3.3.1 chifaniziro
Chifaniziro ndi za kupanga inferences ku anafunsidwa anu chandamale anthu anu.
Kuti timvetse mtundu wa zolakwa chomwe chingabweretse inferring ku anafunsidwa kuti anthu akuluakulu, tiyeni tikambirane mabuku Digest udzu kafukufuku amene akuyesa kulosera za zotsatira za 1936 US Pulezidenti kusankha. Ngakhale zinali zaka zoposa 75 zapitazo, debacle ichi ali phunziro lofunika kuphunzitsa akatswiri lero.
Zolembalemba Digest anali wotchuka onse omwe chidwi magazini, ndipo kuyambira mu 1920 anayamba kuthamanga kafukufuku udzu kulosera za zakambidwa pa chisankho cha Pulezidenti. Kuti maulosi amenewa iwo adzatumiza voti kwa anthu ambiri, kenako chabe sugwirizana la voti amene anabwerera; zolembalemba Digest monyadira inanena kuti voti analandira Sikuti "kulemetsedwa, kusintha, kapena kutanthauziridwa." Ndondomeko molondola ananeneratu wopambana za masankho mu 1920, 1924, 1928 ndi 1932. mu 1936, pakati pa Great Depression, zolembalemba Digest anatumiza voti anthu 10 miliyoni, omwe maina predominately anachokera akalozera telefoni ndi mbiri galimoto kulembetsa. Apa mmene iwo anafotokoza njira zawo:
"THE Digest a yosalala-kuthamanga makina chimachititsanso ndi mwandondomeko mofulumira zaka makumi 'kuchepetsa yopeka kuti mfundo zovuta. . . .This Sabata 500 makola zochepa chabe kuchokera kuposa kotala la maadiresi miliyoni tsiku. Tsiku lililonse, mu chipinda chachikulu pamwamba pa galimoto-ribboned Fourth Avenue, ku New York, antchito 400 deftly Wopanda ndalama miliyoni amasindikizidwa nkhani yokwanira kuti adzamvetsere makumi anai mzinda zokhumudwitsa-mu unakhala analankhula [sic]. Ola lililonse, mu Digest mwiniyo Post Office Substation, atatu phokoso kulipilira metering makina losindikizidwa ndi stamped ndi oblongs woyera; antchito aluso positi kuona iwo mu oumbidwa mailsacks; zombo Digest magalimoto mofulumira kuti afotokoze makalata-sitima. . . Mlungu wotsatira, mayankho woyamba pa zinthu izi miliyoni khumi adzayamba mafunde lilinkudza la voti Amowabu, kukhala patatu kufufuzidwa, anazitsimikizira,-kasanu mtanda wachinsinsi ndipo totaled. Pamene chithunzi otsiriza wakhala totted ndi kufufuzidwa, ngati zinachitika mbuyomu ndi muyezo, dziko adzadziwa kuti mwa kachigawo peresenti 1 leni wotchuka voti ya miliyoni makumi [adzaponye chisanko]. "(August 22, 1936)
fetishization The Digest ya kukula yomweyo kuzindikira kuti aliyense "deta lalikulu" kafukufuku lero. Wa voti 10 miliyoni anagawira, zodabwitsa 2.4 miliyoni voti chabwezedwa ndiye ziri zina 1,000 lalikulu kuposa kafukufuku ano andale. Anthu amenewa anafunsidwa 2.4 miliyoni chiweruziro zinaonekeratu: zolembalemba Digest analosera kuti akunyoza Alf Landon ankati kugonjetsa nkoyenera Franklin Roosevelt. Koma ndithu, zosiyaniratu chinachitika. Roosevelt anagonjetsa Landon ku Matope omwe ankakokoloka a. Kodi mabuku Digest kuvuta deta kwambiri? Timamvera masiku a zosankhidwazi amapanga zolakwika zolembalemba Digest omveka bwino kumatithandiza kupewa kusankha zolakwika zofanana m'tsogolo.
Kuganiza bwino za zosankhidwazi amafuna kuti tikambirane magulu anayi a anthu (Chithunzi 3.1). Gulu loyamba la anthu ndi chandamale anthu; izi ndi gulu limene kafukufuku lofotokoza anthu chidwi. Pankhani ya zolembalemba Digest chandamale anthu anali adzaponye chisanko mu 1936 chisankho cha Pulezidenti. Pambuyo kusankha chandamale anthu, katswiriyu lotsatira ayenera kukhala ndi mndandanda wa anthu amene angagwiritsidwe ntchito zosankhidwazi. Mndandanda amatchedwa zosankhidwazi chimango ndi anthu pa chimango zosankhidwazi akutchedwa anthu chimango. Pankhani ya zolembalemba Digest anthu chimango anali anthu 10 miliyoni amene maina anabwera predominately ku akalozera telefoni ndi mbiri galimoto kulembetsa. Choncho chandamale kwa anthu ndiponso anthu chimango adzakhala chimodzimodzi, koma kuchita zimenezi nthawi zambiri sizikhala choncho. Kusiyana pakati pa anthu chandamale ndi anthu chimango amatchedwa Kuphunzira zolakwa. Kuphunzira zolakwa sikufuna palokha zimatsimikizira mavuto. Koma, ngati anthu a anthu chimango ndi mwadongosolo osiyana ndi anthu osati anthu chimango padzakhala Kuphunzira kukondera. Kuphunzira zolakwa anali woyamba wa zolakwa zazikulu ndi kafukufuku zolembalemba Digest. Iwo ankafuna kuphunzira za adzaponye chisanko zinali chandamale anthu, koma iwo anamanga zosankhidwazi chimango predominately ku akalozera telefoni ndi registries galimoto, magwero kuti pa-akuimira olemera awo America amene anali zambiri kuthandiza Alf Landon (timakumbukira kuti onse matekinoloje, amene zambiri, anali ndi atsopano pa nthawi ndi kuti US anali pakati pa Great Depression).
Kuzilingalira 3.1: zolakwa chifaniziro.
Pambuyo kumasulira anthu chimango, sitepe yotsatira kwa katswiriyu kusankha anthu chitsanzo; awa ndi anthu amene kafukufuku wa tiyesa funsani. Ngati chitsanzo ali ndi makhalidwe osiyanasiyana kuposa anthu chimango, ndiye ife tikhoza timathandiza zosankhidwazi zolakwa. Uku ndiko zolakwa quantified mu mphepete mwa tchimo zambiri zimathera amanenera. Pankhani ya mabuku Digest fiasco, kwenikweni kunalibe chitsanzo; iwo ankafuna kuonana aliyense anthu chimango. Ngakhale panalibe zolakwa zosankhidwazi, panali mwachionekere akadali zolakwa. Izi limamveketsa kuti masamba zolakwika zimene ambiri inanena ndi ziwerengero za pa kafukufuku amakhala misleadingly yaing'ono; iwo mulibe magwero zonse zolakwika.
Pomaliza, katswiriyu akufuna funsani aliyense anthu chitsanzo. Anthu amene ali bwinobwino anafunsa amatchedwa anafunsidwa. Choncho, chitsanzo anthu ndi anafunsidwa adzakhala chimodzimodzi, komabe pali sanali ayankhe. Kutanthauza anthu amene anasankha chitsanzo amakana kutenga nawo mbali. Ngati anthu amene akulabadira osiyana amene salabadira, ndiye pangakhale si yankho kukondera. Non-Poyankha kukondera wachiwiri waukulu vuto ndi kafukufuku zolembalemba Digest. % 24 okha mwa anthu amene analandira voti anayankha, ndipo kunapezeka kuti anthu amene anathandiza Landon ambiri amakhala anachita.
Beyond basi kukhala chitsanzo kuyambitsa maganizo a chifaniziro, kafukufuku zolembalemba Digest ndi fanizo mowirikiza-mobwerezabwereza, cautioning ofufuza za kuopsa zosankhidwazi kochitika mwachisawawa. Mwatsoka, ine ndikuganiza kuti phunziro anthu ambiri ku nkhaniyi polakwika. The makhalidwe ambiri wa nkhaniyi kuti akatswiri sangathe kudziwa chilichonse zitsanzo sanali Mwina (ie, zitsanzo popanda okhwima malamulo Mwina ofotokoza Posankha ophunzira). Koma, ngati ine ndidzakuwonetsa kenako mu chaputala ichi, kuti si bwino. M'malomwake, ine ndikuganiza pali kwenikweni makhalidwe awiri msangani uwu; makhalidwe amene ali oona lero mu 1936. Choyamba, wambirimbiri deta mwachisawawa anasonkhana adzakhala sitingakumane ndi kafukufuku wabwino. Chachiwiri, akatswiri ayenera chifukwa cha momwe deta yawo anasonkhana pamene iwo akupanga ziwerengero za izo. M'mawu ena, chifukwa deta ndondomeko ya kafukufuku zolembalemba Digest mwadongosolo skewed kwa ena anafunsidwa, akatswiri amagwiritsa ntchito zovuta kwambiri kuyesa njira kuti zolemera ena anafunsidwa kuposa ena. Kenako mu chaputala ichi, ine ndidzakuwonetsa iwe wotereyo weighting ndondomeko-pambuyo stratification kuti Ingatheketse kuti anene bwino ndi zitsanzo sanali Mwina.
