3.1 Kuyamba

Akatswiri amene amaphunzira anamgumiwa simungakhoze kufunsa mafunso. Choncho, akatswiri dolphin amakakamizidwa kuphunzira khalidwe. Akatswiri amene amaphunzira anthu, Komano, kodi mwayi chakuti ophunzira athu akhoza kulankhula. Kufunsa anthu mafunso kunali mbali yofunika kwambiri kufufuza chikhalidwe kwa nthawi yaitali, ndipo m'badwo digito zonse chimathandiza ndipo amafuna musinthe zinthu zina pa kafukufuku kafukufuku. Ngakhale mtima woipa kuti ena ofufuza kafukufuku panopa kumva, ndimayembekezera kuti m'badwo digito adzakhala ali golide wa kafukufuku kafukufuku.

Mbiri ya kafukufuku kafukufuku akhoza ziri ogaŵikana Nthawi atatu kulowererana, wosiyana ndi kusintha awiri sanatsutse (Groves 2011; Converse 1987) . Pakali pano tili nthawi ya kusintha pakati Nthawi wachiwiri ndi wachitatu, koma choyamba ndi Nthawi-wachiwiri komanso kusintha pakati pawo, akupereka kudziwa tsogolo la kafukufuku kafukufuku.

Pa nthawi yoyamba kafukufuku kafukufuku, ziri 1930 - 1960, zikuchitika zosankhidwazi sayansi ndi mafunso kapangidwe pang'onopang'ono zinachititsa kumvetsa masiku a kafukufuku kafukufuku. The nthawi yoyamba kafukufuku kafukufuku anali yodziwika ndi dera Mwina zosankhidwazi ndi zoyankhulana maso ndi maso.

Kenako, sayansi chitukuko ndi mayamwidwe ambiri mafoni landline mu olemera mayiko zinachititsa kuti nthawi yachiwiri kafukufuku kafukufuku. Izi nthawi yachiwiri, ziri kwa 1960 - 2000, anali yodziwika ndi mwachisawawa manambala kuimba (RDD) Mwina zosankhidwazi ndi telefoni zoyankhulana. The kusintha kwa nyengo woyamba nyengo yachiwiri zinachititsa ukuwonjezeka zikuluzikulu Mwachangu ndi amachepetsa mu mtengo. Akatswiri zambiri, nthawi iyi yachiwiri zaka golide za kafukufuku kafukufuku.

Tsopano, wina chitukuko ndi sayansi digito m'badwo-adzakhalenso ndi ife ku nthawi yachitatu ya kafukufuku kafukufuku. kusintha izi ziri lotengeka ndi zonse kankhani ndi kukoka zinthu. Mbali ofufuza kuumirizidwa kuti asinthe chifukwa njira kwa nyengo yachiwiri akusweka pansi mu m'badwo digito (Meyer, Mok, and Sullivan 2015) . Mwachitsanzo, nyumba zambiri mulibe landline telefoni ndipo si yankho mitengo-anafunsidwa amene mumtengo koma nawo Kafukufuku-akhala kuwonjezeka (Council 2013) . Munthawi yomweyo ndi kusokonezeka uwu wa wachiwiri nyengo njira zosankhidwazi ndi kufunsira, pali kuwonjezeka kupezeka kwa magwero aakulu deta (onani Mutu 2) limapezeka kuti akufuna m'malo kafukufuku. Kuwonjezera zimenezi Kankhani, pali komanso kukoka zinthu: ikuyandikira nthawi yachitatu kupereka mwayi zosaneneka, monga ine ndidzakuwonetsa mu chaputala ichi. Ngakhale zinthu si kwathunthu anakakhala komabe, ndimayembekezera kuti nthawi yachitatu ya kafukufuku kafukufuku adzakhala yodziwika ndi sanali Mwina zosankhidwazi ndi kompyuta kutumikiridwa zoyankhulana. Komanso, ngakhale Nthawi kale anali yodziwika ndi njira zawo zosankhidwazi ndi kufunsira, ndimayembekezera kuti nthawi yachitatu ya kafukufuku kafukufuku adzamva yodziwika ndi Mgwirizano wa kafukufuku ndi magwero aakulu deta (Table 3.1).

Kusintha pakati wachiwiri ndi wachitatu Nthawi za kafukufuku kafukufuku sipanatenge yosalala kwathunthu, ndipo pakhala kutsutsana koopsa mmene ofufuza ayenera kupita. Pokumbukira kusintha pakati pa Nthawi yoyamba ndi yachiwiri, ine ndikuganiza pali wina wozindikira kwambiri kwa ife tsopano: chiyambi si mapeto. Ndiko kuti, poyamba ambiri wachiwiri nyengo njira anali malonda-hoc ndi sizinayende bwino. Koma, mwa khama, ofufuza mavuto amenewa, ndi njira yachiwiri nyengo kenako kwabwino kuposa njira zoyambirira za nyengo. Mwachitsanzo, ofufuza anali kuchita telefoni mwachisawawa manambala kuimba kwa zaka zambiri Mitofsky ndi Waksberg anayamba mwachisawawa manambala kuimba zosankhidwazi njira kuti anali katundu zabwino zothandiza ndi ongolankhula (Waksberg 1978; Brick and Tucker 2007) . Choncho, tiyenera kusiyanitsa boma panopa njira yachitatu nyengo ndi zakambidwa amamuponyera. Mbiri ya kafukufuku kafukufuku momveka bwino kuti munda evolves, lotengeka ndi kusintha kwa sayansi ndi anthu. Palibe njira kusiya kuti kusanduka. M'malo mwake, tiyenera kuigwira, pamene Popitirizabe nzeru yochokera Nthawi kale. Ndipotu, ine ndikukhulupirira kuti m'badwo digito adzakhala ndi zaka zotsangalatsa akuyembekezera kufunsa anthu mafunso.

Yotsala ya mutu akuyamba ndi kukangana kuti magwero aakulu deta sikulowa m'malo Kafukufuku ndipo kuchuluka kwa deta ukuwonjezeka osati amachepetsa-kufunika Kafukufuku (Ndime 3.2). Popeza kuti zolinga ine mwachidule okwana zolakwa kafukufuku chimango (Ndime 3.3) kuti anayamba kupanga pa Nthawi awiri loyamba la kafukufuku kafukufuku. chimango ichi limatithandiza kumvetsa njira zatsopano chifaniziro-makamaka sanali Mwina zitsanzo (Ndime 3.4) -ndipo njira zatsopano muyeso-makamaka njira zatsopano kufunsa mafunso amene anafunsidwa (Ndime 3.5). Pomaliza, ine pofotokoza zidindo kafukufuku awiri yolumikiza deta kafukufuku magwero aakulu deta (Ndime 3.6).