6.6.1 mozindikira chilolezo
Akatswiri ayenera mukhoza, ndipo kutsatira ulamuliro: mtundu wa chilolezo kufufuza kwambiri.
Kuuzidwa chilolezo ndi maganizo ena maziko anganene pafupi yonse (Emanuel, Wendler, and Grady 2000; Manson and O'Neill 2007) zinatha chikhalidwe kafukufuku. Baibulo losavuta a chikhalidwe kafukufuku anati: "mozindikira chilolezo kwa chirichonse." Lamulo losavuta Komabe, si zogwirizana ndi mfundo alipo zachinyengo, lamulo zachinyengo, kapena mchitidwe kafukufuku. M'malomwake, akatswiri ayenera, angakhoze, ndi kuchita kutsatira lamulo zovuta kwambiri: ". Mtundu wa chilolezo kufufuza kwambiri"
Choyamba, kuti mufike patali kuposa maganizo sakhudzidwa simplistic za chilolezo kuuzidwa, ine ndikufuna kuti ndikuuzeni inu zambiri za zatsopano munda kuphunzira tsankho (awa munali pang'ono mu Chapter 4 komanso). Mu maphunziro awa, ntchito yabodza amene osiyana makhalidwe monga munthu kapena akazi kufunsira ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Ngati mtundu umodzi wa wodandaulayu kamakhala ganyu pa mlingo wapamwamba, ndiye ofufuza tinganene kuti pangakhale tsankho njira yolemba ntchito. Mokhudzana ndi chaputala ichi, chinthu chofunika kwambiri zatsopano izi ndi kuti ophunzira kafukufuku wawo ndi awa mabwana-konse kupereka chilolezo. Ndipotu ophunzira izi mwachangu kunyengedwa ndi ntchito yabodza. Komabe, munda zatsopano kuphunzira tsankho akhala anachita mu maphunziro osachepera 117 m'mayiko 17 (Riach and Rich 2002; Rich 2014) .
Akatswiri amene amagwiritsa ntchito zatsopano munda kuphunzira tsankho apeza mbali zinayi za maphunziro awa kuti, pamodzi, kuwapanga iwo ethically chovomerezeka: 1) zoipa zochepa kuti mabwana; 2) wamkulu phindu chikhalidwe cha kukhala odalirika muyeso wa tsankho, 3) chifooko njira zina akayezetsa tsankho, and 4) chakuti chinyengo si kwambiri akuphwanya malamulo a kolowera kuti (Riach and Rich 2004) . Aliyense wa zinthu zimenezi n'zofunika, ndipo anali aliyense wa iwo anali wokhutitsidwa, choncho zikuyenela n'kovuta kwambiri. Atatu mbali amenewa anachokera ku kutsatira mfundo zabwino mu Report ndi Belmont: mavuto yochepa (Kulemekeza Anthu ndi Beneficence) ndi phindu lalikulu ndi kufooka kwa njira zina (Beneficence ndi Justice). Chinthu chomaliza, si kuphwanya malamulo contextual, akhoza anachokera ku Ulemu Report ali Menlo Chilamulo ndi Public Chidwi. M'mawu ena, ntchito ntchito ndi malo kumene kale ndi ena kuyembekezera chinyengo kotheka. Choncho, zatsopano izi zodetsa ndi kale pristine malo abwino.
Kuwonjezera mfundo imeneyi mfundo zofotokoza, ambiri IRBs komanso anaona kuti kupanda chilolezo mu maphunziro awa zikugwilizana ndi malamulo zilipo panopa, makamaka Common Rule §46.116, gawo (d). Pomaliza, US makhoti amapereka chosowa chilolezo ndi chinyengo zatsopano munda kuyeza tsankho (No. 81-3029. United States Court la apilo, Seventh dera). Choncho, ntchito zatsopano munda popanda chilolezo mogwirizana ndi alipo kutsatira mfundo zabwino ndiponso malamulo alipo (osachepera malamulo a US). Zimenezi zakhala mothandizidwa ndi dera yotakata kafukufuku chikhalidwe, ambiri IRBs, ndi Court la apilo. Choncho, tiyenera kukana ulamuliro yosavuta "mozindikira chilolezo kwa chirichonse." Izi si lamulo kuti akatswiri kutsatira, ndipo si lamulo kuti akatswiri ayenera kutsatira.
Kupita kuseri "chilolezo kudziwa nthawi zonse" masamba akatswiri funso lovuta: Kodi ndi mitundu ya chilolezo ndi zofunika ziti za kafukufuku? Mwachibadwa, pakhala yokulirapo isanafike mtsutso padziko funso limeneli, ngakhale ambiri a iwo ali pa nkhani ya yakuthandizani mu m'badwo analogi. Kufotokoza kuti mtsutso, Eyal (2012) analemba kuti:
"The kwambiri yowopsa phukusi, m'pamenenso ndi mkulu-zimakhudza kapena okhazikika 'yovuta moyo kusankha, m'pamenenso ndi mtengo wodzala ndi maganizo, m'pamenenso payekha m'dera la thupi kuti alowererepo pa likukhudza, m'pamenenso n'kosemphana ndi opanda munthu woyang'anira ndi ogwira ntchito, ndi apamwamba kufunika wangwiro mozindikira chilolezo. Nthawi zina kufunika wangwiro kuuzidwa chilolezo, ndipo ndithudi, chifukwa chilolezo cha mtundu uliwonse, ndi wamng'ono. Nthawi zina, ndalama mkulu akhoza kunyalanyaza zimenezi. "[Olowa mkati lilibe]
Kuzindikira chiyani pa zokambirana isanafike kuti mozindikira chilolezo si onse kapena kanthu; pali mphamvu ndi ofooka njira ya chilolezo. Nthawi zina, wangwiro mozindikira chilolezo Zikuoneka zofunika, koma, mu zinthu zina, njira chofooka cha chilolezo kungakhale koyenera. Kenako, ine pofotokoza zinthu zitatu pamene ofufuza adzakhala amavutika kupeza zambiri chilolezo kwa magulu onse akhudzidwa ndi options ochepa milandu aja.
Choyamba, nthawi zina pofunsa ophunzira kupereka mozindikira chilolezo achuluke mavuto amene amakumana nawo. Mwachitsanzo, mu Encore, kupempha anthu okhala pansi pa maboma kuonetsa kupereka chilolezo kuti kompyuta ntchito muyeso wa Internet kufufuza akhoza kuika amene amavomereza pa chiopsezo. Pamene chilolezo kumabweretsa ngozi, ofufuza samalani kuti mudziwe zimene akuchita onse ndiponso kuti n'zotheka ophunzira kuti asankhe kunja. Komanso, iwo akhoza kupempha chilolezo kuchokera ku magulu amene amaimira gulu (mwachitsanzo, NGOs).
Chachiwiri, nthawi zina kukhala bwino kudziwa chilolezo pamaso phunziro akuyamba akhoza kuswa mtengo sayansi phunzirolo. Mwachitsanzo, mu kufalikira Maganizo, ngati ophunzira ankadziwa kuti akatswiri ankachita ndi kuyesera maganizo, ichi wasintha khalidwe. Kuwamana mfundo ophunzira, ndipo ngakhale kuwanyenga, si zachilendo kafukufuku chikhalidwe, makamaka zatsopano labu mu kuwerenga maganizo. Ngati kuuzidwa chilolezo sizingatheke pamaso kuphunzira akuyamba, ofufuza akanatha (ndipo kawirikawiri) debrief ophunzira kuphunzira latha. Debriefing ambiri zikuphatikizapo kufotokozera zomwe zinachitika, remediating mopweteka iliyonse, ndi kupeza chilolezo zitachitika. Pali mtsutso Koma ngati debriefing mu zatsopano wakumunda yoyenera, ngati debriefing okha sizingapereke mavuto ophunzira (Finn and Jakobsson 2007) .
Chachitatu, nthawi zina ndi logistically kosathandiza kulandira zambiri chilolezo kwa aliyense inagunda mwa kuphunzira. Tiyerekeze kafukufuku amene akufuna kuphunzira Bitcoin blockchain (Bitcoin ndi crypto-ndalama ndi blockchain ndi nkhani ya wotuluka onse Bitcoin (Narayanan et al. 2016) ). Anthu ena kuti ntchito Bitcoin kuyembekezera ndi kukhumba kudzibisa, ndi anthu ena a mmudzi Bitcoin anganene kuti mitundu ina ya kafukufuku dera lawo. Mwatsoka, sikutheka kupeza chilolezo kwa aliyense amene akugwiritsa ntchito Bitcoin chifukwa ambiri mwa anthuwa ndi anonymous. Pankhaniyi, kafukufuku wa akhoza kuyesa kulankhula ndi chitsanzo kwa owerenga Bitcoin ndi kupempha chilolezo awo mozindikira.
zifukwa zitatu izi chifukwa ofufuza mukhoza kulandira zambiri chilolezo ochuluka chiopsezo, kuphwanya zolinga kafukufuku, ndipo panali zofooka-si zifukwa lokha kuti akatswiri amavutika kupeza zambiri chilolezo. Ndipo njira zimene ine angachite-anauza anthu za kafukufuku lanu, kuthandiza ndi asankhe kunja, kufunafuna chilolezo kuchokera lachitatu maphwando, debriefing, ndi kufunafuna chilolezo kuchokera chitsanzo kwa ophunzira-sizingatheke nthawi zonse. Komanso, ngakhale njira zina izi ndi zotheka, iwo sangakhale zokwanira kuphunzira. Kodi zitsanzo zimenezi zikusonyeza Komabe, kuti mozindikira chilolezo si onse kapena kanthu, ndi kuti njira kulenga kusintha muyezo zikuyenela wa maphunziro amene sangathe kulandira zonse mozindikira chilolezo kwa magulu onse mwapeza.
Kunena, osati "chilolezo kudziwa nthawi zonse" ofufuza ayenera mukhoza, ndi kuchita kutsatira ulamuliro zovuta kwambiri: ". Mtundu wa chilolezo kwa zinthu kwambiri" Kulankhula mfundo za, kuuzidwa chilolezo si koyenera kapena zokwanira mfundo Ulemu kwa Anthu [ Humphreys (2015) ; p. 102]. Komanso, Kulemekeza Anthu ndi imodzi mwa mfundo zimene ayenera kuchita zinthu mwanzeru pa nkhani ya makhalidwe kafukufuku basi; sitiyenera basi kuwasiya Beneficence, Justice, ndipo Kulemekeza Chilamulo ndi Public Chidwi, ndi mfundo mobwerezabwereza ndi ethicists zaka zapitazi 40 [ Gillon (2015) ; p. 112-113]. Anasonyeza mwa mawu a frameworks zachinyengo, kuuzidwa chilolezo pakuti zonse ndi sakhudzidwa deontological udindo wakugwa wozunzidwa zinthu monga Timebomb (onani gawo 6.5).
Kenako, nkhani zothandiza, ngati mukuganiza kufufuza popanda mtundu uliwonse chilolezo, ndiye inu mukudziwa kuti inu muli mu dera imvi. Samalani. Yang'anani mmbuyo pa mfundo koyenela kuti ofufuza anapanga kuti maphunziro experimental kusalana popanda chilolezo. Ndi kulungamitsidwa wanu wamphamvu? Chifukwa mozindikira chilolezo ndi yofuna mfundo wamba zachinyengo, ndiye kuti mosakayika wotchedwa oteteza zigamulo zanu.
