6.3 Intaneti n'zosiyana

Kafukufuku Social mu m'badwo digito ali ndi makhalidwe osiyana choncho zikutipatsa mafunso abwino.

Kwambiri kufufuza chikhalidwe mu m'badwo analogi anakantha yoyenera zikuyenela bwino. Mwachitsanzo, mu review a zatsopano labu kuti gulu nawo anthu oposa 100,000, Plott (2013) anapeza mmodzi yekha chokhwima chochitika, wophunzira amene anakwiya chifukwa chakuti ndalama masewera a zachuma. Monga yapita atatu zitsanzo digito m'badwo Mwachitsanzo, Koma tsopano ofufuza mavuto koyenela kuti ndi osiyana ndi anthu akale. Generalizing ku maphunziro awa atatu, ine ndikuganiza kuti vuto lalikulu kuti amakufunirani ofufuza amakumana ndi kuti mphamvu kusintha mofulumira kuposa malamulo, malamulo, ndipo malamulo. Komanso mwapadera, ofufuza nthawi zambiri mogwirizana ndi makampani ndi maboma ali ndi mphamvu zambiri pa ophunzira kuposa kale. Ndi mphamvu, ine ndikutanthauza chabe angathe kuchita zinthu kwa anthu popanda chilolezo awo kapena kuzindikira. zinthu ine ndikuzikamba angakhale mwina kuona khalidwe lawo kapena kulembetsa iwo zatsopano. Pamene mphamvu ya ofufuza kusunga ndi perturb zikuchulukirachulukira, palibe kuwonjezeka ofanana mu momveka bwino za mmene mphamvu kuti ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Ndipotu, ofufuza ayenera kusankha mmene mphamvu zawo zochokera malamulo kosagwirizana ndi zolowerana ndi malamulo ndiponso malamulo. Kukhala bwino, izi sizikutanthauza kuti ambiri a msinkhu kafukufuku digito ndi kuba. Ndipotu oyamwitsa izi, ine ndikuganiza kuti akatswiri asonyeza chiweruzo kwambiri. Kuphatikiza mphamvu wamphamvu ndi malangizo yosokoneza Komabe, amaika ofufuza kuphatikizapo zinthu zovuta.

Ngakhale inuyo mukhoza kumva zamphamvu mwa mawu a luso lanu kuchita zinthu ndi anthu makamaka ofufuza nthawi zambiri mogwirizana ndi makampani ndi maboma-angathe kusunga ndi perturb anthu popanda chilolezo awo kapena kuzindikira. Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani zotsatirazi munthu padziko ndi kulemba zonse zimene akuchita. Limaphatikizapo kutsatira zinthu monga kumene iwo apita, chimene agula, amene kulankhulana ndi zimene mukuwerenga. Kuunikira anthu monga chonchi mu m'badwo analogi ntchito kuti zinthu za maboma ndi ndalama kwambiri. Tsopano, zonse nkhaniyi nthaŵi zonse ndi wosangalatsa okhudza mamiliyoni ndipo posakhalitsa kuti anthu mabiliyoni. Komanso, chifukwa chakuti nkhaniyi kusungidwa digitally, n'zosavuta kutengera, kufufuza, popereka, kuphatikiza, ndi sitolo. M'mawu ena, zimene nthaŵi zonse mwachita lero kudabwa ndi kudabwitsa Chidani kazitape mabungwe monga KGB, CIA, ndi Stasi. Komanso zambiri kutsatira izi khalidwe zikuchitika popanda kuzindikira mokwanira za anthu amene surveilled.

A fanizo bwino zimene pang'ono analanda imeneyi ya misa anaziika ndi panopticon. Choyamba akufuna m'zaka 18 mochedwa ndi Jeremy Bentham monga kumanga nyumba kwa m'ndende, ndi panopticon ndi mawonekedwe a thupi la anaziika (Chithunzi 6.3). The panopticon ndi nyumba zozungulira ndi zipinda zochokera padziko nsanja chapakati. Aliyense ali nsanja iyi angaone khalidwe la anthu onse zipinda. Ndipo, otsutsa, anthu mu zipinda sangathe kusunga munthu nsanja. Munthu nsanja ndi Chotero zobisika mlauli (Foucault 1995) .

Chithunzi 6.3: Design m'ndende panopticon, choyamba bungwe Jeremy Bentham. Pakati, pali mlauli zosaoneka amene angaone khalidwe la munthu aliyense ndipo sangathe kuchitika. Mafanizo ndi Willey Reveley, 1791. Source: Wikimedia Commons .

Ndipotu, digito anaziika ngakhale kwambiri kuposa munthu mu nsanja chifukwa ungatithandize wathunthu mbiri digito khalidwe akhoza kusungidwa kosatha (Mayer-Schönberger 2009) . Pamene palibe yet kujambula zonse khalidwe anthu onse ophatikizidwa mu mbuye Nawonso achichepere, zinthu ikuyenda zimenezo. Ndi kuti gulu Kuti tipitirize bola ngati mphamvu masensa kupitiriza kukula mtengo wa yosungirako akupitiriza kuchepa, ndi zambiri za moyo wathu kompyuta mkhalapakati.

Ofufuza ambiri chikhalidwe ichi mbuye Nawonso achichepere mwina poyamba kuwomba zosangalatsa, ndipo akanatha ntchito zambiri kafukufuku zofunika. Akatswiri malamulo Komabe, anapatsidwa dzina zosiyana Nawonso achichepere ichi mbuye: ndi Nawonso achichepere kuwonongeka (Ohm 2010) . Chilengedwe cha ngakhale chosakwanira mbuye Nawonso achichepere angakhale ndi zotsatira maganizo chifukwa tangoganizirani pa moyo ndale komanso ngati anthu akhale osafuna kuwerenga zipangizo zina kapena kukambirana nkhani zina (Schauer 1978; Penney 2016) . Palinso chiopsezo kuti mbuye Nawonso achichepere, pamene analengedwa kuti cholinga chimodzi kunena kutsata malonda-mwina tsiku lina kugwiritsidwa ntchito ina, zinthu otchedwa yachiwiri ntchito. A chitsanzo zoopsa unanticipated yachiwiri ntchito zinachitika pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World boma kalembera data-mwini Nawonso achichepere a nthawi-anamugwiritsa ntchito kuti atsogolere nkhondo yapachiweniweni kuti zinali kuchitika Ayuda, Roma, ndi ena (Table 6.1) (Seltzer and Anderson 2008) . The statisticians amene adziŵe pa nthawi mtendere pafupifupi anali ndi zolinga zabwino. Koma, pamene dziko zasintha, pamene Nazi atayamba kulamulira mu Germany ndi oyandikana mayiko ichi deta kuthandiza yachiwiri ntchito sunakhazikitsidwe. Kamodzi mbuye Nawonso achichepere alipo, n'zovuta mwachidwi amene tidzalowe izo ndi mmene ntchito.

Akatswiri wamba chikhalidwe kwambiri, kutali chirichonse monga kulenga zotsatira maganizo chifukwa tangoganizirani pa anthu kapena nawo nkhanza pomwe anthu kudzera yachiwiri ntchito. Ine ndinakusankhani kukambirana mitu imeneyi Komabe, chifukwa ine ndikuganiza iwo adzathandiza ofufuza chikhalidwe kumvetsa mandala mwa amene anthu ena aona zochita zawo. Tiyeni tibwerere kulawa, Kufanana, ndipo Time ntchito, mwachitsanzo. Ndi merging deta pamodzi amphumphu granular ku Facebook deta ndi amphumphu granular ku Harvard ofufuza analenga view modabwitsa chuma cha moyo moyo ndi chikhalidwe cha ophunzira (Lewis et al. 2008) . Ofufuza ambiri chikhalidwe Zikuoneka ngati mbuye Nawonso achichepere, zimene zingathe kugwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera. Koma, kwa ena, zikuwoneka ngati chiyambi cha Nawonso achichepere kuwonongeka kuti analengedwa popanda chilolezo cha ophunzira. The Kukumana, Kufanana, ndipo Time ntchito inayamba mu 2006, ndi mfundo zimene ofufuza anali sanali makamaka payekha. Koma, ngati inu mukuyembekezera pang'ono mungaganize kuti nkhani awa akhoza kupeza zovuta kwambiri. Mtundu wa digito zithunzi adzakhala ofufuza athe kumanga za ophunzira mu 2026 kapena 2046?

Kuwonjezera misa zimenezi anaziika, ofufuza kachiwiri mu mgwirizano ndi makampani ndi maboma-akhoza kwambiri kanthu nthaŵi miyoyo ya anthu kuti alenge zatsopano osapanganika ankalamulira. Mwachitsanzo, mu kufalikira Maganizo ofufuza analembetsa anthu 700,000 mu kuyesera popanda chilolezo awo kapena kuzindikira. Ndipo, ngati ine anafotokoza mu Chapter 5 (Kuthamanga zatsopano), mtundu uwu yolembedwa usilikali chinsinsi cha ophunzira mu zatsopano sizachilendo. Ndiponso, sikutanthauza mgwirizano wa makampani akuluakulu. Ngati ine anafotokoza mu Chapter 5, akatswiri akhoza kwambiri pulani ndi kumanga zatsopano digito ndi zero ndalama variable, dongosolo mtengo limene limathandiza zatsopano lalikulu kwambiri. Ngati luso kusunga, ndi mphamvu mwadongosolo perturb mosakayika kukula.

Pokumana ndi mphamvu kuchuluka, ofufuza nawo kosagwirizana ndi zolowerana malamulo, malamulo, ndipo malamulo. Buku lina la kusatsatira ichi kuti mphamvu ya m'badwo digito kusintha mofulumira kuposa malamulo, malamulo, ndipo malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, Rule Common (kuika malamulo lolamulira kwambiri boma ndalama kafukufuku mu United States) sikunasinthe kwenikweni 1981. An khama modernize Lamulo Common inayamba mu 2011 koma sanali wangwiro monga mwa chilimwe cha 2016. A yachiwiri gwero la kusatsatira kuti malamulo kuzungulira mfundo umboni ngati zachinsinsi adakali kuti mwachangu kutsutsana ndi ofufuza amakhazikitsa malamulo, ndi womenyera ufulu. Ngati akatswiri m'madera amenewa sangafikire yunifolomu vutoli, sitiyenera kuyembekezera kuti akatswiri wazotsatira kapena ophunzira lidzafika kugwirizana nayenso. A gwero chomaliza cha kusatsatira kuti digito m'badwo kafukufuku chikupitiriza wosanganiza mu m'nkhani zina imbaenda malamulo zingakhale zolowerana ndi malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, Nkhawa kufalikira anali mgwirizano pakati wasayansi Deta Facebook ndi pulofesa ndi maphunziro wophunzira pa Cornell. Pa Facebook kuthamanga zatsopano lalikulu ndi chizolowezi malingana ngati iwo kutsatira mawu Facebook ya utumiki, ndipo pa nthawi imeneyo, panalibe review lachitatu chipani cha zatsopano. Pa Cornell ya malamulo ndi malamulo ndi zosiyana kwambiri; pafupifupi zatsopano onse ayenera kuwunikira ndi Cornell IRB. Choncho, chimene malamulo ayenera kutsatira maganizo kufalikira-Facebook kapena Cornell chiyani? Pamene pali kosagwirizana ndi zolowerana malamulo, malamulo ndi mchikhalidwe ngakhale kuphatikizapo akatswiri mwina vuto kuchita zinthu zabwino. Ndipotu, chifukwa cha kusatsatira, pali mwina ngakhale limodzi pomwe chinthu.

Cacikulu, mbali ochuluka awiriwa mphamvu ndi kupanda pangano bwanji mphamvu kuti ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito sindiye kuti ofufuza ntchito mu m'badwo digito muti mavuto zikuyenela m'tsogolo muno. Mwamwayi, ofufuza ukukumana ndi mavuto amenewa safuna kuyambira zikande. M'malomwake, akatswiri angagwiritsire nzeru kuchokera kale anayamba kutsatira mfundo zabwino ndiponso frameworks, nkhani ya zigawo ziwiri zikubwerazi.