzeru kovuta. Komanso ndikuona kuti mtunda pakati pa akatswiri ndi ophunzira amapanga ofufuza saganizira maganizo a ophunzira awo.

zina za malamulo kosagwirizana ndi malamulo. Ena mwa kusatsatira uyu akubwera chakuti kafukufuku zikuchitika padziko lonse. Mwachitsanzo, Encore nawo anthu ochokera konsekonse mdziko, kotero izo zikhoza kukhala pansi pa chitetezo deta ndi malamulo zinsinsi za m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. Kodi ngati malamulo lolamulira lachitatu chipani zopempha intaneti (zimene Encore anali kuchita) ndi osiyana mu Germany, ndi United States, Kenya, ndi China? Kodi ngati malamulo sali ngakhale zogwirizana m'dzikoli limodzi? A gwero yachiwiri kusatsatira amachokera collaborations pakati akatswiri pa yunivesite ndi makampani; Mwachitsanzo, Nkhawa kufalikira anali mgwirizano pakati wasayansi Deta Facebook ndi pulofesa ndi maphunziro wophunzira pa Cornell. Pa Facebook kuthamanga zatsopano lalikulu ndi chizolowezi ndipo pa nthawi imeneyo, sanafune kuti aliyense lachitatu chipani zikuyenela review. Pa Cornell ya malamulo ndi malamulo ndi zosiyana kwambiri; pafupifupi zatsopano onse ayenera kuwunikira ndi Cornell IRB. Choncho, chimene malamulo ayenera kutsatira maganizo kufalikira-Facebook kapena Cornell chiyani?

Kwambiri khama kuti abwereze Lamulo Common, onani Evans (2013) , Council (2014) , Metcalf (2016) , ndipo Hudson and Collins (2015) .

• Four mfundo (Ndime 6.4)

The njira yakale mfundo zochokera kwa chikhalidwe Biomedical ndi Beauchamp and Childress (2012) . Iwo akunena maganizo kuti mfundo zinayi zikuluzikulu wonditsogolera chikhalidwe Biomedical: Kulemekeza kudziyimira pawokha, Nonmaleficence, Beneficence, ndi Justice. Mfundo nonmaleficence limalimbikitsa umodzi kusala mavuto kwa anthu ena. Mfundo imeneyi kwambiri chikugwirizana ndi ganizo Hippocratic a "Kodi kupweteka." Mu chikhalidwe kafukufuku, mfundo imeneyi nthawi zonse anali kuphatikiza ndi mfundo za Beneficence, koma onani Beauchamp and Childress (2012) (Chapter 5) kwambiri pa kusiyana pakati pa awiri . Pakuti podzudzula kuti mfundo zimenezi amada American, onani Holm (1995) . Zambiri pa zinatanthauza pamene mfundo nkhondo, onani Gillon (2015) .

The mfundo zinayi m'mutu uno akhala akufuna kutsogolera woyang'anira zikuyenela kufufuza zikuchitika pa ma NGOs (Polonetsky, Tene, and Jerome 2015) mwa matupi amatchedwa "Kugula Nkhani Review matabwa" (CSRBs) (Calo 2013) .

• Kulemekeza Anthu (Ndime 6.4.1)

Kuwonjezera zokhudza kudziyimira pawokha, ndi Report Belmont limanenanso kuti si anthu amatha woona kukhalanso. Mwachitsanzo, ana, anthu akuvutika ndi matenda, kapena anthu okhala mu zochitika za ufulu ochepa kwambiri amene sangathe kuchita anthu ndi mtima wonse yoyenda yokha, ndi anthu awa, chotero, nkhani ndi kuiteteza.

Kutsatira mfundo za Kulemekeza Anthu mu m'badwo digito kungakhale kovuta. Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku digito m'badwo, zingakhale zovuta kupereka protections owonjezera kwa anthu ndi mphamvu kuchepa kukhalanso chifukwa ofufuza zambiri kudziwa zambiri za ophunzira awo. Komanso kuuzidwa chilolezo mu digito m'badwo kafukufuku amenewa ndi vuto lalikulu. Nthawi zina, indetu kuuzidwa chilolezo akhoza kuvutika chifukwa cha chilungamo chododometsa (Nissenbaum 2011) , kumene mauthenga ndi kumvetsa sizigwirizana. Ziri, ngati akatswiri imfomeshoni zonse zokhudza zosonkhanitsira deta, kusanthula ndi kutanthawuzira deta ndi makhalidwe deta chitetezo, kudzakhala kovuta kuti ophunzira ambiri kumvetsa. Koma, ngati akatswiri imfomeshoni timatha kumvetsa, izo zingakhale zofunika luso nkhani. Mu yakuthandizani mu analogi zaka kolowera aziyankhula ankaona ndi Belmont Report wani mukanakhoza kulingalira dokotala kulankhula payekha ndi aliyense kuthandiza kuthetsa chilungamo chododometsa. Mu maphunziro Intaneti zokhudza masauzande kapena mamiliyoni ambiri, amachita maso ndi maso ndi zosatheka. A vuto lina ndi chilolezo mu m'badwo digito kuti ena maphunziro, monga kusanthula repositories waukulu deta, zingakhale kosathandiza kupeza zambiri chilolezo kuchokera kwa ophunzira onse. I mafunso amenewa ndi ena za chilolezo kuuzidwa mwatsatanetsatane m'gawo 6.6.1. Ngakhale pali zovuta zimenezi Komabe, tizikumbukira kuti mozindikira chilolezo si koyenera kapena zokwanira Kulemekeza Anthu.

Zambiri pa yakuthandizani pamaso chilolezo zambiri, werengani Miller (2014) . Buku la kutalika mankhwala a chilolezo kuuzidwa, onani Manson and O'Neill (2007) . Onaninso kuwerenga ananena za chilolezo kuuzidwa m'munsimu.

• Beneficence (Ndime 6.4.2)

Harms ndi nkhani ndi mavuto kufufuza kungachititse kuti anthu enieni koma kuti zoikamo chikhalidwe. Mfundo imeneyi pang'ono chabe ayi, koma ine fanizo zitsanzo ziwiri: analogi wina ndi digito mmodzi.

Chitsanzo chachikulu tingachipeze powerenga za mopweteka ndi nkhani amachokera Wichita loweruza Phunziro [ Vaughan (1967) ; Katz, Capron, and Glass (1972) ; Ch 2] -. Nthawi zina amatchedwa Chicago loweruza Project (Cornwell 2010) . Mu ofufuza ino kuchokera University of Chicago, monga mbali ya phunziro zikuluzikulu za zinthu zokhudza malamulo, mobisa analemba asanu deliberations loweruza mu Wichita, Kansas. Oweruza ndi maloya nthawi ya anavomereza nyimbo, ndipo anali okhwima woyang'anira ndondomekoyi. Komabe, jurors sankadziwa kuti nyimbo anali zikuchitika. Kamodzi kuphunzira anatulukira, panali chochititsa manyazi ndi chopusa pagulu. Dipatimenti Justice anayamba kufufuza za phunziroli, ndipo ofufuza onse umboni pamaso Congress. Potsilizira pake, Congress linakhazikitsa lamulo latsopano zimene zimapangitsa lamulo mobisa kulemba loweruza kuganizira.

Kuganizira ofufuza za Phunziro Wichita loweruza anali sizidzawapweteka kwa ophunzira; kani, izo zinali mopweteka kuti nkhani ya loweruza kuganizira. Kuti, anthu anakhulupirira kuti ngati anthu loweruza sanakhulupirire kuti anali kukambirana pa malo abwino ndi otetezedwa, kungakhale kovuta kuti loweruza deliberations Zitatero m'tsogolo. Kuwonjezera loweruza kuganizira pali zina zochitika zenizeni kakhalidwe ka anthu amapereka ndi kuiteteza monga ubale loya-kasitomala ndi chisamaliro maganizo (MacCarthy 2015) .

Chiopsezo mopweteka ndi nkhani ndi kusokonezeka kwa likuyendetsera komanso akubwera mu zina zatsopano kumunda Science Political (Desposato 2016b) . Chitsanzo cha more nkhani-tcheru mtengo-phindu aziwerenga kafukufuku kumunda Science Political, onani Zimmerman (2016) .

• Justice (Ndime 6.4.3)

Malipilo ophunzira akhala zafotokozedwa angapo zoikamo zokhudza kafukufuku digito m'badwo. Lanier (2014) akufuna kulipira ophunzira tayamba digito iwo kupanga. Bederson and Quinn (2011) ikufotokoza malipiro m'misika Intaneti ntchito. Pomaliza, Desposato (2016a) akumufunsira kulipira ophunzira mu zatsopano kumunda. Iye ananena kuti ngakhale ophunzira sangathe kulipira mwachindunji, ndalama akhoza kukhala gulu ntchito m'malo mwawo. Mwachitsanzo, mu Encore ofufuza za akanatha kupeza ndalama ku gulu ntchito kuthandiza Intaneti.

• Kutsatira Chilamulo ndi Public Chidwi (Ndime 6.4.4)

Terms wa utumiki mapangano ayenera kupatula kulemera kuposa zimenezi negotiated pakati pa zipani ofanana ndi malamulo analengedwa ndi maboma yovomerezeka. Zochitika ofufuza kuphwanya mfundo za utumiki mapangano akale zambiri zikuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mafunso makina kuti kafukufuku khalidwe la makampani (mofanana zatsopano munda kuyeza tsankho). Kuti mudziwe zina kuona Vaccaro et al. (2015) , Bruckman (2016a) , Bruckman (2016b) . Chitsanzo cha kafukufuku wazotsatira kuti ikufotokoza mfundo za utumiki, onani Soeller et al. (2016) . Zambiri pa mavuto malamulo ofufuza nazo ngati iwo kuphwanya mfundo za utumiki kuona Sandvig and Karahalios (2016) .

• Zikuyenela frameworks awiri (Ndime 6.5)

Mwachionekere, ndalama kwakukulu zalembedwa za consequentialism ndi deontology. Chitsanzo cha frameworks mmene chikhalidwe, komanso ena angagwiritsidwe ntchito kukambirana za kafukufuku digito m'badwo, onani Zevenbergen et al. (2015) . Chitsanzo cha mmene frameworks izi zikuyenela ingagwiritsidwe ntchito zatsopano kumunda kukhala zachuma, onani Baele (2013) .

• Kuuzidwa chilolezo (Ndime 6.6.1)

Zambiri pa maphunziro kafukufuku wa tsankho, onani Pager (2007) ndi Riach and Rich (2004) . Osati maphunziro amenewa alibe kudziwa chilolezo, iwonso kumaphatikizapo chinyengo chopanda debriefing.

Onse Desposato (2016a) ndi Humphreys (2015) kupereka malangizo pa zatsopano munda popanda chilolezo.

Sommers and Miller (2013) amakambirana mfundo zambiri mokomera osati debriefing ophunzira pambuyo chinyengo, ndipo ananena kuti akatswiri ayenera kusiya "debriefing pansi akonzedwa yopapatiza ndi mavuto, ndicho kafukufuku kumunda amene debriefing zikhoza zotchinga ndithu zothandiza koma ofufuza akanati sichinkawavutitsa za debriefing ngati iwo akanakhoza. Akatswiri sayenera kuloledwa kusiya debriefing kuti ukhale ndi wosachangamuka ophunzira dziwe, akatero okha ku mkwiyo ophunzira, kapena kuteteza ophunzira ku ngozi. "Ena amati ngati debriefing amachititsa zoipa koposa zabwino ayenera kuzipewa. Debriefing ndi choncho kumene ena ofufuza kusankha Kulemekeza anthu oposa Beneficence, ndipo ofufuza ena kuchita zosiyana. Mmodzi mungachite adzakhala kupeza njira debriefing chochitika kuphunzira kwa gulu. Ndiko koposa kuganiza debriefing monga chimene zoipa, mwina debriefing akhoza kukhala chinachake kuti amapindula ophunzira. Chitsanzo cha mtundu maphunziro debriefing, onani Jagatic et al. (2007) pa debriefing ophunzira patapita njira yofuna kuyesa chikhalidwe. Zamaganizo apanga njira kwa debriefing (DS Holmes 1976a; DS Holmes 1976b; Mills 1976; Baumrind 1985; Oczak and Niedźwieńska 2007) ndi ena awa akhoza usefully ntchito kufufuza digito m'badwo. Humphreys (2015) amapereka maganizo zokhudza chilolezo mtsogolo, amene yogwirizana ndi njira debriefing kuti ine anafotokoza.

Lingaliro kufunsa chitsanzo kwa ophunzira kupempha chilolezo awo chikukhudzana ndi chiyani Humphreys (2015) limati anaganiza chilolezo.

Mfundo zina zimene wakhala akufuna kuchita chikugwirizana ndi chilolezo mozindikira ndi kumanga gulu la anthu amene amavomereza kuti kafukufuku wawo Intaneti (Crawford 2014) . Ena amanena kuti gulu ili adzakhala sanali mwachisawawa chitsanzo cha anthu. Koma, Chapter 3 (Kufunsa mafunso) chimasonyeza kuti mavuto amenewa zomwe addressable ntchito pambuyo stratification ndi chitsanzo yofananira. Komanso chilolezo kukhala pa gulu la inkatha zosiyanasiyana zatsopano. M'mawu ena, ophunzira mwina safuna kuti Aminoni aliyense kuyesera payekha, lingaliro wotchedwa yotakata chilolezo (Sheehan 2011) .

• Kumvetsa ndi kuchepetsa pazankhani chiopsezo (Ndime 6.6.2)

M'malo wapadera, ndi Netflix Prize chikusonyeza yofunika ukadaulo chuma cha datasets kuti muli mumve zambiri za anthu, chotero imatiphunzitsa mfundo yofunika kuti n'zotheka "anonymization" wa datasets oona za chikhalidwe. Owona ndi ndalama zambiri zokhudza munthu aliyense akhoza kukhala ochepa, m'lingaliro kumatanthauza yokhala mu Narayanan and Shmatikov (2008) . Ndiko chilichonse cholembedwa palibe timva kuti ndinu yemweyo, ndipo Ndipotu palibe mbiri ofanana kwambiri munthu aliyense ali kutali ndi anzawo pafupi ndi gulu lazidziwitso. Zodabwitsa kuti deta Netflix angakhale ochepa chifukwa ndi pafupifupi 20,000 mafilimu pa 5 nyenyezi lonse, pali \ (6 ^ {20,000} \) zotheka mfundo zimene munthu aliyense akanatha (6 chifukwa kuwonjezera pa nyenyezi imodzi 5 , munthu ayenera osati adavotera filimu konse). chiwerengero ichi ndi chachikulu, n'zovuta ngakhale kumvetsa.

Sparsity akukhudza ziwiri. Choyamba, zikutanthauza kuti poyesa "anonymize" ndi gulu lazidziwitso zochokera perturbation mwachisawawa mosakayika ndithu. Ndiko kuti, ngakhale Netflix anali mosintha kusintha zina mlingo (chimene iwo anachita), sitingalandire kokwanira chifukwa nkhani anadandaula akadali nkhani wapamtima zotheka kuti mudziwe kuti tizilomboto ali. Chachiwiri, sparsity zikutanthauza kuti de A-anonymization n'zotheka ngakhale tizilomboto akudziwa ungwiro kapena tsankho. Mwachitsanzo, mu deta Netflix, tiyeni tiyerekeze ndi tizilomboto akudziwa mavoti anu mafilimu awiri ndi madeti munalonjeza mavoti anthu +/- masiku 3; ndi nkhaniyi umboni wokwanira kuti mwapadera kuzindikira 68% ya anthu mu deta Netflix. Ngati azidzamenya nkhondo akudziwa 8 mafilimu kuti adavotera +/- 14 masiku, ndiye ngakhale awiri mavoti amenewa amadziwika ndi zolakwika, 99% ya mbiri akhoza mwapadera anazindikiritsidwa mu gulu lazidziwitso. M'mawu ena, sparsity vuto pochita khama kuti "anonymize" deta, amene ali Kalanga chifukwa ambiri oona za chikhalidwe gulu lazidziwitso ndi ochepa.

zambiri zazidziwitso telefoni komanso angaoneke kukhala "anonymous" ndipo sachita chidwi, koma si choncho. Zambiri zazidziwitso telefoni ndi kuuzindikira champhamvu (Mayer, Mutchler, and Mitchell 2016; Landau 2016) .

Chithunzi 6,6, I sketched kunja malonda pa pakati pa chiopsezo ku gulu ndi ubwino ndi kafukufuku pazimene kumasulidwa. Yerekezerani pakati njira kapadera mwayi (mwachitsanzo, munda mipanda) ndi njira yoletsedwa deta (mwachitsanzo, mtundu wa anonymization) kuona Reiter and Kinney (2011) . Kuti akufuna magulu dongosolo la misinkhu chiopsezo deta, onani Sweeney, Crosas, and Bar-Sinai (2015) . Potsiriza, kwa kwambiri kukambirana ambiri nawo deta, onani Yakowitz (2011) .

Yoganizira zambiri za izi malonda pa pakati pa chiopsezo ndi zofunikira deta, onani Brickell and Shmatikov (2008) , Ohm (2010) , Wu (2013) , Reiter (2012) , ndipo Goroff (2015) . Kuona malonda pa ntchito kafukufuku kowona massively lotseguka maphunziro Intaneti (MOOCs), onani Daries et al. (2014) ndi Angiuli, Blitzstein, and Waldo (2015) .

Masiyanidwe chinsinsi lilinso ndi njira ina yomwe akhoza kuphatikiza zonse phindu mkulu kwa anthu ndi ngozi yochepa kwa ophunzira, onani Dwork and Roth (2014) ndi Narayanan, Huey, and Felten (2016) .

Zambiri pa mfundo panokha kudzizindikiritsa mudziwe (PII), ndi mfundo yaikulu ambiri malamulo okhudza chikhalidwe kafukufuku, onani Narayanan and Shmatikov (2010) ndi Schwartz and Solove (2011) . Zambiri pa kafukufuku onse akhoza tcheru, kuona Ohm (2015) .

M'chigawo chino, Ine anasonyeza kuti Mgwirizano wa datasets zosiyana chimene zingawachititse kuti atenge kachirombo pazankhani. Komabe, zikhoza kulenga mwayi kufufuza, monga analimbikira Currie (2013) .

Zambiri pa safes zisanu, onani Desai, Ritchie, and Welpton (2016) . Chitsanzo cha mmene zotuluka akhoza akudzizindikiritsa, onani Brownstein, Cassa, and Mandl (2006) , lomwe limasonyeza bwanji maps of kuchuluka matenda akhoza kudzizindikiritsa. Dwork et al. (2017) komanso amaona kuukira motsutsana deta akaphatikiza, monga ziwerengero za mmene anthu ambiri ndi matenda ena.

• Zachinsinsi (Ndime 6.6.3)

Warren and Brandeis (1890) ndi wosaiwalika malamulo nkhani za chinsisi, ndi nkhani ambiri chimagwirizana ndi maganizo onena kuti zachinsinsi ndi ufulu ndekha. Posachedwapa buku kutalika mankhwala a chinsinsi kuti Ndibwino monga Solove (2010) ndi Nissenbaum (2010) .

Kwa review kafukufuku wazotsatira mmene anthu amaonera zachinsinsi, onani Acquisti, Brandimarte, and Loewenstein (2015) . Magazini ya Science anafalitsa nkhani yapadera lotchedwa "The End wa Zambezi", amene akulankhula nkhani ya chinsinsi ndi chiopsezo mfundo zosiyanasiyana malingaliro osiyana; pakuti mwachidule ndi kuwona Enserink and Chin (2015) . Calo (2011) amapereka chimango kwa kuganizira mopweteka amene anachokera kuyan'anila zachinsinsi. Chitsanzo oyambirira nkhawa za chinsinsi ku chiyambi kumene kwa m'badwo digito ndi Packard (1964) .

• Zochita pansi njakata (Ndime 6.6.4)

Vuto lina pamene tikuyesetsa kutsatira ndi kochepa chiopsezo muyezo ndi kuti si bwino amene tsiku ndi tsiku ndi ntchito benchmarking (Council 2014) . Mwachitsanzo, anthu osowa pokhala nawo misinkhu apamwamba cha ululu pa moyo wawo. Koma, kuti sizikutanthauza kuti ethically chovomerezeka kwa angalole anthu osowa pokhala ndi kafukufuku apamwamba chiopsezo. Pachifukwa ichi, zikuoneka kuti kuuzidwa ndi kukula vuto kochepa ayenera benchmarked motsutsana muyezo ambiri anthu, osati anthu enieni muyezo. Pamene ine ambiri amavomereza ndi lingaliro la muyezo ambiri anthu, ine ndikuganiza kuti nsanja yaikulu Intaneti monga Facebook, anthu enieni muyezo ndi wololera. Kuti ndi tikaonetsetsa Maganizo kufalikira, ine ndikuganiza kuti izo ndi zomveka miyeso yolinganizira motsutsana chiopsezo tsiku ndi tsiku pa Facebook. anthu A enieni muyezo mu nkhani iyi ndi osavuta kuunikira ndi chodziwikiratu kuti losemphana ndi mfundo za Justice, amene amafuna kupewa zobvuta kafukufuku kulephera chilungamo pa magulu ovutika (mwachitsanzo, akaidi ndi ana amasiye).

• Othandiza nsonga (Ndime 6.7)

Akatswiri ena nawonso anaitana mapepala kwambiri monga appendices zikuyenela (Schultze and Mason 2012; Kosinski et al. 2015) . King and Sands (2015) lilinso nsonga zothandiza.