6.6.2 Kumvetsa ndi kuchepetsa pazankhani chiopsezo

Information chiopsezo ndi chiopsezo ambiri kufufuza chikhalidwe; chathandiza kwambiri; ndipo chiopsezo chovuta kumvetsa.

Wachiwiri zikuyenela zovuta kwa zaka chikhalidwe kafukufuku digito ndi chiopsezo pazankhani, lingathe mavuto kwa Kuwulura mudziwe (Council 2014) . mopweteka pazankhani ku Kuwulura zambiri zanu zikhoza kukhala chuma (mwachitsanzo, kutaya ntchito), chikhalidwe (mwachitsanzo, manyazi), maganizo (mwachitsanzo, maganizo), kapena zigawenga (mwachitsanzo, kumangidwa kwa khalidwe zoletsedwa). Mwatsoka, m'badwo digito kumawonjezera mudziwe chiopsezo kwambiri, pali mfundo basi zambiri zokhudza khalidwe lathu. Ndipo chiopsezo pazankhani watsimikizira zovuta kumvetsa ndi kusamalira poyerekeza mavuto amene anali nkhawa mu analogi zaka kufufuza anthu, monga chiopsezo thupi. Kuwona momwe m'badwo digito kumachititsa pazankhani, taganizirani kusintha kuchokera pa pepala kuti mbiri pakompyuta mankhwala. Onse mitundu ya mbiri kulenga chiopsezo, koma mbiri pakompyuta kulenga ngozi yaikulu chifukwa pa sikelo chachikulu angathe opatsirana ku chipani wosaloleka kapena anaphatikizidwa mbiri ena. Akatswiri Social mu m'badwo digito kale anathamangira mu vuto ndi chiopsezo pazankhani, chakuti iwo sanamvetse tanthauzo mmene kuchuluka ndi vutolo. Kotero, ine ndikuti kupereka njira zothandiza kuganiza za chiopsezo pazankhani, ndiyeno ine ndati ndikupatseni inu malangizo a momwe angayendetsere chiopsezo pazankhani kafukufuku anu ndi potulutsa deta ofufuza ena.

Njira imodzi imene ofufuza chikhalidwe muchepetse vuto pazankhani ndi "anonymization" deta. "Anonymization" ndiyo njira ya kuchotsa zoonekeratu identifiers munthu monga dzina, adiresi, ndi nambala kwa deta. Komabe, njira imeneyi ndi zochepa ogwira kuposa anthu ambiri kuzindikira, ndipo Ndipotu, kwambiri ndi thunthu zochepa. Chifukwa kuti, pamene ine pofotokoza "anonymization," Ine ntchito zizindikiro mwa mawuwo kukukumbutsani kuti ndondomekoyi amalenga kuoneka kudzibisa koma kudzibisa woona.

A chitsanzo chooneka bwino za kulephera kwa "anonymization" amachokera ku 1990s mochedwa Massachusetts (Sweeney 2002) . The Insurance Commission Gulu (GIC) anali boma udindo kugula inshuwalansi antchito onse boma. Kupyolera mu ntchito iyi, GIC anasonkhana mbiri mwatsatanetsatane thanzi zikwi antchito boma. Pofuna tingasulirane kufufuza njira kwa thanzi, GIC anaganiza kumasula zochitika ofufuza. Koma iwo sanali nawo zonse deta awo; kani, iwo "anonymized" izo ndi kuchotsa kudziŵa monga dzina ndi adiresi. Komabe, anasiya zina kuti iwo ankaganiza akanatha ofufuza monga mudziwe zaziwerengero (zip code, tsiku lobadwa, mtundu, ndi kugonana) ndi chipatala (deta ulendo, matenda, ndondomeko) (Chithunzi 6.4) (Ohm 2010) . Mwatsoka, ili "anonymization" sanali okwanira kuteteza deta.

Chithunzi 6.4: "Anonymization" ndiyo njira ya kuchotsa mwachionekere kudzizindikiritsa zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, pamene potulutsa mankhwala mbiri inshuwalansi antchito boma Massachusetts Gulu Insurance Commission (GIC) anachotsa dzina ndi adiresi ku owona. I ntchito zolemba padziko mawu "anonymization" chifukwa ndondomekoyi amapereka kuoneka kudzibisa, koma kudzibisa enieni.

Mwachitsanzo zolakwa za GIC "anonymization", Latanya Sweeney ndiye maphunziro wophunzira pa MIT-analipira $ 20 kuti tikhale kulembamo kukavota mumzinda wa Cambridge, wakwawo wa Massachusetts kazembe William china chotulutsa. zochitika Kuvota m'gulu kudziŵa monga dzina, adiresi, zip code, tsiku lobadwa, komanso jenda. Popeza kuti deta mankhwala file ndi file oponya mavoti nawo minda-zip code, tsiku lobadwa, kugonana, anatanthauza kuti Sweeney akanakhoza umakhalapo iwo. Sweeney ankadziwa kuti kubadwa china chotulutsa anali July 31, 1945, ndi kaundula kukavota m'gulu anthu asanu okha pa Cambridge ndi kubadwa izo. Komanso, anthu amene asanu, atatu okha anali mwamuna. Ndipo amuna atatu aja, mmodzi yekha nawo china chotulutsa a zip code. Choncho, deta kukavota anasonyeza kuti aliyense mu deta kuchipatala kuphatikiza china chotulutsa wa tsiku lobadwa, jenda, ndi zipi anali William china chotulutsa. Kwenikweni, zidutswa zitatu mudziwe anapereka zala wapadera kwa iye mu deta. Ntchito mfundo imeneyi, Sweeney kupeza china chotulutsa a zolemba zamankhwala, ndipo anamuuza za zinazo, iye mauthenga buku la mbiri yake (Ohm 2010) .

Kuzilingalira 6.5: Re-idenification deta "anonymized". Latanya Sweeney pamodzi ndi "anonymized" mbiri thanzi ndi mbiri kukavota kuti tipeze zolemba zamankhwala Bwanamkubwa William china chotulutsa (Sweeney 2002) .

Ntchito Sweeney chithunzi dongosolo zofunika kuukira de A-anonymization -kuti kutsatira mawu ochokera m'midzi chitetezo kompyuta. Mu kuukira, miyeso iwiri deta, kapena amene palokha limasonyeza zachinsinsi, umanena, ndi mwa Mgwirizano umenewu, zachinsinsi poyera. Munjira ina ndondomeko zimenezi zikufanana ndi mmene soda ndi vinyo wosasa, zinthu ziwiri zimene okha abwino, akhoza pamodzi kubala zotsatira amangovuta.

Poyankha ntchito Sweeney, ndipo zina ndi nkhaniyi, tsopano ofufuza ambiri kuchotsa kwambiri mfundo zonse wotchedwa "Panokha Kuzindikira Information" (PII) (Narayanan and Shmatikov 2010) -during m'kati "anonymization." Komanso, akatswiri ambiri tsopano kuzindikira kuti ena data-monga zolemba zamankhwala, momwe chuma, mayankho kafukufuku mafunso okhudza bongo khalidwe-mwina tcheru kwambiri kumasula ngakhale pambuyo "anonymization." Komabe, zitsanzo zaposachedwapa kuti ine pofotokoza m'munsimu amasonyeza kuti akatswiri chikhalidwe ayenera asinthe. Monga choyamba, ndi bwino kuganiza kuti deta onse ali zingakhale kuuzindikira ndi deta onse ali zingakhale zovuta. M'mawu ena, osati poganiza kuti chiopsezo pazankhani imakhudzanso ndi kagawo ka ntchito, tiyenera kuganiza kuti agwiritsidwa ndi ena obwera ndi ntchito zonse.

mbali zonse za izi kukonzanso lathu ali tikuziona Netflix Prize. Zalongosoledwa mu Chapter 5, Netflix anamasulidwa 100 miliyoni filimu mlingo operekedwa ndi pafupifupi 500,000 anthu, ndipo anali kuitana lotseguka limene anthu padziko lonse anagonjera ma aligorivimu kuti akhoza luso Netflix kuti amalangiza mafilimu. Pamaso kumasuka deta, Netflix anachotsa china chilichonse mwachionekere payekha-akudzizindikiritsa, monga maina. Netflix analowanso sitepe owonjezera mayina perturbations pang'ono zina za zolembedwa (mwachitsanzo, kusintha zina mavoti kwa nyenyezi 4 nyenyezi 3). Netflix posachedwapa anapeza kuti, ngakhale akuyesetsa, deta anali ayi anonymous.

Masabata awiri pambuyo deta anamasulidwa Narayanan and Shmatikov (2008) anasonyeza kuti kunali kotheka kuphunzira za kanema amakonda enieni anthu. Mochenjera ndi kuukira awo kukonzanso chizindikiritso anali ofanana Sweeney kuti: kuphatikiza pamodzi magwero mudziwe awiri, mmodzi ndi nkhani zomwe zingakhale tcheru ndipo palibe uthenga mwachionekere kudzizindikiritsa ndi amene muli asadziwe anthu. Aliyense wa awa magwero deta ikhoza kukhala payekha abwino, koma pamene iwo pamodzi ndi gulu lazidziwitso ophatikizidwa angalenge chiopsezo pazankhani. Pankhani ya deta Netflix, apa pali m'mene zingachitike. Taganizirani zimene ndimasankha kugawana maganizo anga za kanthu ndi mafilimu sewero lanthabwala ndi wanga ogwira nawo, koma makamaka kuti maganizo anga za mafilimu chipembedzo ndi ndale. My co-ogwira ntchito angathe kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zimene Ndagawana nawo kupeza mbiri yanga mu deta Netflix; mudziwe kuti ine nawo angakhale zala lapadera monga ngati tsiku William china chotulutsa anabadwa, zip code, ndi kugonana. Ndiye, ngati iwo apeza zala wanga wapadera mu deta iwo akhoza kudziwa mlingo anga za mafilimu onse, kuphatikizapo mafilimu kumene ine kusankha nawo. Komanso umenewu kuukira akulimbana lolunjika pa munthu mmodzi, Narayanan and Shmatikov (2008) anasonyezanso kuti n'kotheka kuchita chachikulu kuukira -one zokhudza ambiri mwa merging deta Netflix ndi deta ndi filimu mlingo ena anthu asankha nsanamira pa Internet Movie Nawonso achichepere (IMDb). mfundo iliyonse yapadera zala kuti enieni munthu ngakhale zawo za kanema mlingo-angagwiritsidwe ntchito kudziwa.

Ngakhale deta Netflix akhonza kuzindikiridwa kaya matenda akulimbana kapena yotakata, komabe angaoneke kukhala otsika chiopsezo. Ndipotu, kanema mlingo sizikuoneka owonetsetsa. Ngakhale kuti zingakhale zoona ambiri, ena mwa anthu 500,000 mu gulu lazidziwitso, kanema mavoti mwina msanga. Ndipotu, pobwezera de A-anonymization ndi closeted lesibiyani mkazi anagwirizana suti kalasi-nkhondo Netflix. Apa mmene vutoli anasonyeza mlandu wawo (Singel 2009) :

"[M] ovie ndi mlingo deta muli mfundo za chikhalidwe more kwambiri munthu champhamvu [sic]. Membala wa filimu deta poyera chidwi membala wa Netflix munthu ndi / kapena mavuto ndi zothandiza kwambiri munthu, kuphatikizapo kugonana, matenda okhudza ubongo, kumasuka ku uchidakwa, ndipo victimization kwa pachibale, nkhanza, nkhanza, chigololo, ndi kugwiriridwa. "

The de A-anonymization wa deta Netflix Prize chikusonyeza onse deta onse ali zingakhale kuuzindikira ndi deta onse ali zingakhale zovuta. Pa nthawi imeneyi, inu mukhoza kuganiza kuti ichi amangonena kuti deta kuti chipilala chojambulidwa kukhala za anthu. N'zosadabwitsa kuti si choncho. Potsatira Freedom pempho Information Law, New York City Government anamasulidwa mbiri yonse kukwera galimoto ku New York mu 2013, kuphatikizapo bokosibode ndi potsitsa nthawi, malo ndi ndalama yolipirira (timakumbukira ku Chapter 2 kuti Farber (2015) ntchito deta izi choyesa mfundo zofunika zachuma ntchito). Ngakhale deta izi za maulendo galimoto zingaoneke chosaopsa chifukwa sizikuonetsa kuti mudziwe za anthu, Anthony Tockar anazindikira kuti galimoto imeneyi gulu lazidziwitso kwenikweni zili zambiri mudziwe zingakhale tcheru za anthu. Mwachitsanzo, iye anayang'ana pa maulendo onse kuyambira ku The Hustler Club-lalikulu Mzere club ku New York pakati usiku ndi 6am kenako anapeza malo awo dontho kwambiri. Kufufuza uku kuwululidwa kwenikweni-mndandanda wa maadiresi a anthu ena amene kaŵirikaŵiri The Hustler Club (Tockar 2014) . N'zovuta kulingalira kuti boma mzinda ankaganiza zimenezi pamene anamasulidwa deta. Ndipotu njira imeneyi akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti apeze nyumba maadiresi a anthu amene wopita ku-mzinda chipatala mankhwala, nyumba boma, kapena bungwe lachipembedzo.

Nthawi ndi awiri awa Netflix Prize ndi New York City galimoto data-amasonyeza kuti ndi anthu ochepa aluso analephera molondola amanena chiopsezo pazankhani mu deta kuti anamasulidwa milandu siife wapadera (Barbaro and Zeller Jr 2006; Zimmer 2010; Narayanan, Huey, and Felten 2016) . Komanso, ambiri a milandu, deta mabvuto akali ndi chaulere online, kusonyeza kuti n'kovuta konse akamakonza kumasulidwa deta. Pamodzi zitsanzo komanso kufufuza mu sayansi kompyuta za chinsinsi-kumam'phunzitsa mfundo yofunika. Akatswiri ayenera kuganiza kuti deta onse ali zingakhale kuuzindikira ndi deta onse ali zingakhale zovuta.

Mwatsoka, palibe njira yosavuta chakuti deta onse ali zingakhale kuuzindikira ndi deta onse ali zingakhale zovuta. Komabe, njira imodzi zochepetsera chiopsezo mudziwe pamene mukuchita deta ndi kulenga ndi kutsatira dongosolo deta chitetezo. dongosolo Izi amachepetsa mpata kuti deta anu kutayikira ndipo kuchepa mavuto ngati kutayikira mwanjira amapezeka. Limatchula Zolingalira deta chitetezo, monga amene mawonekedwe kubisa ntchito, adzakhala kusintha pa nthawi, koma UK Data Services bwino bungwe zinthu za dongosolo deta chitetezo m'magulu 5 kuti iwo amachitcha 5 safes: ntchito abwino, anthu abwino , zoikamo abwino, deta abwino, ndi zotuluka bwino (Table 6.2) (Desai, Ritchie, and Welpton 2016) . Palibe safes asanu payekha amateteza wangwiro. Koma pamodzi kupanga wamphamvu ya zinthu zimene muchepetse vuto pazankhani.

Kuwonjezera kuteteza deta yanu pamene inu ntchito, sitepe imodzi mu njira zofufuzira kumene chiopsezo pazankhani makamaka salient ndi kugawana deta ndi akatswiri ena. kugawana Data pakati asayansi ndi phindu pakati pa mayesowo sayansi, ndipo maofesi kwambiri patsogolo nzeru. Apa ndi momwe UK Nyumba ya Commons anafotokoza kufunika kwa kugawana deta:

"Access kuti deta n'kofunika ngati akatswiri ndi kubereka, kutsimikizira ndi kulimbikitsa zotsatira zimene zinalembedwa mu mabuku. The akuti ayenera kuti, kupatula ngati pali chifukwa wamphamvu mwinamwake, deta iyenera anafotokoza bwino ndi adakonzeratu poyera. Mogwirizana ndi mfundo imeneyi, ngati n'kotheka, deta kugwirizana ndi onse kufufuza ndalama zolipirira poyera ikhale ambiri ndi kwaulere. " (Molloy 2011)

Komabe, mwa kulalikira deta yanu ndi kafukufuku wina, mukhale kuwonjezeka chiopsezo pazankhani kwa ophunzira anu. Choncho, zikuoneka ngati kuti akatswiri amene akufuna kuuza awo data-kapena ayenera kuuza awo data-akukumana ndi mavuto ofunika. Pa dzanja limodzi ali ndi udindo zikuyenela nawo deta awo ndi asayansi ena, makamaka ngati kafukufuku original zimachokera poyera. Koma pa nthawi yomweyo, ofufuza ndi udindo zikuyenela kuchepetsa, ngati kuli kotheka, mfundo chiopsezo kuti ophunzira awo.

Mwamwayi, vuto ili si aakulu monga zikuoneka. Nkofunika ndikuganiza deta nawo pamodzi popitilira kuchokera palibe nawo deta kumasula ndi kuiwala, pamene deta ndi "anonymized" ndipo anaika aliyense kulumikiza (Chithunzi 6.6). Onse malo amenewa kwambiri ndi ngozi ndi phindu. Ndiko kuti, si basi chinthu koyenela kuti saali deta yanu; chotero njira kumatha madalitso ambiri ofuna kuti anthu. Kubwerera kulawa, Kufanana ndi Time, chitsanzo zomwe zinakambidwa kale mu mutu, mfundo zotsutsana deta kumasulidwa kuti kuyang'ana pa mopweteka n'zotheka ndi zosagwirizana phindu lokha amada wina amaganiza; Ine pofotokoza mavuto ndi mmodzi ndiye amaganiza, njira imeneyi sakhudzidwa zoteteza mwatsatanetsatane mu m'munsimu pamene ine ndikupereka malangizo kusankha zochita pa nkhope njakata (Ndime 6.6.4).

Kuzilingalira 6,6: Data kumasulidwa njira angagwe pamodzi popitilira a. Kodi muyenera kukhala pamodzi popitilira izi zimadalira mwatsatanetsatane deta yanu. Pankhaniyi, gulu lina review zingakuthandizeni kusankha yoyenera bwino chiopsezo ndi phindu kwa inu.

Komanso, pakati milandu iwiri kwambiri ndi zimene ine amatchedwa mipanda munda njira pamene deta tili limodzi ndi anthu amene amakwaniritsa ena ndi amene amavomereza kuti adzamangidwa ndi malamulo (mwachitsanzo, woyang'anira ku IRB ndipo ndi zolinga deta chitetezo) . Izi mipanda munda njira amapereka zambiri za ubwino kumasulidwa ndi kuiwala ndi chiopsezo zochepa. Kumene, malinga munda njira amalenga mafunso amene anthu ambiri akhale ndi mwayi, kodi zinthu, kodi, amene ayenera kulipira kukhala ndi apolisi mipanda munda etc. koma si ovuta kuwathetsa. Ndipotu, pali kale ntchito minda mipanda pamalo ofufuza angagwiritse ntchito pakali pano, monga Archive deta ya Inter-yunivesite Consortium kwa Political ndi Social Research ku University ya Michigan.

Choncho, kodi kafukufuku kuphunzira kukhala pa popitilira opanda nawo, mipanda munda, ndi kumasula ndi kuiwala? Izo zimadalira mfundo deta yanu; Akatswiri ayenera kugawa bwino Kulemekeza Anthu, Beneficence, Justice, ndipo Kulemekeza Chilamulo ndi Public Chidwi. Pamene akuona bwino yoyenera zochita zina ofufuza malangizo ndi chiyanjo cha IRBs, ndi deta kumasulidwa ukhoza kukhala mbali ina ya ndondomeko izo. M'mawu ena, ngakhale anthu ena amaganiza deta kumasulidwa ndi chiyembekezo zikuyenela morass, ife kale kachitidwe mu malo kuthandiza ofufuza moyenera mtundu wa chingalepheretse abwino.

Njira imodzi yomaliza kuganizira nawo deta ndi kufanizira. Chaka magalimoto ndi udindo zikwi za imfa, koma ife Musamuwuze kuletsa galimoto. Ndipotu, kuitana chotero kuletsa galimoto Sizingakhale zomveka chifukwa galimoto chimathandiza zinthu zosangalatsa zambiri. M'malo mwake, anthu amaika yosaloledwa amene akhoza kuyendetsa (mwachitsanzo, ayenera kukhala m'badwo wina, muyenera zapita mayesero ena) ndi momwe iwo akhoza kuyendetsa (mwachitsanzo, pa malire a liwiro). Society alinso anthu tasked ndi kutsatira malamulo amenewa (mwachitsanzo, apolisi), ndipo ife kulanga anthu amene anagwira kuswa iwo. Mtundu womwewo wa maganizo oyenera kuti anthu imakhudzanso malamulo galimoto Angagwiritsidwenso ntchito nawo deta. Ndiko koposa kupanga mfundo absolutist kapena otsutsa nawo deta, ine ndikuganiza phindu lalikulu adzatuluka lodziwa tingachite nawo deta more bwinobwino kwambiri.

Kunena, chiopsezo pazankhani chawonjezeka kwambiri ndipo zimavuta kwambiri kuti kulosera ndi kuchuluka. Choncho, ndi bwino kuganiza kuti deta onse ali zingakhale kuuzindikira ndipo zingakhale zovuta. Kuti muchepetse vuto pazankhani akufufuza, ofufuza angalenge ndi kutsatira dongosolo deta chitetezo. Komanso chiopsezo pazankhani samaletsa ofufuza kulalikira deta ndi asayansi ena.