Activities

chinsinsi:

• digiri ya mavuto: zosavuta , sing'anga modzipereka Modzipereka kwambiri
• amafuna masamu ( )
• amafuna wolemba pulogalamu ( )
• zosonkhanitsira deta ( )
• okondedwa anga ( )

1. [ ] Mu ankatsutsana ndi a Maganizo kufalikira kuyesera, Kleinsman and Buckley (2015) analemba kuti:

   "Ngakhale ziri zoona kuti mavuto a Facebook kuyesera anali otsika ngakhale, mu amadziwa zambiri, zotsatira akuweruzidwa kukhala zothandiza, pali mfundo yofunika kwambiri pa mtengo apa kuti ayenera zikutsatidwa. M'njira yomweyo kuti kuba ndi kuba kaya zimene ndalama amaphunzitsa kuti ife tonse ndi ufulu kuti ntchito yopanda nzeru zathu ndi chilolezo, chirichonse chikhalidwe cha kafukufuku. "

   1. Ndani mwa frameworks awiri zikuyenela takambirana mu chaputala-consequentialism kapena deontology-ndi mfundo imeneyi momveka bwino kwambiri kugwirizana ndi?
   2. Tsopano, tiyerekeze kuti ankafuna amati udindo uwu. Kodi Mukukangana mlandu kwa mtolankhani kwa The Times New York?
   3. Momwe, ngati ziri choncho, kodi mtsutso wanu akhale osiyana ngati akukambirana za izi ndi mnzake?

2. [ ] Maddock, Mason, and Starbird (2015) ikufotokoza nkhani yoti akatswiri ayenera ntchito Tweets amene lachotsedwa. Werengani pepala kuphunzira za maziko.

   1. Pendani chisankho mmene deontological.
   2. Pendani enieni chisankho chomwecho kwa maganizo consequentialist.
   3. Amene amakusangalatsani wosatsutsika zambiri mu nkhani iyi?

3. [ ] Mu nkhani pa mwambo wa zatsopano kumunda, Humphreys (2015) , akufuna zotsatirazi zikhoza kuyesera kuunikila zovuta zikuyenela wa zikunena kuti ali kuchitidwa popanda chilolezo cha zipani zonse mwapeza ndi zimene Kukubweretsera masautso ena ndi kuthandiza ena.

   "Nena katswiriyu ndi anakumana ndi ya mabungwe amene amafuna kuti adzaone ngati kuwayika kuwala msewu mu nyumba zauve kuchepetsa achiwembu. Mu kafukufuku nkhani ndi oipa: kufunafuna kuuzidwa chilolezo cha oipa mwina kunyengerera kafukufuku ndipo mwina kukhala vikwiza mulimonse (kuphwanya kulemekeza anthu); oipa adzakhala mwina ndalama za kafukufuku popanda akupindula (kuphwanya chilungamo); ndipo padzakhala kusiyana maganizo pankhani ubwino kafukufuku - ngati wogwira mtima, zigawenga makamaka sadzakhala wanuwo (zipatso mavuto chifukwa akuona ndimafunira). . . . The mavuto apadera pano ali osati pa nkhani Komabe. Apa palinso ngozi kuti alandire ndi nkhani sanali, ngati Mwachitsanzo zigawenga kubwezera magulu kuika nyale pamalo. gulu akhoza kudziwa kwambiri za mavuto amenewa koma kukhala ofunitsitsa kuzipirira chifukwa iwo anaganiza kukhulupirira ziyembekezo kudwala chosakayikitsa ofufuza ku mayunivesite olemera amene ali okha chinachititsa mbali kufalitsa. "

   1. Kulemba imelo ndi gulu mdera kupereka ziyenera wanu zikuyenela a kafukufuku monga cholinga? Kodi mungawathandize kuchita kafukufuku ngati akufuna? Ziti mwina zimakhudzira chisankho chanu?
   2. Kodi pali kusintha kuti mwina kusintha ziyenera za chikhalidwe cha mamangidwe experimental.

4. [ ] Mu amuna 1970 60 nawo kuyesera munda umene unachitika ku bafa amuna a ku yunivesite ku mbali kumadzulo chapakati pa dziko la US (ofufuza alibe dzina yunivesite) (Middlemist, Knowles, and Matter 1976) . Ofufuza anali ndi mmene anthu akumvera kuyan'anila za malo awo, amene Sommer (1969) amatanthauziridwa kuti "dera malire wosaoneka ozungulira thupi la munthu limene akuba mwina." More makamaka ofufuza zophunzira mmene pokodza munthu anali mwapeza ndi kukhalapo kwa ena apafupi. Atachita kafukufuku chinthu kuonerera phunziro ofufuza anachita kafukufuku kumunda. Ophunzira anakakamizika ntchito kumanzere ambiri urinal zitatu urinal bafa (ofufuza alibe kufotokoza mmene izi zinachitikira). Kenako, ophunzira anatumizidwa kwa mmodzi wa mbali zitatu za mtunda lotha. Kwa anthu ena ndi chitaganya ntchito ufulu urinal pafupi ndi iwo, chifukwa anthu ena ndi chitaganya ntchito urinal wina danga kutali ndi iwo, ndi kwa anthu ena ayi chitaganya analowa bafa. Akatswiriwo anayeza ziwathera zosintha-kuchedwa nthawi ndi khama, kuti pakhale wothandizira kafukufuku mkati chimbudzi onenepa pafupi urinal ophunzira ake. Apa mmene ofufuza ananena kuti ndondomeko muyeso:

   "Amatsata An ataima mu chimbudzi khola nthawi yomweyo pafupi urinal nkhani. Pa mayesero woyendetsa za njira izi zinadziwika kuti cues Makutu sakanakhoza ntchito polengeza za mwambo ndi kutha kwa [pokodza]. . . . M'malo mwake, cues zithunzi ankagwiritsa ntchito. Akuona ntchito prism periscopic imbedded mu mulu wa mabuku atagona pansi pa khola chimbudzi. 11 inchi (28-cm) mpata pakati pansi ndi khoma la khola chimbudzi anapereka maganizo, mwa periscope, a malangizo torso m'munsi ndi otheka mwachindunji zokha zithunzi mtsinje wa mkodzo. The Observer Koma sanathe kuona nkhope nkhani za. Akuona anayamba ulonda amasiya awiri pamene phunziro anapita kwa urinal ndi, anasiya lina pokodza anayamba, ndipo anaimitsa zina pamene pokodza anathetsa. "

   Ofufuzawa apeza kuti utachepa amakhala kutali kumabweretsa patsogolo mwamsanga wa isanayambike ndi utachepa khama (Chithunzi 6.7).

   1. Kodi mukuganiza ophunzira amene anaphedwa kapena kuvulala ndi kuyesera?
   2. Kodi mukuganiza kuti akatswiri ayenera phunziro kuyesera?
   3. kusintha zimene ngati, kodi analimbikitsa bwino bwino zikuyenela?
   

   Chithunzi 6.7: Results ku Middlemist, Knowles, and Matter (1976) . Anthu amene analowa bafa anatumizidwa kwa mmodzi wa zinthu zitatu: mtunda pafupi (a chitaganya anaikidwa mu urinal yomweyo moyandikana), mtunda zolimbitsa (a chitaganya anaikidwa wina urinal anachotsa), kapena chitaganya ntchito urinal. Munthu wina anaika mu khola chimbudzi ntchito mwambo yomangidwa periscope kusunga ndi nthawi yomweyo ndi khama la pokodza. Standard zolakwa padziko ziwerengero palibe.

5. [ ] Mu August 2006, pafupifupi 10 masiku isanafike chisankho chachikulu, anthu 20,000 tikukhala mu Michigan analandira yamakalata kuti anasonyeza kuponya mavoti awo khalidwe ndi kuponya mavoti khalidwe la anzawo (Chithunzi 6.8). (Monga kudafotokozedwa mu mutu, mu US, maboma boma amasunga mbiri amene mavoti aliyense kusankha ndipo zimenezi zili kwa anthu.) Mankhwalawa makamaka pakhale zotsatira waukulu munaonapo kwa mfundo kwa single chidutswa yamakalata: chinawonjezeka mlingo turnout ndi mfundo 8.1 kuchuluka (Gerber, Green, and Larimer 2008) . Kuika ichi mu nkhani, chidutswa chimodzi mailings ambiri amapanga ukuwonjezeka pafupifupi mmodzi kuchuluka mfundo (Gerber, Green, and Larimer 2008) . Zotsatira chinali chachikulu kuti ntchito zandale dzina lake Hal Malchow anapereka Donald Green $ 100,000 kuti kufalitsa zotsatira za kafukufuku wa (mwina kuti Malchow akhoza kuzigwiritsa ntchito yekha) (Issenberg 2012, p 304) . Koma, Alan Gerber, Donald Green, ndi Christopher Larimer Kodi kufalitsa pepala mu 2008 mu American Political Science Review.

   Pamene inu bwinobwino kuyendera mailer Chithunzi 6.8 mungaone kuti maina ofufuza 'asaoneke pa izo. M'malo mwake, adiresi adzabweranso ndi Othandiza kufunsira Political. Mu kuvomereza kuti pepala olemba kuti: "zikomo Special kupita Mark Grebner wa Othandiza kufunsira Political, amene anapanga ndi kutumikiridwa makalata pulogalamu kuphunzira kuno."

   1. Chonde ngoziyo ntchito mankhwala mawu a mfundo zinayi zikuyenela anafotokoza mu chaputala ichi.
   2. Kodi kusintha, ngati, kodi analimbikitsa kuyesera?
   3. Kulemba za kumapeto koyenela kuti tikhoza kuona ndi pepala ili pamene inafalitsidwa.
   

   Chithunzi 6.8: Wina mailer ku Gerber, Green, and Larimer (2008) . mailer ichi kuchuluka mitengo turnout ndi mfundo kuchuluka 8.1, zotsatira waukulu kuti anakhalapo anati kwa osakwatira chidutswa mailer.

6. [ ] Kumanga pa funso yapita, kamodzi mailers izi 20,000 anatumizidwa (Chithunzi 6.8), komanso 60,000 ena mailers zingakhale wosamvera, panali anthuwo kuvutika kwa ophunzira. Ndipotu, Issenberg (2012) (tsamba 198) linati "Grebner [mkulu wa kufunsira Othandiza Political] ankakhala kuwerengera anthu angati anatenga vuto kudandaula ndi foni, chifukwa ofesi ake adayankha makina wodzazidwa mofulumira kuti anthuwo latsopano sanathe kusiya uthenga. "Ndipotu, Grebner kudziŵika kuti anthuwo kuvutika akanakhala zikuluzikulu ngati iwo scaled mmwamba mankhwala. Iye anati Alan Gerber, mmodzi wa akatswiri pa, "Alan ngati ife anakhala madola zikwi mazana asanu ndi kuphimba dziko lonse inu ndi ine kukhala ndi Salman Rushdie." (Issenberg 2012, p 200)

   1. Kodi nkhaniyi kusintha mayankho anu funso m'mbuyomu?
   2. Kodi njira yothandiza posankha zochita pa nkhope njakata inuyo amalangiza maphunziro tsogolo ofanana?

7. [ ] Zochita zikuyenela kutsutsana kwambiri amapezeka pafupifupi maphunziro pamene ofufuza mulibe zoona kuuzidwa chilolezo kuchokera kwa ophunzira (mwachitsanzo, maphunziro atatu choncho chaputala ichi). Komabe, mtsutso zikuyenela akhoza kudzali maphunziro kuti ndi zoona mozindikira chilolezo. Kupanga kafukufuku zikhoza kumene mungafune woona mozindikira chilolezo kuchokera kwa ophunzira, koma chimene inu nkumaganiza adzakhala kuba. (Zokuthandizani: Ngati mukulimbana, mungayesere kuwerenga Emanuel, Wendler, and Grady (2000) .)

8. [ ] Akatswiri nthawi zambiri amalephera kufotokoza maganizo awo zikuyenela wina ndi mzake ndi kwa anthu wamba. Pambuyo anatulukira kuti Kukumana, Kufanana, ndipo Time anali kachiwiri kuzindikiridwa, Jason Kauffman, mtsogoleri wa gulu la kafukufuku, anapanga ochepa ndemanga poyera za chikhalidwe cha polojekiti. Werengani Zimmer (2010) ndiyeno kulilembanso ndemanga Kauffman akugwiritsa ntchito mfundo ndi frameworks zikuyenela amene akufotokozedwa m'mutu uno.

9. [ ] Banksy ndi chimodzi mwa chithunzicho wotchuka m'nthawi ku United Kingdom, ndi iye ndi kudziwa ndale wokonda msewu zojambulajambula (Chithunzi 6.9). Chizindikiro chake yeniyeni Komabe, chinsinsi. Banksy ali webusaiti munthu kotero iye akanakhoza kupanga anamuzindikira pagulu ngati akufuna, koma iye wasankha kutero. Mu 2008 ndi Daily Mail, nyuzipepala, lofalitsidwa nkhani amati kuzindikira Banksy dzina lenileni. Ndiyeno mu 2016, Michelle Hauge, Mark Stevenson, D. Kim Rossmo ndi Steven C. Le Comber (2016) ankafuna kutsimikizira mfundo iyi ntchito Dirichlet ndondomeko kusakaniza chitsanzo cha profiling malo. Komanso mwapadera, iwo anasonkhana malo dera limene Banksy a zojambulajambula onse Bristol ndi London. Next, ndi kufufuza nkhani zakale nyuzipepala ndi mbiri kukavota pagulu, Hauge ndi anzake anapeza maadiresi wakale wa munthu wina dzina lake, mkazi wake, ndi mpira wake (ie, mpira) timu. The wolemba mwachidule kupeza pepala yawo motere:

   "Palibe 'akuwakayikira' akuluakulu [sic] kufufuza, n'zovuta mawu wokwanira wonena za Banksy pamaziko kuwunika pano, ena kuposa kuti nsonga ya geoprofiles a ku Bristol ndipo London monga maadiresi amadziwika kuti azigwirizana ndi [dzina redacted]. "

   Otsatirawa Metcalf and Crawford (2016) , Ndanyerezera kuti kusakhala ndi dzina la munthu pokambirana phunziroli.

   1. Unikani phunziroli ntchito mfundo ndi frameworks zikuyenela mu chaputala ichi.
   2. Kodi inu mukanachita ino?
   3. Olemba zifukwa phunziro ili mu umboni wa pepala ndi chiganizo zotsatirazi: "More monzama, Zotsatira kuthandiza mfundo yapita kuti kusanthula ntchito zing'onozing'ono uchigawenga zokhudzana (mwachitsanzo, zojambulajambula) angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuthandiza kupeza zapansi zigawenga pamaso aakulu kwambiri zochitika zimachitika, ndipo ndi chitsanzo chidwi cha ntchito chitsanzo ndi zovuta, vuto lenileni dziko. "Kodi zimenezi kusintha maganizo anu pepala? Ngati ndi choncho, kodi?
   4. Olemba ntchito zinthu izi zikuyenela cholemba kumapeto kwa pepala awo: "olemba akudziwa, ndi kulemekeza, zinsinsi za [dzina redacted] ndi achibale ake ndipo pokhapokha ntchito deta mu ankalamulira. Ife dala maadiresi yeniyeni. "Kodi zimenezi kusintha maganizo anu pepala? Ngati ndi choncho, kodi? Mukuganiza anthu / makampani dichotomy kumveka mu nkhani iyi?
   

   Chithunzi 6,9: Street luso ndi Banksy mu Cheltenham, England. Photo ndi Brian Robert Marshall. Source: Wikimedia Commons .

10. [ ] Mu nkhani yosangalatsa Metcalf (2016) zimapangitsa mfundo yakuti "datasets zilipo poyera munali deta payekha ali m'gulu la chidwi kwambiri akatswiri ambiri yowopsa kwa nzika."

    1. zitsanzo ziwiri konkire kuti zonena chimenechi?
    2. M'nkhani yomweyi Metcalf komanso amanena kuti ndi anachronistic kuganiza kuti 'zoipitsa mudziwe kale zachitidwa mwa gulu lazidziwitso pagulu ". Perekani chitsanzo chimodzi pamene akanatha kukhala choncho.

11. [ ] Mu chaputala ichi I akufuna ulamuliro wa chala kuti deta onse ali zingakhale kuuzindikira ndi deta onse ali zingakhale zovuta. Table 6.5 amapereka mndandanda wa zitsanzo deta kuti alibe mwachionekere panokha kudzizindikiritsa mudziwe koma amene akhoza zogwirizana anthu enieni.

    1. Sankhani awiri mwa zitsanzo zimenezi ndi mmene ya de A-anonymization kuukira nthawi zonse ali ndi dongosolo zofanana.
    2. Aliyense wa zitsanzo ziwiri mbali (a), mmene deta angathe kuvumbuuitsa zachinsinsi za anthu mu gulu lazidziwitso.
    3. Tsopano sankhani gulu lazidziwitso lachitatu pa gome. Kulemba imelo munthu kuganizira kumasuka izo. Kuwafotokozera mmene deta angachite zimenezi zingakhale kuuzindikira ndipo zingakhale zovuta.

    Table 6.5: List zitsanzo za deta chikhalidwe amene alibe zoonekeratu panokha kudzizindikiritsa china chilichonse, koma amene akhoza zogwirizana anthu enieni.

    Data	tikalemba
    mbiri inshuwalansi	Sweeney (2002)
    Ngongole ndikupeleka deta	Montjoye et al. (2015)
    Netflix filimu mlingo deta	Narayanan and Shmatikov (2008)
    Foni pambuyo-deta	Mayer, Mutchler, and Mitchell (2016)
    deta Search chipika	Barbaro and Zeller Jr (2006)
    Zaziwerengero, utsogoleri, ndi chikhalidwe deta za ophunzira	Zimmer (2010)

12. [ ] Kuika wekha mu nsapato aliyense zikuphatikizapo gulu lanu ndi anthu wamba, osati anzanu. Kusiyana izi zinachitikira kwa Ayuda Matenda Hospital Disease (Katz, Capron, and Glass 1972, Ch. 1; Lerner 2004; Arras 2008) .

    Dr. Chester M. Southam anali dokotala wolemekezeka ndi kafukufuku pa Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research ndi Professor Gwirizanani of Medicine pa Cornell University Medical College. Pa July 16, 1963, Southam ndi awiri anzake jekeseni maselo moyo khansara mu matupi 22 odwala atafooka pa Ayuda Matenda Hospital Disease ku New York. jakisoni awa anali mbali ya kafukufuku Southam kuti amvetsetse chitetezo cha m'thupi cha odwala khansa. Mu kafukufuku kale, Southam anapeza kuti odzipereka wathanzi anatha kukana maselo a khansa jekeseni mu masabata ziri 4 mpaka 6, koma anatenga odwala amene kale anali ndi khansara nthawi yaitali. Southam ankadzifunsa ngati yankho anachedwa mu odwala khansa chakuti khansa kapena chifukwa iwo anali okalamba ndipo atafooka kale. Ndikhudze zifukwa, Southam anaganiza jekeseni maselo moyo khansara mu gulu la anthu amene anali okalamba ndipo atafooka koma analibe khansa. Pamene mawu a kufala phunziro, amayamba mu mbali mwa yosiya madokotala atatu amene anafunsidwa nawo, ena anapanga kufananitsa kwa Nazi Zatsopano kundende, koma ena ofotokoza mbali pa malonjezo ndi Southam zopezeka pa kafukufuku unproblematic. M'kupita kwa nthawi, State Board ya Regents New York kuwunikira choncho kuti kuona ngati Southam ayenera kupitiriza kuchita mankhwala. Southam kukangana pa podziteteza kuti akuchita chitetezo Southam anali zochokera angapo amanena, amene anathandiza ndi akatswiri ambiri olemekezeka amene umboni m'malo ake "mwambo bwino khalidwe udindo matenda." (1) kafukufuku wakeyo wa mkulu sayansi ndi chikhalidwe phindu; (2) panalibe ngozi appreciable kwa ophunzira; mfundo zochokera ku mbali ya Southam zaka 10 titani nkhani zoposa 600; (3) mlingo wa Kuwulura ayenera kusinthidwa malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa chiopsezo anafunsa ndi kafukufuku wa; (4) kafukufuku anali motsata muyezo zochiritsira pa nthawi imeneyo. Potsilizira pake, gulu Regent opezeka Southam mlandu wa chinyengo, chinyengo, ndi khalidwe unprofessional, ndipo anaimitsa kaye chilolezo chake mankhwala kwa chaka chimodzi. Komabe, zaka zingapo, Chester M. Southam anasankhidwa pulezidenti wa Association American wa Cancer Akatswiri.

    1. Unikani phunziro Southam akugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zinayi m'mutu uno.
    2. Zikuoneka kuti Southam anatenga kaonedwe ka anzake ndi molondola mwachidwi, kodi iwo akanachita ntchito yake; Ndipotu, ambiri a iwo umboni m'malo ake. Koma sanathenso kapena safuna kumvetsa mmene kafukufuku akhoza kukhala vuto kwa anthu. Kodi udindo mukuganiza maganizo omwe anthu ankatha kukhala wolekana ndi maganizo a ophunzira ayenera kukhala mu chikhalidwe kafukufuku? Kodi n'chiyani ngati anthu ambiri amaganiza ndi maganizo anzawo kusiyana?

13. [ ] Mu pepala lotchedwa "Crowdseeding kum'mawa Congo: Kugwiritsa Cell Mafoni kuti Sungani Events Kutsutsana Data mu Real Time", Van der Windt ndi Humphreys (2016) pofotokoza anagawira zosonkhanitsira deta system (onani Chapter 5) kuti analengedwa East Congo. Mmene ofufuza za anachitira osatsimikiza za mopweteka zotheka kuti ophunzira.

14. [ ] Mu October 2014, asayansi atatu ndale anatumiza mailers kuti adzaponye chisanko 102,780 olembedwa mayina Montana mbali ya kuyesera kuyeza ngati adzaponye chisanko amene apatsidwa zambiri m'posavuta kuti kuvota. The mailers omwe anali olembedwa 2014 Montana General zisankho oponya mavoti Information Guide-anaika ofuna Montana Supreme Court Justice, umene ndi sanali olimbanawo kusankha, pa sikelo kuchokera owolowa manja kwa ndiwofatsa, komwe kunkakhala Barack Obama ndi Mitt Romney monga m'mafanizo. The mailer unalinso ndi kubalana a Great Chisindikizo cha State wa Montana (Chithunzi 6.10).

    The mailers kwaiye madandaulo kuchokela ku Montana adzaponye chisanko, ndipo anachititsa Linda McCulloch, Mlembi Montana la State, kupala dandaulo ofunda ndi Montana maboma. Mayunivesite kuti ntchito ya ofufuza-Dartmouth ndi Stanford-anatumiza kalata kwa aliyense amene adalandira mailer kupepesa chisokonezo aliyense angathe ndi kufotokoza bwino kuti mailer "anali osiyana ndi chipani chilichonse cha ndale, phungu kapena bungwe, ndipo sananenedwe kwa mphamvu mtundu. "kalatayo komanso zinafotokozedwa kuti kusanja" anadalira pa mfundo pagulu za amene anapereka kwa aliyense yokopa anthu. "(Chithunzi 6.11)

    Mu May 2015, a Commissioner makhalidwe Political a State wa Montana, Jonathan Motl, anatsimikiza kuti akatswiri ndi kuphwanya malamulo Montana: "The Commissioner chimachititsa kuti pali mfundo zokwanira zosonyeza kuti Stanford, Dartmouth ndi / kapena akatswiri ake anaswa Montana kampeni mchitidwe malamulo kalembera, malipoti ndi Kuwulura ndalama palokha. "(chokwanira Kupeza Number 3 Motl (2015) ). The Commissioner analimbikitsanso kuti County Wotiyimira kufufuza ngati ntchito ntchito wosaloleka wa Chisindikizo Great wa Montana amaswa Montana boma lamulo (Motl 2015) .

    Stanford ndi Dartmouth samagwirizana ndi chigamulo Motl ali. A woimira Stanford dzina lake Lisa Lapin anati "Stanford ... sakhulupirira malamulo aliyense kusankha chosemphana" ndipo kuti yamakalata "inalibe kulimbikitsa aliyense akuthandiza kapena kutsutsa phungu aliyense." Iye ananena kuti mailer mosapita m'mbali kuti "ndi nonpartisan ndi silikunena kuti munthu wolapa aliyense kapena chipani. " (Richman 2015)

    1. Unikani phunziroli ntchito mfundo zinayi ndi zofunikira ziwiri anafotokoza mu chaputala ichi.
    2. Kuganiza kuti mailers ndi anatumizidwa ku chitsanzo mwachisawawa adzaponye chisanko (koma pa izo mu kamphindi), kodi zinthu zikhoza yamakalata ino anasintha zotsatira za chisankho Supreme Court Justice?
    3. Ndipotu, mailers anali wotumidwa ndi chitsanzo mwachisawawa adzaponye chisanko. Malinga ndi lipoti Jeremy Johnson (a asayansi andale amene anathandiza mu pofufuza), mailers "anatumizidwa ku adzaponye chisanko 64.265 amadziŵika kuti mwina owolowa manja kwa centrist atatsamira osonkhana Democratic tsankhu ndi 39.515 adzaponye chisanko limatinso ndiwofatsa kuti centrist mu Republican atatsamira osonkhana. Akatswiriwo wolungama ndi disparity pakati manambala Democratic ndi Republican pa malo kuti mwachidwi, turnout kukhala kwambiri m'munsi mwa adzaponye chisanko Democratic. "Kodi zimenezi kusintha ziyenera za kamangidwe kafukufuku? Ngati ndi choncho, kodi?
    4. Poyankha kufufuza za ofufuza ananena kuti anatola chisankho ichi chakuti "kapena mtundu milandu anali mosamalitsa mikangano mu yoyamba ya. Potengera kusanthula zotsatira 2014 chisankho chachikulu pa nkhani ya Montana chisankho yapita milandu ofufuza mtima kuti kafukufuku monga cholinga sasintha zotsatira za mpikisano mwina. " (Motl 2015) Kodi zimenezi kusintha ziyenera wanu kafukufuku ? Ngati ndi choncho, kodi?
    5. Ndipotu, kusankha kunapezeka kuti alibe pafupi (Table 6.6). Kodi zimenezi kusintha ziyenera wanu kafukufuku? Ngati ndi choncho, kodi?
    6. Likukhalira kuti aziphunzira anali anagonjera Dartmouth IRB ndi mmodzi mwa akatswiri, koma zinali zosiyana zayamba pa phunziro lenileni Montana. The mailer ntchito Montana sanali kutsatira IRB. phunziro sanali kutsatira IRB Stanford. Kodi zimenezi kusintha ziyenera wanu kafukufuku? Ngati ndi choncho, kodi?
    7. Komanso likukhalira kuti akatswiri anatumiza zipangizo zofanana chisankho adzaponye chisanko 143.000 mu California ndi 66,000 ku New Hampshire. Monga momwe ine ndikudziwira, palibe anadandaula ofunda amayamba ndi izi pafupifupi 200,000 mailers zina. Kodi zimenezi kusintha ziyenera wanu kafukufuku? Ngati ndi choncho, kodi?
    8. Kodi pali chilichonse, inuyo mukanatani mosiyana ngati kuti Ofufuza yaikulu? Kodi inuyo cholinga phunziroli ngati anali ndi chidwi kuwona ngati mfundo zina kumawonjezera turnout oponya mavoti yosiyana nonpartisan?

    Table 6,6: Results kwa 2014 Montana Supreme Court Justice chisankho. Source: patsambali a Mlembi wa State Montana .

    ofuna	mavoti analandira	kuchuluka
    Supreme Court Justice # 1
    W. David Herbert	65.404	21,59%
    Jim Rice	236.963	78,22%
    Supreme Court Justice # 2
    Lawrence VanDyke	134.904	40,80%
    Mike Tirigu	195.303	59,06%

    

    Kuzilingalira 6,10: Mailer anatumiza asayansi atatu andale 102.780 omwe adzaponye chisanko mayina Montana mbali ya kuyesera kuyeza ngati adzaponye chisanko amene apatsidwa zambiri m'posavuta kuti kuvota. Chitsanzo kukula mu kuyesera anali ziri 15% omwe adzaponye chisanko woyenera ku boma.

    

    Kuzilingalira 6,11: Apology kalata yemwe anatumizidwa ku 102.780 omwe adzaponye chisanko mayina Montana amene adalandira mailer Chithunzi 6,10. kalatayo anatumidwa ndi Pulezidenti wa Dartmouth ndi Stanford, mayunivesite kuti ntchito ya akatswiri amene anatumiza mailer.

15. [ ] Pa May 8, 2016, akatswiri-Emil awiri Kirkegaard ndi Julius Bjerrekaer-anafukula nkhani za pa Intaneti OkCupid ndi moonekera anamasulidwa ndi gulu lazidziwitso pafupifupi 70,000 owerenga, kuphatikizapo zosintha wa lolowera, zaka, amuna kapena akazi, malo, maganizo chipembedzo okhudzana, nyenyezi zokhudza maganizo, chibwenzi zinthu, chiwerengero cha photos, etc., komanso mayankho operekedwa ndi mafunso pamwamba 2600 pa Intaneti. Papepala kusodza m'munsili deta anamasulidwa, olemba ananena kuti "Ena anganene kuti maganizo a kusonkhanitsa ndi kumasuka deta izi. Komabe, deta onse opezeka gulu lazidziwitso kapena kale analipo poyera, kotero kumasuka gulu lazidziwitso imeneyi kokha wapereka mu maonekedwe okoma kwambiri. "

    Poyankha kumasulidwa deta, mmodzi wa olemba linafunsidwa pa Twitter: "anapereka Izi deta imene'yi kachiwiri iwowo. Ngakhale zikuphatikizapo usernames? Inali ntchito iliyonse pa onse amene anonymize izo? ". Poyankha anali "No. Data kale poyera ". (Zimmer 2016; Resnick 2016)

    1. Unikani ili kumasulidwa deta ntchito mfundo ndi frameworks zikuyenela takambirana mu chaputala ichi.
    2. Kodi inu ntchito deta izi kufufuza anu?
    3. Bwanji ngati inu anafukula nokha?

16. [ ] Mu 2010 nzeru katswiri ndi Army US anapereka 250,000 wachinsinsi zingwe za mgwirizano wa mayiko pa gulu WikiLeaks, ndipo iwo kenako anaika Intaneti. Gill and Spirling (2015) amati ndi "WikiLeaks Kuwulura zingakhale akuimira trove deta mwina ankatha kuti choyesa mfundo zochenjera mgwirizano wa mayiko ", ndipo powerengera zimaonetsa chitsanzo cha zolembedwa zinawukhira. Mwachitsanzo, olemba amanena kuti akuimira za 5% mawaya onse mgwirizano wa mayiko pa nthawi imeneyo, koma kuti chiwerengero ichi zimasiyanasiyana kwa akazembe ndi akazembe (onani Chithunzi 1 pepala awo).

    1. Werengani pepala, ndi kulemba za kumapeto koyenela kuti izo.
    2. Olemba Kodi n'kuganiza zili aliyense chikalatacho zinawukhira. Kodi pali ntchito iliyonse ntchito zingwe izi kuti achitire? Kodi pali ntchito iliyonse ntchito zingwe izi kuti inu makhalidwe?

17. [ ] Pofuna kuphunzira mmene makampani atadandaula, katswiriyu anatumiza makalata yabodza dandaulo 240 mkulu-yotsiriza ku New York City. Apa pali kagawo kwa kalata yopeka.

    "Ndikulemba kalatayi chifukwa ine ndine wochita za chochitika posachedwapa ine ndinali pa odyera wanu. Osati kale litali, ine ndi mkazi wanga chikondwerero chikumbutso wathu woyamba. ... Madzulo linayamba mabodza zizindikiro anayamba kuoneka maola anayi mutadya. Anawonjezera nseru, kusanza, kutsekula m'mimba, ndi kukokana m'mimba onse anatchula chinthu chimodzi: poyizoni chakudya. Izo zimandipangitsa ine anakwiya basi kuganiza kuti chikondi chathu wapadera madzulo anamukwiyira kusanduka mkazi wanga kundiona azipiringa mu munyengo yoopsa pansi tiled wa bafa athu pakati zipolopolo za ndisanza. ... Si cholinga changa kupala nkhani iliyonse ndi Bwino Business Bureau kapena Dipatimenti ya Health, ine ndikufuna inu, [dzina la restaurateur ndi], kumvetsa chimene ine anadutsa pokonzekera kuti amamuthandiza mogwirizana ndi zimenezo. "

    1. Kupenda phunziro pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo ndi frameworks zikuyenela anafotokoza mu chaputala ichi. Popeza ziyenera wanu, kodi phunziro?
    2. Apa mmene odyera amene analandira kalata anachita: "Zinali zophikira chisokonezo monga eni, Mabwana ndi oyang'anira zophika anafufuza makompyuta kwa [dzina redacted] yatenga kapena ngongole mbiri, mindandanda yazakudya kuwunikira ndi kubala makontena chakudya mwina owonongedwa, ndipo adamfunsa antchito khitchini za zolakwa n'kotheka, onse kutero onse zomwe yunivesite ndi pulofesa tsopano amavomerezabe anali kuphunzira ntchito sukulu ku gehena. " (Kifner 2001) kodi zimenezi kusintha mukupita phunziro?
    3. Monga momwe ine ndikudziwira, phunziroli sanali kuwunikira ndi IRB kapena wachitatu chipani. Kodi kusintha momwe mukupita phunziro? Chifukwa chiyani?

18. [ ] Kumanga pa funso limeneli yapita, ine ndikufuna inu kuyerekeza maphunziro ano phunziro chosiyana kuti nawonso odyera. Mu phunziro limeneli ena, Neumark ndi anzake (1996) anatuma ophunzira awiri aakazi koleji ndi tikupitiriza kuoneka awiri aamuna ndi kufunsira ntchito monga operekera zakudya ndi operekera chakudyacho pa odyera 65 mu Philadelphia, kuti afufuze kugonana tsankho odyera yolemba ntchito. The ntchito 130 zinachititsa kuti zoyankhulana 54 ndi 39 umafuna ntchito. phunziro apeza umboni powerengera kwambiri kugonana kusala akazi odyerako mkulu-mtengo.

    1. Kulemba za kumapeto zikuyenela kuphunzira.
    2. Kodi mukuganiza phunziroli ndi ethically osiyana yafotokozedwa funso m'mbuyomu. Ngati ndi choncho, kodi?

19. [ ] Nthawi kuzungulira 2010, 6.548 aphunzitsi mu United States analandira makalata ofanana ndi uyu.

    "Wokondedwa Professor Salganik,

    Ndikulemberani chifukwa ndine Ph.D. oyembekezera wophunzira chidwi ndithu kafukufuku wanu. nira ndi kutsatira kuti Ph.D. mapulogalamu izi kugwa akubwera, ndipo ine ndine wofunitsitsa kuphunzira mmene ine ndingathere za mwayi kafukufuku pakali pano.

    Ine ndidzakhala pa pamalo ano, ndipo ngakhale ine ndikudziwa izo yochepa zindikirani, ine ndikudabwa ngati inu mukhoza kukhala mphindi 10 pamene inu angalolere kukumana ndi ine mwachidule kulankhula za ntchito yanu ndi mwayi uliwonse kuti ndithe kuti agonane kufufuza kwanu. nthawi iliyonse yomwe adzakhala yabwino kwa inu chingakhale chabwino ndi ine, misonkhano ndi inu patsogolo yanga yoyamba pa nthawi imeneyi kokha.

    Tithokozeretu kuti muyenera.

    Modzipereka, Carlos Lopez "

    maimelo awa anali gawo la kuyesera munda kuyeza ngati aphunzitsi ambiri amakhala amalabadira imelo malinga 1) nthawi chimango (lero vs sabata lotsatira) ndipo 2) dzina la sender omwe zosiyanasiyana chizindikiro mtundu komanso jenda (mwachitsanzo, Meredith Roberts, Raj Singh, etc). Ofufuzawa apeza kuti pamene pempho anali nawo mu sabata 1, amuna Caucasus anapatsidwa mwayi kwa anthu luso pafupifupi 25% zambiri kuposa akazi ndi ing'onoing'ono. Koma, pamene ophunzira yopeka anapempha misonkhano yomweyo tsiku dongosolo amenewa kwenikweni inathetsedwa (Milkman, Akinola, and Chugh 2012) .

    1. Unikani kuyesera malinga ndi mfundo ndi zofunikira mu chaputala ichi.
    2. Pambuyo inali kuphunzira pa ofufuza anatumiza zotsatirazi debriefing imelo ophunzira onse.

    "Posachedwapa, inu analandira imelo kwa wophunzira kupempha kwa mphindi 10 za nthawi kukambirana Ph.D. wanu Pulogalamu (thupi la imelo m'munsimu). Ife emailing lero kuti debrief inu pa cholinga chenicheni cha imelo kuti, monga izo zinali mbali ya kafukufuku. Tili otsimikiza phunziro lathu sanazichite inu kusokoneza aliyense ndi ife kupepesa ngati inu konse inconvenienced. tikuyembekezera kuti kalatayi adzapereka mudziwe okwanira cholinga ndi mamangidwe a phunziro lathu kuthetsa nkhawa zanu ndi za kukhala lanu. Tikukuthokozani inu kwa nthawi yanu ndi kuwerenga zambiri ngati mukufuna kudziwa chifukwa chake inu analandira uthenga uwu. Tikukhulupirira mudzaona kufunika kwa kudziwa tikuyembekezera zopangira phunziro lalikulu zamaphunziro. "

    Atauza cholinga ndi mamangidwe a phunziroli, iwo linapitiriza kuti:

    "Mwamsanga pamene zotsatira za kafukufuku wathu zilipo, ife kuwamata pa Websites wathu. Chonde chidaliro chonse chakuti palibe deta kuuzindikira adzakhala konse lipoti ku phunziro ili, ndiponso pakati pa nkhani kamangidwe zipangitsa kuti tidzakhala athe kuzindikira dongosolo imelo Kuyankha mu akaphatikiza - osati pa msinkhu munthu. Palibe munthu kapena yunivesite adzakhala kuuzindikira chilichonse cha kafukufuku kapena deta ife kufalitsa. Kumene, wina aliyense imelo Poyankha si waphindu ngati pali zifukwa angapo chifukwa munthu luso membala akhonza kuvomera kapena omwe anakana pempho msonkhano. deta onse kale De-kuzindikiridwa ndi kuuzindikira mayankho imelo kale lachotsedwa ku zinasokoneza makompyuta athu ndi makina ena ofanana. Komanso pa nthawi imene deta anali kuuzindikira, izo kutetezedwa ndi mapasiwedi mphamvu ndi wokonzedwa. Ndipo monga mmene zinalili pamene ophunzira kafukufuku wokhudza nkhani anthu, ndondomeko wathu kafukufuku anali ovomerezeka ndi mayunivesite wathu 'Review matabwa mabungwe (a Columbia University Morningside IRB ndi University of Pennsylvania IRB).

    Ngati muli ndi mafunso okhudza ufulu wanu monga nkhani kafukufuku, mutha kufunsa za Columbia University Morningside mabungwe Review Board pa 212-851-7040 kapena imelo pa askirb@columbia.edu ndi / kapena Board University of Pennsylvania mabungwe Review pa 215 -898-2614.

    Zikomo kachiwiri kwa nthawi yanu ndi kumvetsa ntchito tikuchita. "

    3. ndi kukhulupirira debriefing mu nkhani imeneyi? Kodi mfundo yolimbana? Kodi mukuganiza kuti akatswiri anayenera debriefed ophunzira mu nkhani iyi?
    4. Mu akuthandiza zipangizo online, akatswiri ali ndi gawo lotchedwa "Nzika Human protections." Ŵerengani gawo limeneli. Kodi pali chilichonse chimene mukufuna kuwonjezera kapena kuchotsa.
    5. anali mtengo wa kuyesera ofufuza za chiyani? anali mtengo wa kuyesera kuti ophunzira? Andrew Gelman (2010) wakhala ankanena kuti ophunzira mu phunziroli akanatha kulipidwa chifukwa cha nthawi yawo pambuyo zatsopano inatha. Kodi mukuvomereza? Yesetsani kupanga mtsutso wanu ntchito mfundo ndi frameworks zikuyenela mu mutu.