4.5.2 Pangani nokha kuyesera
Kumanga kuyesera anu akhoza kukhala zodula, koma zidzathandiza inu kulenga pochita zimene mukufuna.
Kuphatikiza pa kuyesa kuyesa pamwamba pa malo omwe alipo, mukhoza kumanganso nokha. Njira yaikulu ya njira imeneyi ndiyoyendetsa; ngati mukuyesa kuyesa, mukhoza kupanga chilengedwe ndi mankhwala omwe mukufuna. Makhalidwe awa akuyesa kuyesera angapange mwayi woyesera malingaliro omwe sitingathe kuyesa mu zochitika zachilengedwe. Zovuta zazikulu zodziyesa nokha ndizoti zingakhale zodula komanso kuti chilengedwe chimene mungathe kuchipanga sichingakhale chenichenicho. Ochita kafukufuku akuyeneranso kukhala ndi njira yolembera ophunzira. Pogwira ntchito m'zinthu zomwe zilipo kale, ofufuza akuwongolera zoyesayesa kwa ophunzira awo. Koma, pamene ochita kafukufuku amadziyesa okha, amafunika kubweretsa ophunzirawo. Mwamwayi, misonkhano monga Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) imapereka mwayi kwa ochita kafukufuku kuti awathandize.
Chitsanzo chimodzi chomwe chimasonyeza ubwino wa zochitika zapadera za kuyesa zovuta kuzidziwa ndi Gregory Huber, Seth Hill, ndi Gabriel Lenz (2012) . Kuyesera uku kuyang'ana njira yowonjezera yothandiza pa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka demokarasi. Maphunziro oyambirira omwe sanagwiritse ntchito posankha zochitika zenizeni adanena kuti ovotera sangathe kufufuza molondola momwe ntchito zandale zakhalira. Makamaka, mavoti amawoneka kuti akuvutika chifukwa cha zinthu zitatu zomwe zimasokonekera: (1) iwo amayang'ana paposachedwapa osati kugwira ntchito; (2) amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito polemba, kukonza, ndi malonda; ndipo (3) amatha kutsogoleredwa ndi zochitika zosagwirizana ndi ntchito zogwira ntchito, monga kupambana magulu a masewera ndi nyengo. Mu maphunziro oyambirirawa, komabe, kunali kovuta kudzipatula chinthu chimodzi mwazifukwa zina kuchokera ku zinthu zina zomwe zimachitika zenizeni, zosasokoneza chisankho. Chifukwa chake, Huber ndi anzake adapanga malo omveka bwino ovotera kuti athetse, ndikuyesera ndikuphunzira, chimodzi mwa izi zitatu zomwe zingatheke.
Pamene ndikufotokozera kuyesedwa kwina pansipa, kumveka kwambiri, koma kumbukirani kuti zenizeni sizomwe mukuyesa machitidwe apamwamba. M'malo mwake, cholinga chake ndichotsekanitsa bwino zomwe mukuyesera kuti muphunzire, ndipo kudzipatula kwina nthawi zina sikutheka pa maphunziro ndi zowonjezereka (Falk and Heckman 2009) . Kuwonjezera apo, pazifukwa izi, ochita kafukufukuwa amati ngati ovota sangathe kuwona bwinobwino ntchitoyi mu malo ophweka kwambiri, ndiye kuti sangathe kuchita izi mozama, zovuta kwambiri.
Huber ndi anzake amagwiritsira ntchito MTurk kuti adziŵe ophunzira. Womwe wophunzirayo atapereka chidziwitso chadzidzidzi ndipo adayesa mayeso ochepa, adauzidwa kuti akuchita nawo masewera 32 kuti athe kupeza ndalama zomwe zingasandulike ndalama. Kumayambiriro kwa masewerawo, ophunzira onse anauzidwa kuti anapatsidwa "allocator" yomwe ingamupatse zizindikiro zaulere kuzungulirana ndi ena omwe anali opatsawo kuposa ena. Komanso, wophunzira aliyense anauzidwanso kuti adzakhala ndi mwayi womusungira allocator kapena kupatsidwa latsopano pambuyo 16 masewera masewera. Chifukwa cha zomwe mumadziŵa zokhudza Huber ndi zolinga za kafukufuku wothandizana nawo, mungathe kuona kuti allocator ikuyimira boma ndipo chisankho chimenechi chimaimira chisankho, koma ophunzira sankadziwa zolinga zafukufukuwo. Onsewa, Huber ndi anzake adagwira ntchito anthu okwana 4,000 omwe adalipira madola 1.25 pa ntchito yomwe inatenga pafupifupi maminiti asanu ndi atatu.
Kumbukirani kuti chimodzi mwa zomwe anapeza kuchokera ku kafukufuku wakale chinali chakuti mphotho ya ovota ndi kulanga zofunikira pa zotsatira zomwe sangazilamulire, monga magulu a masewera a m'madera ndi nyengo. Kuti aone ngati zosankha zotsatila zikhoza kutsogoleredwa ndi zochitika zosachitika mwadzidzidzi pokhapokha, Huber ndi anzake akuwonjezera litiloti kumayendedwe awo. Pafupifupi 8 kapena kuzungulira 16 (mwachitsanzo, asanalowe m'malo mwa allocator) ophunzirawo anaikapo mpikisano wothamanga kumene ena adapeza mpikisano 5,000, ena adapeza mfundo 0, ndipo ena anataya mfundo zisanu. Lotiyi inalinganiziridwa kutsanzira mbiri yabwino kapena yoipa yomwe imadalira zochita za ndale. Ngakhale kuti ophunzilawo adawuzidwa momveka bwino kuti lotiyi sinali yogwirizana ndi ntchito ya allocator yawo, zotsatira za loti zinakhudzidwabe ndi zisankho za ophunzira. Ophunzira omwe anapindula ndi loti anali ndi mwayi wosunga malo awo, ndipo zotsatirazi zinali zamphamvu pamene loti idachitika pozungulira 16-chisanakhale chisankho chotsatira-osati pamene chinachitika kuzungulira 8 (Chifaniziro 4.15). Zotsatira izi, pamodzi ndi zochitika zina zambiri m'mapepala, zinkatsogolera Huber ndi anzake kuti agwire kuti ngakhale pokhapokha, ovota akuvutika kupanga zosankha zanzeru, zotsatira zake zomwe zinakhudza kafukufuku wamtsogolo ponena za kupanga chisankho (Healy and Malhotra 2013) . Kuyesedwa kwa Huber ndi anzake akuwonetsa kuti MTURK ingagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga ophunzira pa zoyesayesa za ma labata kuti ayese ndondomeko yeniyeni yeniyeni. Zikuwonetsanso phindu lokhazikitsa malo anu oyesera: ndi zovuta kulingalira momwe njira zomwezi zikanakhazikidwiratu mwaukhondo.
Chithunzi 4.15: Zotsatira kuchokera ku Huber, Hill, and Lenz (2012) . Ophunzira omwe anapindula ndi loti anali ndi mwayi wosunga malo awo, ndipo zotsatirazi zinali zamphamvu pamene loti idachitika pozungulira 16 - chisankho chotsatira-kusiyana ndi pamene chinachitika 8. Zitengedwa kuchokera ku Huber, Hill, and Lenz (2012) , chithunzi 5.
Kuwonjezera pa kumanga zojambula ngati zojambula, ofufuza angapangenso mayesero omwe ali ngati munda. Mwachitsanzo, Centola (2010) adapanga mayesero a digito kuti aphunzire zotsatira za malo ochezera a pa Intaneti pa kufalikira kwa makhalidwe. Funso lake lofufuzira limafuna kuti azindikire khalidwe lomwelo likufalikira kwa anthu omwe anali ndi malo ochezera a pa Intaneti koma osadziwika. Njira yokhayo yochitira izi inali ndi chifuwa, kuyesera kwatsopano. Pankhani imeneyi, Centola anamanga gulu la thanzi la intaneti.
Centola analembetsa anthu pafupifupi 1,500 kudzera pa malonda pa webusaiti yaumoyo. Ophunzirawo atafika pa intaneti, omwe ankatchedwa "Healthy Lifestyle Network", anawapatsa chidziwitso chodziwitsidwa ndipo adatumizidwa "mabwenzi a zaumoyo." Chifukwa cha njira yomwe Centola anagawira mabwenzi awo a zaumoyo, adatha kugwirizana pamodzi magulu osiyanasiyana. Magulu ena adamangidwa kuti akhale ndi makina osokoneza bongo (pamene aliyense anali oyenera kulumikizana), pamene magulu ena amamangidwa kuti akhale ndi mawindo (komwe kugwirizana kuli kovuta kwambiri). Kenaka, Centola adayambitsa khalidwe latsopano mumtundu uliwonse: mwayi wolembetsa webusaiti yathu yatsopano ndi zambiri zaumoyo. Nthawi iliyonse imene aliyense atsegula pa webusaitiyi yatsopano, mabwenzi ake onse odwala adalandira imelo kulengeza khalidweli. Centola anapeza kuti khalidweli-kulemba pa webusaiti yathu yatsopano-kufalikira mofulumira komanso mofulumira mumaseko osokonezeka kusiyana ndi mndandanda wa makanema, zomwe zimawoneka kuti zinali zosiyana ndi zina zomwe zilipo kale.
Kwachidziwikire, kudzimanga nokha kumakupatsani ulamuliro wambiri; zimakuthandizani kumanga malo abwino kwambiri kuti mulekanitse zomwe mukufuna kuphunzira. Ziri zovuta kulingalira momwe zidziwitso ziwiri zomwe ndangoyankhulazi zikanakhala zikuchitika mu malo omwe alipo kale. Komanso, kumanga kachitidwe kanu kamachepetsa nkhawa zamakhalidwe poyesa kuyesa machitidwe omwe alipo. Pamene mumadziyesa nokha, mumayesetsabe mavuto ambiri omwe akukumana nawo pa kafukufuku: Kulembera ophunzira ndi nkhawa zokhudzana ndi zenizeni. Chotsatira chake ndikuti kudzimanga kwanu kungakhale kosavuta komanso nthawi yambiri, ngakhale, monga zitsanzozi zikuwonetseratu, mayeserowa angachokere kumadera osavuta (monga kuphunzira kwa Huber, Hill, and Lenz (2012) ). ku malo ovuta kwambiri (monga kuphunzira ndi magulu opatsirana Centola (2010) ndi Centola (2010) ).
